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A MANU AL
AN G L o - S AX O N'
FO R B E G INNE RS ;
COMPRISING
A GRAMMAR,READER
,AND GLOSSARY,
!VIT H
EXP LANAT ORY NOTES .
SAMUEL M. SHUT E,P ROFESSOR lN COLUMBIA” COLLEGE , WASHINGT ON, D. C.
NEW YO RK
LE Y P O LD H O LT .
1 867.
é i ki f‘f
1 111134
En tered, according toAct ofCongress, in the year 1867, by
LEYP OLDT 6: HOLT ,
I n the Clerk’s Offi ce of the District Court of the United S tates for theSou thern District ofNew York .
JOHN F.mow a co.
,
P RINT ERS. S T EREOT YP ERS. 4' ELECT ROT YP ERS.6 0 G R E E N E S T R E E T . N . Y .
P R EFACE.
Tm: study of the Anglo-Saxon language in this country, is
limited to a very small number of students. Instruction in it isgiven , probably, in six or eight of our colleges, and bu t lit tle time
is allotted to it. The slight atten tion bestowed upon this stu rdy
ancestor of our mother tongue, may be accounted for, in part , by
the fact that the literature of the AngloS axons, compared with
the literatu re ofGreece or Rome, or that of modern Germany or
France,is very meagre. It presents for our admiration no histories
like those ofThucydides or Livy ; no forensic productions like those
ofDemosthenes or Cicero ; no poetry like that ofHomer and the
Dramatists ; and no profound metaphysical discussions like those
of Aristotle or Plato. While its literary value, therefore, is little,compared with that of the literature of the people abovementioned,its philological importance has not been adequately appreciated.
Aliberally educatedAmerican shouldbe as familiar with the Saxonetymologies as he is with those from the Greek and Latin. It
ought to be expected of one who has passed through a regular
collegiate course ofstudy, that he will be as able to know that the
English verb to do is derived from the Saxon verb don, as that the
verbmove is derived,remotely, from the Latin verb moveo. And
if the want ofa knowledge of the latter derivation is an evidence
ofdeficient scholarship, why should not a want of knowledge of
the former derivation be an equally convincing evidence of the
same deficiency P I t is a lamentable fact, that the vast majority ofthose who are really well educated, and who are even extensivelyfamiliar with the derivation of ordinary words in our language
from the Greek and Latin,have no competen t knowledge of the
origin or mode of derivation of one in a hundred of the imposinghosts of words which come to us directly from the Anglo-Saxontongue ; and it was in view of this fact, that one of the most euthusiastic and laborious ofAmerican scholars wrote
,while recom
mending the moregeneral study ofthe language, that The study of
IV P RE FACE .
Anglo-Saxon and of the older literatu re ofEnglish proper, promises
the most abundant harvest of information with respect to the ety
mology of the fundamen tal part of our present speech, and an in
exhaustible mine of material for the further enrichment of our
native tongue.
”
Another difficulty, however, in the way of the study of the
Anglo-Saxon in this country, has been the want of suitable text
books. The precise deficiency has been , one volume ofconvenien tsize containing a Grammar, Selections for Reading, and 9. Glossary,
so that the expense of a number of books might be avoided. To
meet this special deficiency, the au thor of the present volume has
labored, and he would indulge the hope that it has been done with
some success.
The Grammatical compendium is based upon the admirable ex
position ofMoritz Heyne, in hisKu rtze Laid-madFlexionslehre der
Altgermanischen Sp rachstc’
imme,Paderborn
,1862, which Prof.
Hadley has so satisfactorily reproduced in his very able BriefHistory of the English Language, in the Introduction to the last edi
tion ofWebster’s Dictionary.
The Selections for Reading have been culled from the best
writers of the Anglo -Saxon in its pu rest estate, and they have beenchosen , mainly, for their inherent attractiveness
,as being well
adapted to interest beginners in the study of the language.
T he Rules ofSyntax have been, for themost part , taken fromKlipstein
’s Grammar.
The Glossary will be found complete for the reading mattercontained in this volume .
Free use has been made of the works ofMarsh andW right , as
as well as ofothers,in the preparation of the Introduction .
The au thor cannot close these remarks, withou t expressing to
P rofs. Hadley andWhitney of Yale College, his grateful acknowl
edgmen t for valuable suggestions which he has received fromthemduring the preparation of this work.
S . M . S.
Cow uau n COLLEGE,
Ap ril, 1867.
Lectures on the E nglish Language by G. P . Marsh.
CONT ENT S.
Israonucrrou .
PART I .
O R T I—I O G R A P H Y .
CHAP TER I.
r u n A L P H A B E T, & o .
l. The Alphabet 2. Vowels and Pronunciation . 8 .
Consonau ts and Pronunciation . 4 . Circumfiex. 5.
Variations of Orthography. 6 . InflectionalChanges
Vowels. 7. InflectionalChanges
PART I I.
E T Y M O L O G Y .
CHAPTER I.
run mars or srsscn,n o.
§ 8 . Names of the Parts of Speech. 9. Number. lo.
Gender. 11 . Case. 12. Declension. 13. General
Rules for Declension .
vi comax'
rs.
CHAPTER II.
NOUNS.
14. Vowel-Declensiou . 15,16
,17, 18 . Paradigms.
§ 19. N-Declension 20,21
,22. Paradigms. 23.
Proper Names. 24. Names of Coun tries. 25 . For
mation ofProper Names . 26 . Distinctive Appellations.
27. Origin and Formation of Nouns
PAGE.
CHAPTER III.
ADJECT IVES .
g28. Two Classes of Declension . 29 . Indefinite Deelen
sion. Paradigms. 30. Infiection of Monosyllables.
531 . Infiection ofPolysyllables. 32. Definite Declen
sion. Paradigms. 33. Comparison of Adjectives .
534. Superlatives in -est. 35. Superlatives in enact.
36 . Irregular Comparison . 37. Origin and Formation ofAdjectives
CHAPTER IV.
PRONOUNS.
38. PersonalPronouns— Paradigms. 39. Possessive P ro
nouns. Paradigms. 40. Poetical Forms. 4 1 . De
monstrative Pronouns. Paradigms. 42. InterrogativePronouns 43. Indefinite Pronouns
,Compound. 44 .
Indefinite Pronouns, Simple. 45. Relative Pronouns.
46. Numerals, Cardinal and Ordinal. 47. Declension
ofNumerals. Paradigms. 48. Peculiarities of Inflec
CHAPTER V.
mans.
49. Primary Infiectiom 50. Examples of Classes. 51 .
Euphonic Changes . 52 . Examples of Classes. 53.
Euphonic Changes. 54 . Paradigms of lesion,helpan .
CONT ENT S. vii
PAGI55. Euphonic Changes. 56. Secondary Infiection.
57. Paradigmof sécan . 58. Euphonic Changes.
5 59. Paradigm of lufiam 60. Euphonic Changes.
61 . Paradigm of habban . 62. Anomalous verbs.
53. Paradigms of willan,nyllan . 64. Paradigmof
wesan . 65. Paradigms ofbeen, gdn . 66. Paradigm
of d6n . 67. Mixed Verbs. 68. Irregular verbs of
Secondary Infiectiom— g69. Missing Forms. 70. Im
personalVerbs. 71 . Origin and Formation ofVerbs .
CHAP TER VI.
anvsnss.
§ 72. Formation of Adverbs. 73. List of P rincipal Ad
verbs. 74. Comparison of
CHAPTER VII.
PREPOSIT ION8 .
§ 75. Government of P repositions. 76. Lists of P reposifi
fions governing difleren t Cases n o o n ” c oc o o n
CHAPTER VIII.
comusc'rlons.
77. List of
CHAP TER IX.
mn mncrrons.
78. List OfIntel Ctionago oo o oo o . 0 0
CHAP TER X.
reu n ion or woans.
79. Principal P refixes. 80. Nominal Sufiixes. 81.
Sufiixes denoting Condition . 82. Adjectival Suffixes.83. Adverblfll
CONT ENT S.
PART III .
S Y N T AX .
CODOOPd-RUIfi — Agl‘
eemen t-RUICS o o o o o o
SELECT IONS FOR READING.
P AR T F I R S T .
CHAPTER I.
SELECTIONS FROM THE GOSPELS.
1 . The Beatitudes 2. The Lord’s Prayer. 3. The Ten
gr.
Virgins. 4 . The Sower. 5. The Raising of the
Widow’s Son. 6. The Prodigal Son . 7. The Wick
ed Husbandmen . 8. Humility. 9. The Unmerciful
Servan t . 10. The B eheading of John the Baptist .
1 1 . The Two Builders. 12. The W oe upon Chorazin .
13. The T emptation of our Saviour. 14 . Undue
Anxiety about W orldly Things
CHAPTER II.
su ns-n ous momms m s or sr . Gurunac.
The Birth ofSt . Cathlac. 2. His Early Life . 3. His
Change of Life. 4 . His Home in the W ilderness.
5. His Style of Living
CONT ENT S. ix
CHAP TER III .
su mmons momKING u rasn’s oaosms.
PAGE1 . The Brazen Bull ofPhalaris. 2. ASingular Customof
Eastland. 3. The Immolation of Curtius. 4 . The
Destructive Monster. 5 . The Death of Hanno. 6 .
The Death ofAnthony and Cleopatra. 7 . Nero and theBurning of
CHAPTER IV.
su mmons raon ru ne “ man’s nonrmus.
1 . The Fickleness ofFort une. 2. The Folly ofUnseasonableness. E. Hindrances to True Wisdom. 4. An
Illustration of Covetousness. 5. Instability ofHumanAfi
‘
airs. 6. The Value ofEarthly Pleasures. 7. The
Worth of T rue Humility. 8 . The Glories of the Gold
en Age. 9. Vain Fame and Unprofitable Glory.
10. Joys the greater after Sorrow. 1 1 . The Valueof Self-Con trol 12. Human Equality. 13. T rue
Happiness in God only. 14. The Fable ofOrpheus.
1 5. The Value of the Feet , an Illustration . 16 . The
Degradation springing fromVice. 17. The W isdom of
God seen in Nature. 18.
PART SECOND.
P O E T I CAL S E L E C T I O N S .
CHAPTER I.
momoxnuon’s mu rmu r: or run scarr'
ruaxs.
1. The Revolt of theAngels. 2. The Creation ofEve.
3. The Speech of Satan in Hell. 4 . Satan’sVisit to
Eden. 5. The Flood
X CONT ENT S.
CHAPTER H.
SELECT IONS FROM THE POEM or JUDITH .
PAGE1. The Feast of Holofernes. 2 . Judith led to the mo
narch’s T en t . 3. Judith killsHolofernes. 4 . Judith
received with joy by her Coun trymen . 5 . Judith u rges
her Coun trymen to renew the Con test . 6 . The Battle
Glossary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
INT R ODU CT I ON.
THEANGLO-SAXONLANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
'
Was the Anglo-Saxon Language brought in toB ritain
T IIE generally received opinion is,that it was not
,but
that it resulted from the blending together of the different
dialects spoken by the various Germanic tribes that occupiedthe sou thern and eastern portions ofBritain
— the Ju tes, who
held possession of Ken t,the Angles, who occupied the
eastern and northern parts of the island, and the Saxons
,
who conquered the southern por tions of the coun try. These
invaders ofBritain,who obtained a secure settlemen t in the
land during the fifth and sixth centuries, most probablycame from that por tion ofGermany now calledSleswick
, on
the eastern shore of the Nor th Sea. It has been a dispu ted
question with scholars,whether the dialects brought over
by the invaders, were or were not substantially the same.
The ground assumed by some, is, that we have no reason to
suppose that the conquerors of England were a people of
one name or of one speech, but on the con trary, they were,
although ethnologically andlinguistically nearly or remotelyallied, yet practically, and as they view themselves, com
posed of fragments of peoples more or less alien to each
other in blood and in tongue .
* The position taken by
others is,that the Anglo-Saxon language was brought from
Germany, and that it was on German soil that it developed
‘t See Marsh‘s E nglish Language and its early Literature .
xii INT RODUCT ION.
its peculiar and numerous characteristics, and that it was on
German soil that it separated itself from certain other lan
guages, with which it has numerous general afiinities.
*
The most probable Opinion, however, seems to be, that
there was a difference of dialect among the Germanic in
vaders of Britain,while they all spoke substan tially the
same language ; and,furthermore
,that the Anglo-Saxon
language ofBritain resulted from the commingling of thesesomewhat divergen t T eu tonic dialects, and from the concur
ren t modifying influences of the difi‘
erent dialects of the
people with whom they came into contact on B ritish soil.
Hence arose the sturdy language ofour early ancestors, from
which has grown the noblest of all living tongues— our
English speech.
What were the Languages with iohioh theAnglo-Saxon came
in con tact ?
Was it the ancient B ritish language only ? or was it the
Roman language only ? or was it both these languages ?
Doubtless,it was both these languages. The Roman lan
guage had, most probably, supplan ted in a measure, the
native language in the large towns, and had become the
medium of intercourse between the conquerors and the
higher classes of the native population . There was,then ,
the ecclesiastical Latin of the British church,the Latin of
the Roman soldiers, of the Roman ofiicials, of the Roman
literati, and of the Romanized natives. We have nomeans
ofascertaining the extent to which the Roman tongue was
spoken in Britain , during the fifth and sixth cen turies ; but
it is highly probable that it had made bu t little impression
upon the great mass of the native population .
The Anglo-Saxon,again , met in its victorious march
the ancient Celtic tongue, and especially its British or Cam
See Latham’
s E nglish Language .
INT RODUCT ION.
brian branch, which was spoken by the native population of
the sou thern and western parts of the island, and which is
represen ted by the presen t Welsh tongue . T his por tion of
the British population made the most heroic opposition to
the progress of the Anglo-Saxon forces, and sullenly ret reat
ed to their mountain fastnesses. Their hatred of the ia
vaders was bit ter and abiding, and therefore,we may rea
sonably infer that even when subdued,they would refuse to
adopt either the manners or speech of their detested con
querors.
How far did the Languages with which the Anglo-Saccon
came in con tact,modify it
The 0eltic.— Itmight be expected, that , when theBritons
had been subdued by the German invaders, a large Celtic
elemen t wouldbe int roducedin to theAnglo-Saxon language,
as was the case when,five cen turies later
,theNormans con
quered the Anglo-Saxons. Bu t it was not so ; and it is a
remarkable fact , that , although the primitive language of
Britain has cont ribu ted to the English, through the Saxon ,
a few names ofplaces, and of familiar material objects, yetit has
,upon the whole, afi
‘
ected ou r vocabulary and syn tax
far less than any other tongue with which theAnglo-Saxon
language has ever been brought into Opposition . The Celtic
words,then , introduced in to the Saxon
,were few in num
ber,most of thembelonging to objects specially Celtic. The
following are some of the words curren t in our language,said to be traceable to the Celtic, although it is by nomeans
certain that they are all of Celtic origin z— basket,boggle,
bar row,bran
,car t
,clou t
,coa t
,darn
, funnel, gru el, gown ,gusset, kiln , ma t tocle, mop , p elt, rug, wicket, wire, etc.
The La tin .— Of the Latin of the first or Roman period,
we have but few words in the Anglo-Saxon , and these are
chiefly geographical names. Thus we have names ending in
xiv INT RODUCT ION.
— coln colonia ; caster cas tra. During the second period,from A. D . 600 to A. D . 1000, many words were broughtinto the language from the Latin
,most of them
,however
,
referring to ecclesiasticalmatters ; as, mynster from monasterium
,tempel from temp lum,
munnc frommonachus,nu nne
from nona, p rebst fromp resbyter , candelfrom candela
, etc.
The Scandinavian — The Anglo-Saxon came into con tact
with the Latin and the Celtic languages, as soon as the
Germanic tribes touched the British soil, whereas the Scan
dinavian,or Danish tongue, did not present itselfas amodi
fying elemen t un til two cen turies afterwards ; and there is
no evidence that these northern sea-kings sought, either to
extend or perpetuate the use oftheir own speech on English
soil. That they introduced some words into the language
of the Anglo-Saxons whom they subdued,is evident
,bu t it
could not have been to any great exten t . A trace of the
influence of the Danish, is seen in such proper names as
Ashby, Rugby, Whitby— by being the Danish bye, a town or
village.
Down to the time of King Alfred, therefore, say fourcenturies from the period of the first Saxon invasion, the
Anglo-Saxon language underwent a change which resulted
from such influences as the following,— the in troduction of
a few Celtic words ; ofmany Latin words ; of, perhaps, a
few Scandinavian words ; and above all from the gradually
increasing homogeneity among the various Germanic in
vaders, as they widened their social and commercial inter
course among themselves, and gatheredmore closely around
one common governmen t , and yielded to the humanizingand refining influences ofChristianity.
IV.
The Structure of theAnglo-Saxon Language.
Syn taa.— Languages viewed grammatically,maybe group
cd under two classes ; first, those in which the syntactical
INT RODUCT ION. XV
relations of words are determined by coincidence or cor
respondence offorms,the forms being varied according to
number, person, case, mood, tense, gender, degree of com
parison and other conditions,as for example, when by adding
— s to the stemform of the verb write, we make it writesand
,second
,those where these relations are indicated by
position, au xiliaries and particles, the words themselves remaining unvaried, as when we make the same verb write afuture
,instead of a present , by placing the auxiliary will
before it . The Anglo-Saxon par takes largely of the charac
teristics ofboth these languages ; bu t as compared with our
presen t English, theAnglo-Saxon must be ranked with the
first class as an infl ectional tongue. The inflections of the
verb were more precise in the indication of the number,and
,in a less degree, of person , than of time or condition,
though not suflicien tly so to allow of the omission of the
nominative pronoun . Auxiliary verbs were used much as
in modern English for the expression of accidents, y
et they
were employed with greater reserve, and we can , conse
quently, by means ofauxiliaries, express in English a greater
variety ofconditions and qualifications of the act or state ia
dicated in the verb, than the Anglo-Saxons were able to do.
A defect of the Anglo-Saxon was, that it had nomode of
expressing the fu tu re of verbs,either by inflection or aux
iliaries ; so that they could only say, I write to-day, I write
to
In the Anglo-Saxon , as in the Greek, Latin, and German ,nouns have three genders, and these do not depend upon
sex, even in the case of organized beings capable of being
thu s distinguished ; thus, maden , a virgin , is in AngloSaxon , neu ter. In the case of inanimate objects to which
genders are conveniently ascribed, they are applied difl‘
crent
ly fromwhat they are in English ; thus, mona ,moon, ismas
culine, while sunne, sun, isfeminine, just the reverse Ofwhat
they are in ou r language.
Sec Marsh .
INT RODUCT ION.
The Anglo-Saxon adj ectives had three genders, with distinct definite and indefinite forms, and they were comparedby inflection .
The Vocabu lary — In its vocabulary, the Anglo-Saxon
was not inferior to any of its kindred Gothic tongues, al
though it labored under the disadvantage of being a more
mixed and composite speech in poin t of vocabulary, and in
some degree, of syn tax, and therefore was l ess harmonious
and symmetrical in its growth and development than the
different Con tinental branches of the Gothic. I ts deriva
tivas are generally less easily and less certainly traced to
more primitive forms and simpler significations. TheAnglo
Saxon is especially rich in all those words which indicate
differen t states, emotions, passions, and men tal processes,indeed
,in all that expresses the moral or intellectual part
ofman . The indigenous roots of the language exhibit a
remarkable power in the way ofderivative formation, anda
great aptitude for organic combination . Thus,more than
twen ty derivatives from the noun,hyge, mind, are found.
The same is true of the words,mid
,mind
,and go
’cane,
thought . In this same departmen t of the vocabulary, are
many other fertile radicals, which give rise to a very varied
and comprehensive power of expression on moral and int ellectual subjects. Although the language admitted of com
position and derivation to a great extent , the number ofit s
primitives was so large that there was n ot mu ch occasion
for the formation of compounds. Hence the vocabulary is
largely monosyllabic, arising in part , also, from the fact
that the verbs were largely inflected according to the strong
conj ugation .
TheAnglo-Saxon Literatu re.
P rose.— The period of the purest Anglo-Saxon was the
reign ofKingAlfred, who, himself, wrote the pu rest Saxon .
xviii INT RODUCT ION.
ars,made theAnglo-Saxon language the depository ofmuch
that is valuable in human knowledge.
P oetry .— Among the Anglo-Saxons
, as among all na
tions, the poetic literatu re was first developed andmatured.
T he greatest of their poems, the Beéwulf, was, doubtlessly,brought with them in to B ritain from their Germanic homes.
The poet or minstrelwas held in high regard by the Anglo
Saxons,and BeOwulf afl
'
ords us many evidences of the ex
alted position which poetry held amongst the enjoymen ts oflife . Becwulfbears in ternal evidence of having been com
posed by a pagan intellect , and also, ofhaving passed through
many hands in its way from the early paganism to a later
somewhat Christianized form. Their poetical romanceshold historically the same place in literatu re which belongs
to the Iliad or Odyssey. Their subjects were either exclu
sively mythological, or historical facts, which in their tra
dition from age to age, had taken a mythic form. Some
have supposed that Bebwulfhimselfis, probably, lit tle morethan a fabulous personage, another Hercules destroyingmon st ers of every description , natural or supernatural, ui
cors, ogres, grendels, anddragons. Be6wulfis the only per
feet monumen t of theAnglo-Saxon romance which has come
down to us.
When the n ation became Christianized,their poets t urned
their at tention almost exclu sively to religious themes. The
subj ects chosen for poetic treatment , were detached stories
from the Old T estamen t,such as the Creation
,the Fall of
Man,the Flood ; and from the apocryphal books, the story
ofJudith. The doctrines of the New T estamen t were also
thrown into the poetic form,such as the Day of Judgment .
Sometimes their subjects were taken from the later legends,
as those of St . Andrew and of the finding of the Cross, or
o thers stillmore remote from script ural truth, as that of the
P hoenix. The best exponent of the religious poetry of the
Anglo-Saxons was Cadmon,whose verses were so highly
INT RODUCT ION. xix
esteemed by his coun trymen, that they framed a legend to
accoun t for his brilliant gift , according to which he received
miraculously in a dream,his power of song. His poems are
allwrit ten in the pure West Saxon . T here are also extant
some admirable miscellaneous poetical pieces, such as that
on the Battle ofMaldon,and that on the death ofByrhtnoth.
TheAnglo-Saxon as an Elemen t in the English Language.
The majority of words in any English dictionary is of
foreign origin ; bu t a majority ofwords in use by any stand
ard author,and in the ordinary conversation of the best
educated persons, is of Saxon origin . We reproduce here
an admirable summary of the powers of the Anglo-Saxon
element in ou r English speech, from an interesting article
in the Edinburgh Review
1 . English grammar is almost exclusively occupied with
what is of Anglo-Saxon origin . Our chiefpeculiarities of
structure and idiom ; almost all the classes of words which
it is the oflice of grammar to investigate ; the inflectionsstill remaining in the English ; the parts of speech which
occur most frequently, and which are, individually, ofmostimpor tance ; the adjectiveswhose comparatives and superla
tiveSare irregularly formed ; the separate words, more and
most, also usedfor comparison ; all our pronouns ; nearly all
of our ao-called irregular verbs ; our auxiliary verbs ; and
all our adverbsmost frequently used,together with the pre
position and conjunction, are, withou t exception , ofAngloSaxon origin .
2 . The names of the larger part of objects of sense,
those terms which occur most frequently in ordinary dis
course,are Anglo-Saxon ; thus
,sun
, moon, eta/r ; ear th,
fi re, water sp ring, summer, win ter day, night, morning,evening, twilight, noon, midday, midnight, sunrise, sunset ;
XX INT RODUCT ION.
light, hea t, cold,frost, rain , snow, hail, thunder , lightningsea
,land
,hill
,dale
,wood
,stream
,etc.
The same may be said of all those productions of the
animal and vegetable kingdoms which form the most fre
quen t subjects of observation or discourse ; of the consti
tuent parts or visible qualities of organized or unorganized
beings, especially the members of the human body. Almost
all the words in our language expressive of special postures
and bodily action,are the purest Saxon ; as, sit, stand, lie“
ru n,walk, leap ,
stagger , slip , stride, glide, yawn , gape, fly,swim,
creep , crawl, spring, sp urn ,etc.
3. I t is from the Anglo-Saxon that we derive those
words so expressive of the earliest and dearest relations, and
of the strongest feelings of our nature, andwhich, therefore,
are invested with the most endearing associations ; as,
fa ther , mother, husband, wife, brother, sister , son , daughter,
child,home
,kindred. friend, heaven . It has also furnished
as with those figu rative expressions, by which, in a single
word,we call to mind a group of the most hallowed joys ;
as hear th,roof fi reside. The names of the chief emotions
,
t oo,come from this language, such as love
,fear , hope, sor ~
row,shame. The ou tward signs by which strong feelings
are expressed, have the same origin ; as, tear , smile, blush,la ugh, weep , sigh, groan .
4 . Most of those objects abou t which the practical reasonofman is employed in common life
,receive their names from
the Anglo-Saxon . It is,for the most part , the language of
business,of the coun ting
- room,the shop, the market , the
street, and the forum.
5 . Nearly all our National P roverbs are Anglo-Saxon .
6. A large portion of the languag e of invective,humor ,
satire,and colloquial pleasantry, is Anglo-Saxon .
7 . It may be stated as a general t ru th, that while our
most abstract and general terms are derived from the Latin,
those which denote the special varieties ofobjects, qualities,
INT RODUCT ION.
andmodes of action , are derived from the Anglo-Saxon .
T hus the very general terms more and motion are of Latin
origin, while sit , run , slip ,etc.
,are ofSaxon origin . Color
isLatin,but white
,black
, green, yellow, blue, red, and brown
are Saxon . Sound may be of Latin origin , but buzz, hum,
clash, ra t tle, etc. , are Saxon . Crime is Latin
,bu t murder ,
theft, robbery, lie, steal,are Saxon . Member is Latin
,and
organ Greek, bu t ear , eye, hand,foot , lip ,mou th, teeth, hair ,
finger , are Saxon . Animal is Latin , bu t man , cow,sheep ,
calf, are Saxon . Number is remotely Latin, bu t allour car
dinal and ordinal numbers, as far as amillion , are Saxon .
ANGLO - SAXON GRAMMAR.
PART I .
O R T H OG R A P H Y
CHAP TER I .
T H E A L P H A B E T,& C .
1 . T HE Anglo-Saxon Alphabet consists oftwenty
-fou r charact ers, viz.
A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 ANGLO—SAXON GRAMMAR.
J never occu rs as a distinct let t er,and Is very
rarely, as the Anglo-Saxon s always u sed c instead.
For qu , cwwas writ t en . Of u,there occu rs bu t one
con sonan t sound,which may be represen t ed by w
2) n ever occu rs except as a calligraphic variation of
a. Z also is n ot u sed,inasmu ch as it s genuine soft
sou nd,as in hazel
,is n ot fou nd in the language ; 3
supplied its place .
T he prin cipal abbreviation s were l'j and,and
15 that,the
,tha t .
VOW’
ELS,T HE IR P RONUNCIAT ION.
2 . T here are seven long vowels,d,e,i,6,a,as, g,
whose sou nds are heard in the following words : (a),par ; (é), prey ; (i): Caprice ; pron e ; (a), pr un e ;(to), fair ; (g), in the French participle, ou .
T here are also seven short vowels,a,e,i,o,u,
a, y, whose sounds differ from the seven corresponding long ones only in being less prolonged in theirut t era nce.
CONSONANT S,T HE IR P RONUNCIAT ION.
3. b,0 (hard) d
, f, g (hard) ; I, m,n, p ,
r,s,t,
w,a,have the same sou nds as in English.
b has the sound of th in thin . (Initial )is has the sou nd of th in this. (Medial and final. )an
,aw
,ow
,have the sou nd of ow in n ow.
ge or g has the sound of y when preceding (3or
i as geoc, yoke ; h is st rongly aspirat ed ; at the
end of a word or syllable, or unit ed with another
consonan t in closing a syllable. it is gu t tu ral.
4 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
a into it as,habban
,to have,
( I dig, a dayi
a,ea
,in to e ; mann
,a man
,
heah, high,
leds,loose,
ren,rain
,
ewc'Ban , to say,
dam,judgment,
storm,storm
,
gold, gold,
soin to g nodd, need,
u into y sunder , asunder,
7. T he most importan t consonant changes are
the following
g is usually omit t ed before d and is as,
ma de nfor m gden maiden .
66 is changed in tof as,
hiibbe,I have ; hafh, he has.
A radical g is oft en changed in to h as,
stigan , to ascend ; stdh, he ascended.
c and cc before 8 and s, and eSpecially before
often changed in to h as,
ahsian for acsian or axian , to ask,
séh‘h for séc‘h, he says,
is is sometimes changed in to d ; as,
seoban , to boil ; seden , boiled.
ic hiibbe, I have.
dagas, days.
menn,men.
hehst,highest.
lfisan , to loosen.
rinan, to rain .
cwyst, thou sayest.
dé'
man , to judge.
styrman, to storm.
gylden , golden .
ngjdan , to force.
asyndrian , to separate .
ETYMOLOGY. 5
PART II .
E T Y M O L O G Y .
CHAPTER I.
T H E P AR T s o r s p n E oH .
8. T here are eight par ts of speech : Noun , Ad
jective, P ronoun , Verb, Adverb, P reposition , Conjunction
, and Interjection .
Of these, the first fou r are inflected, the lat ter
fou r are not .
NUMBER.
9. T here are two numbers, the Singular and
the P lu ral ; as,emits, a smith ; smiiSas, smiths.
T he P ersonal P ronou ns of the first and second
person have a Dual number ; as,wit, we two ; git , ye two.
GENDER .
10. T here are three genders, the Masculine,Feminine
,and Neu ter.
T he gender ofnou ns is determined, either bysignification , or, by t ermination .
1 . By Signgfication .
T he names of all animals of the male kind are
6 ANCLo-SAo GRAMMAR.
mascu line ; those of the female kind,reminine
, with
ou t regard t o t ermination .
By T ermin ation .
T he masculine t ermination s are-a,
-1,
-el,
-ol,
-ui,
-els,
-em,
-end, -er,
-ere,
- t, ! at,
-ing,-ai5
,
-o’d,
-noi5, -scipe,-segpe.
T he feminine t erminations are-
.t,
-en,
-
yn ,-esse
,-isse
,-
ysse,-estre
,-istre
,-
ystre,-ele
,
! is,
-nys, n'
aeden,
-u,
-o,
-u ng ,-ing,
-5,m5 .
T he neu ter t erminations are-cd
,-od
,-et,
-ern,
-incle,
-ling.
CASE .
1 1 . T here are fi ve cases,Nominative
,Genitive
,
Dative,Accusative
,and Inst rumen tal. T he instru
men tal is the with-ease,denoting either association
or inst rumen t .
DECLENSION.
1 2 . T here are two methods of nou n-inflection,
t ermed the Vowel-Declen sion and the N-Deelension
or,otherwise
,the St rong D eclen sion and the “T eak
Declen sion . T he few substan tives which cannot be
grouped u nder either of these declensicns are. con
sidered anomalou s.
T here is also the P ronominal declen sion seen in
the demon st rative and other pronouns.Adjectives are inflect ed in on e of twoways, either
the Indefinit e,or the Definit e
,as in German . T he
adjective follows the pronominal declension when it ssubstan tive is indefinite
,that is
,when the adjective
ETYMOLOGY. 7
is not preceded by the definite article,by any other
demonst rative pronoun,by a possessive pronoun
,or
by a genitive case ; bu t if the substan tive is definite,
that is,ifit is preceded by the definit e ar ticle
,or a
demonst rative or possessive pron oun,or by a geni
tive case,the adjective follows the N-Declension .
GE NE RAL RULE S FOR T HE DE CLENSIONS.
13. All nouns have the nom. and s ec. alike inthe plu ral.All nouns form the dat . and in st r . plu ral in -um
,
which,however
,is sometimes changed in to
-on,or
T he dot . and inst r. are alike in each number.
Neu ters have the n om. and sec. alike in each number.
Feminines vary the nom. and acc. singular, but
form the gen . dat . and inst r. singular, alike.
ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER II.
N o U Ns .
Vowel-D eclen sion .
P ARADIGMS.
1 4. fi sc, fish
Sing.
fiscGen. fiscesDat . fisceAcc. flee
Feminines.
gift ; daed, deed.
Sing.
daed
deeds-cd
Nom.
Gen .
Dat. scipe
Ace. scip
15. Nouns ofmore than one syllable which
M asculin es.
hirde,shepherd.
Plur. Sing.
fiscas
fiscum
fiscas
lVeu ters.
ship rice,kingdom.
Sing.
rice
ricer
rice
rice
ET YMOLOGY. 9
in -el,
-en ,-sr
,-or
,are oft en syncopat ed before a case
ending ; as,
tungel, st ar ; neu t er.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. tungel tunglu
Gen. tangles tungla
Dat. tangle tangiam
Ace. tungel tunglu
16 . Masculines and neu ters of one syllable,
which have the vowela, take a instead, in the plural ;as
,
fat, 3 vat ; neu ter.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. fat fatuGen. fdtes fataDat. fdte fatum
Acc. fi t fata
1 7. Masculines sometimes have -ena or -ana ,
instead of -a in gen . plural. A fewmasculines, as
leode,men ; Dene, Danes
,have -e in the nom. and
sec. plural.Dene, Danes.
Plui'.
Nom. Dene
Gen. Dena
Dat . B enam
Acc. Dene
1 8 . T he masculines fbt, foot ; man , man , andthe feminine s (nom. and sec.) 660, book ; bré c, breeches ; gas, goose ; (us, lou se ; mus, mou se ; tu rf; t u rf,make in the dat . sing. andmm , gen . and ace.
’
plural,fi t, feet ; men , men béc
,books ; bre
‘
c,breaches ; gés,
geese ; lye, lice ; mys, mice, and tyrf, t u rf.11k
10 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
P ARADIGMS.
sunu,son mas.
Sing.
su nu
suna
su nu
tots, t ooth m as.
Sing.
we166 es
te’cs
téb
cit cow fem.
bu rn, city ; fem
Sing.
burh
barge
bu r/o.
Neu ters in one syllable which have a long vowel,
or end in two consonan t s,drop
-u in the mom. and
acc. plu ral, as ledf, a leaf; ledj‘
,leaves ; p und, a
pound ; p and, pou nds. In the same cases, the neu t ersfig, egg ; oeuéf, calf; child, child ; lamb, lamb, makedgru ,
cealfm,cildru
,lambru
,with an r in sert ed.
12 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR.
P ARADIGMs.
helmberend,helm-bearer ; mas.
Sing. P lur.
helmberend helmberend
helmberendee helmberenda
helmberende helmberendum
helmberend helmberend
wealdend,ruler ; mas
Sing.
Nom. wealdend
Gen . wealdendec
Bat . wealdende
Ace. wealdend
21 . T he presen t participle is declined thu swegferende, wayfaring
Smg.
wegferendum
P ABADIGMS.
fdder , father ; masSing.
fdder
faderum
bréisor , brother ;
bro'
iSor
ETYMOLOGY. 13
In a like manner are declined, mo‘
dor,mother ;
debtor, daughter ; sweoster, sister.
PARADIGMS.
niht,night fem.
Sing.
Nom. niht
Gen .
Dat . niht
Acc. niht m'
Iu
Feminine abst racts in -0 , or-u
,as yldo, old age,
are indeclinable in the sing. ; likewise the fems. see,
sea ; 03, law ; ed, water (sometimes gens. sees,eds),
nom. and ace. plu ral,sees
,eds, dat . seem,
edm.
P ROP ER NAME S.
§ 23. P roper names in -as,in troduced into the
language from the Latin,sometimes follow the gen
eral rule in forming the gen . ,and sometimes u ndergo
no change ; as,
Rémus, Remus, gen . Rémueee.
Matthéue, Matthew, gen . Matt/cents.
Sometimes, proper names in -as take the Latin
gem; as,Justus, Justus, gen. Justi.
Others offoreign origin conform to the inflectionof common nouns
,in every respect ; as,
P toleméus, Ptolemy, gen . P toleméuses.
14 ANGLO-BAXON GRAMMAR.
P ARADIGMS.
R omane,Romans.
Plur .
Ramane
Rémana
Roman um
Bemana
Names of Cou n tries.
24. T he n ames of coun t ries and places ia -a,
’
are
sometimes found undeclined ; as, nom. Sieilia,ace.
Sieilia . Again , they are inflected as in Latin ; as,
nom. E u rop a, acc. E u rop am,the gen . and dat . being
E urop e for E urcip fe , like I talic for I laliee, andR emefor E dma . The gen . plu r . is sometimes con t ract ed ;as
,Myrcn a for Jllyreena , of the Mercian s.
The Forma tion of P rop er Names.
25 . T he names of men and women,as well as
of places,among the Anglo
-Saxons,being signifi
can t,are frequen tly compou nded words. T hose of
individuals,appear t o have been mostly the result of
caprice or the effu sions of vanity. B u t, withou t
doubt,many were received from the illu st riou s in
the early history of the race,and perpetuated from
one generation to another .
E xamp les of Comp ound P opp er Names.
1 . Names ofMen ; as,M elwolf, a noble wolf.
Egber t, bright eye.
Danstdn,
a moun tain stone
the peace ofvictory.
happy and rich.
An na,Anna.
Sing.
Anna
Annan
Annan
Annan
E TYMOLOGY. 15
2. Names ofWomen ; as,
Emlgifu , a blessed gift.
an elf-favor.
a fortified city.
mild in counsel.
Names ofP laces ; as,
the King’s town Kingston .
the Church City Chirburg.
the for tress-dwelling Wurwick.
D istin ctive Amiella tions.26 . T he Anglo-Saxons some times added dis
tinctive appellations to their original names. T hese
were t aken,either from some peculiarity of appear
ance,or from residence
,ofiice
,t rade
,possession
,or
affinity. Not unl'
requently, too,the addition ex
presses the name of the individual’s father. T hu s
we find
Wulfsie, se bldca,Eddric, se hwi
'
a,
Eddric, se blaca,
xElfric, ill Sealtwuda,Ledfwyn , Ealclerman ,Emsigen , Seylwyrhta,
Origin and Fbrmation of Noun s.
27. Nouns may be divided into P rimitive and
Secondary. All primitive noun s are monosyllabicin their nature ; as, wer, man ; do, oak.
From the primitive nou ns were originally formedany adjectives and verbs
,which gave birth in t u rn
to others.
W ulfsie , the Blake or P ale,
Eadrie,the W hite or W hite-haired,
Eatlrie,the Black or Black-haired
,
E lfrie,living at Saltwood
,
Leofwyn, Elderman or Senator.
Sweign , a shieldmaker.
16 ANGLo-sAxON GRAMMAR.
T he secondary nouns were formed,
1 . By the u nion of two or more primitive nouns ;
as,decern
,acorn
,from ac, oak, and corn , nu t .
2 . By the addition of significan t t erminations ;as
,cildhad
,childhood, from cild
,child
,and had
,state
or condition .
3. By the addition of significant prefixes to primitive nouns
,and to. others already formed ; as, u nsib,
discord,froman
,not
,and sib
, concord.
ETYMOLOGY. l7
CHAPTER III.
AD J E O 'I‘ I V E S .
§ 28. Adjectives have either an Indefinite or a
Definite declension .
T he indefinit e form is u sedwhen the adjectivestands alone with the substan tive ; as god man , a
good man .
T he definit e form is u sed when the adjective ispreceded by the definit e article
,or by a demonst ra
tive or possessive pronoun,or by a genitive. U nder
these conditions,the adjective is inflected according
to the N-Declension .
THE INDEFINITE DECLENSION.
P ARADIGMS.
blind, blind.
SING. PLUR.
Mas. Fem. Neu t . Mas.At Fem. Neut .blind blind blind blinde
blindes blindre blindes blindra
blindam
blinde blind
blinde blindre blinde
god, good.
1 8 ANGLO -SAXON GRAMMAR .
Adject ives of one syllable, u nless they have a
long vowel or end in two con sonan t s,add -u in the
nom. sing. fem.
§ 30. Adjectives of one syllable, which end in a
single con sonan t , preceded by a, take a in st ead of a,
when a vowel follows in the inflection as,
lat,late.
Mas.
lat
lates
la tnm latum latum
lalne
late la tum
g31 . Adjectives ofmore than one syllable, which
end in -el,
-en,
-er,
-ig, are often syn copat ed, when a
vowel follows in t he inflection ; as,
Italig, holy.
n un.
Mas. & Fem. Neut .ltdlge hdlgu
haligra
etc,
Adjectives ofmore than one syllable, which end
in -c,lose this e before all endings ; as,
n iwe,new.
S ING. PLUR.
Mas. Fem. Ncu t .niwe niwu
niwes n iwre niwes niwra niwra
etc. etc . etc. etc. etc.
T he above remark applies t o all presen t participles.
20 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
P 990W : 700118: e. gyngest,
s.
p. lied/t, high, a. Iiyst, (Mlu t),p. nedh, nigh, 8 .
35 . Several superlatives,most of them from ad
verbs,take -mest as
,
dftcrmest, aftermost , nordmast, northernmost,fyrmest, foremost, upmost,innemest, inmost
, outmost,latest ,
widmest, middlemost,
sidmest,ni
‘lSernest,
nethermost .
These are really superlatives from forms in -ma,
with the definite declension ; as, forma, mi ema,
in which -ma,is a superlative ending .
I rregu lar Comp arison s.
36. T he following are some of the more irregular comparisons
(er, arm, wrest ;
fem”:90d,
lytel,
Origin andFormation ofAdjectives.
37. Adjectives in Anglo-Saxon owe their origin
either t o nouns or verbs.
T hey are nouns u sed in a descriptive sense ; as,
hige, diligence and diligen t ; lab, eviland pernicious.
T hey are nouns with significan t t erminations
added ; as,
gold, gold, golden, golden ; bldd, blood, biddig, bloody ; wer,man, werlic, manlike, manly ; wa stm,
fruit, wastmbcer, fruitful.
ETYMOLOGY . 21
T hey are formed from nouns aswellas fromother
adjectives by significan t prefixes ; as,mdd, mind, dmdd, out ofmind, mad ; mihtig, mighty, tinne
alt tig, verymighty.
T hey are formed by the u nion of nouns and
numerals ; as,dnedge, one
-eyed twfifeald, twofold.
T hey are formed from participles ; as,bebeddendlic, imperative ; bere nde, fruitful.
T hey presen t compound forms from simple ad
jectives, or from simple adjectives and participles ;as
,
glpenbaenen , made ofivory ; ebelboren , noble-born.
T hey are formed from pronouns and adverbs withsignifican t t erminations ; as,
drelendisc, ofour country titeweard, ou tward, external.
22 ANGLO -SAXON GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER IV.
P R O N O U N S .
§ 38 . T he P ronoun s are divided in to P ersonal,
P ossessive,Demonstrative
,In t errogative, and R ela
tive.
1 . P erson al P ronou n s.
First P erson .
me,mec, u nc cc inc
T hird P erson .
bit,he
O ther forms are email unc), in cit in c), in
the ace. dual ; asic (r: as), eéwic (2 echo), in the
ace. plu r . are deer), in the gen . plu r . ; hig hi),in the ace. sing . and nom. and ace. plu r . heom
him), in the dat . sing. and plu r. lwora Izira },
in the gen . plu ral.
Second P erson .
Dir, T hou .
Dual. Plur.
git ge
incer eo’
wer
eéw
cow
ETYM OLOGY. 23
2 . The P ossessive P ronoun s.
§ 39. T he possessive pronou n s of the first and
second persons, are made by giving to the genitives
of the personal pronou ns, t he inflection of the indefi
nit e adjective.
T he possessive of the third person is simply theu ninflected genitive of the personal pronoun
,his
,
hire,his
,plu r hira . B u t sin is sometimes u sed in
the reflective sense,his own
,her own
,it s own
,their
own .
T he possessive pronou ns are thu s declined
min,mine.
mines
minum
minne
ancer , ou r two.
u ncres n ncre u ncres
u ncre u ncr um
u ncre u ncer u ncr
e
are,ou r.
24 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
40 . User, poetical, has a distinct bu t irregular
form ofdeclension , as follows
itser,ou r.
3. D emonstrative P ronou ns.
T he demon st rative se,seo
’
, pet, is used
definite article,and as a relative pronoun .
se sea, pdt, the.
Neut.patbits1ram
1237, W
bee peas, bis, this.
Ncut.
its1mm
Varying forms of bis are, bisscre bisse),
bissera pissa), and bees pas).O ther demonstratives are swilc, swylc, such ;
ETYMOLOGY. 25
bylie and bu slic, such ; glc, the same, with definite
declension ; self, sylf, the same, with indefinite de
clension ; self, sglf, with indefinite declension is em
phatic,as
,is sglf, I myself.
[0 sglf, I myself.SING. PLUR.
ic
min sylfes,etc.
4. The I n terrogative P ronouns.
42 . T he in t errogative pronouns are hwa, whomas. and fem. ; hwd
'
t,what ? neu ter : hwciiser, which
of two ? hwilc or hwglc, of what sort ? T he last
two are regularly declined as indefinite adjectives.T he first is declined as follows
hwafhwcit , who, whatMae. and Fem.
hwa
hwds
hwam
kwons
26 ANGLO-SAXON GRAM MAR .
43. T he in terrogatives are changed to indefi
nites by variou s additions ; as,
agbaa , aghwa’
t, gehwa , gewa
’
t,whoever
,whatever
,each one.
swdhwa swd,swd haat swd
,whosoever
,whatsoever.
hwc’
ithwugu , hwathwegu, somewhat, a little.
aghwa’
iSer,agber , gehwdber , whichever, each of two.
ndhwafier,ndwber, ndfior , neither.
aghwilc, gehwilc, whichever, etc.
g44. Other indefinites are
alc,each. (in , one, a.
eall,all. ndn
,none.
sum,some. n amig, not any.
fiber , other. wiht,thing.
manig, mt ny awiht,dwht
,dht
,aught .
a nig, any. ndwhit,ndwht, naht , naught,
5 . R ela tive P ronou n s.
§ 45 . As a relative pronoun , is u sed“
either the
demon st rative se,seo
, pen, or the indeclinable be
sometimes the lat ter is added t o the former,as
,
se’é e
,seo
’é e
,bath e.
ANGLO -SAXON GRAMMAR.
47. D eclension of Numerals.
(in,one, is declined like blind.
twegen , twa, two, and pry, bred, three, are declined as follows
Twégen , two.
Mas. Fem. andNeut .
twd
Dry, three.
Mase . Fem. and Ncu t .Nom. pry bred
Gen . breora bedraDat. brgm brymAce. pry bredInst Pram Pram
Twen tig, and the other numerals in - tig, are
clined as follows
Twen tig, twen ty.
M. F. N.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat . twentigum
Ace. twent ig
Inst. twentigum
48 . Femoer, fou r, makes the genitive feoweraand we sometimes findfifa, siaza, seofona , as the samecase offifi five ; size, six ; seofon , seven . When u sed
absolu t ely, tyn , t en , makes the nominative and accu
ETYMOLOGY. 29
sative tyne, and the dative tyn um also twelf, twelve,the nominative twelfe, the genitive twelfa , and the
dative twelfum.
All the numerals in -tig are u sed in the nomina
tive and accu sative,both as nouns which govern
the genitive plural, and as adjectives which agree
with nouns in the same case .
H and and hu ndred, a hundred, and thiwend,a
thou sand,are declined likefi sc, a fish.
Hiealf, half, when u sed as a numeral,is generally
placed after the cardinal, or the ordinal, which agreeswith it , and which it diminishes by the one-halfof a
unit ; as size healfmare, fivemarks and a half; thridde
healf, two and a half.
Dist ribu tives are made by a repetition of the
cardinal numbers ; as, size and size,six and six
,by
sixes.
30 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
CHAPTER V.
T H E v n n n .
49. T here are two great classes of verbs ; first ,
those ofP rimary Inflection , also called St rongVerbs,and those of Secondary Inflection , also calledWeakVerbs.
1 . VE RBS OF P RIMARY INFLE CT ION.
T hese verbs form the perfect t ense withou t any
addition,except the personal endings after the root
or st em. T hosewhich have the vowels eor ed in theperfect
,show t races ofa primitive reduplication , and
are divided in to several classes according to the
vowels,a (ea), a ,
a, ed, 6 (é),— which they have in
other par t s of the verb.
Examp les of the Classes.
Infinitive. Perfect.
I. healdan,
he61d,
spannan , spé n ,
II. imtan , let,
slaapan , slép,
lee,
brawan , brebw,IV. hefxwan , hebw
,
beaten, bebt
V . rowan rebw
hrcpan hrebp
§ 5 1 . T hose verbs which do not have e or e6 in
the perfect,are likewise divided in t o several classes
,
ETYMOLOGY. 31
according t o the vowels,— a (a, ea) before two
consonant s ; a (at, ca) before one consonan t ; (2, ea, 0,
which they have in the singular of the perfect indicative.
Examples of the
Perfect.
fund,
dealf,
mearn ,arn
,
nam,
gcaf,
cnad,
com, owom,
scrfif,
seclin
breftw,
seé c,
sé l.
wbx,
§ 53. In verbs of primary inflection , the vowel
which appears in the infinitive belongs also to the
present indicative and subjunctive,the imperative
,
and the active participle. T he vowelwhich appearsin the pluralof the perfect indicative belongs also to
the second person singular and to the whole perfectsubjunctive. B ut in the second and third personsingular of the presen t indicative, a is changed to e
,
a to a,e to 6
,ed, ed, a, to g, and e
,ed
,to i.
32 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
P ARADIGMS.
la tan,let (2d class. )Perfect .
let
Sing. 2. last
2 . lat tab
helpan , help (6th class.)Infinitive. Perfect.
hslpan healp
PRES. PERF
g55 .
gerund, is a dative
the preposition té .
Subj .hulpe
hulpe
hulpe
hulpen
hulpen
hulpen
Part
helpende
helpanne holpen
help anne, sometimes called the
of the infinitive, and is u sed with
E T YMOLOGY. 33
When the plural of the presen t indicative and of
the imperative is followed immediately by the sub
jcet of the pronoun (we, ge, etc.) the ending-a8 is
often dropped,the pronoun with a connective -e,
taking its place ; as,helpe we, help s ge, etc.
,for helpa
‘B we,etc.
T he same change sometimes appears in the per
feet ; as,hulpe ge, for hulpon ge.
In the pres. indic. ,2d and 3d sing. ,
the vowel -e
is generally omit ted from the ending ; as hilpst,
hilp is. T his often cau ses euphonie changes ; as,mist
,cwiB, for cwiBst, cwiiSiS, from casbam, to say : hlest,
hlet,for hledst, hlelsf) , from hidden
, to load ; ble‘
t for blé t'lS, fromblo
'
tan , to sacrifice ; cyst, age ,for cys t, cysts, from cedsan
, to
choose.
T he let ter 9 at the end of a root generally be
comes h,unless it is followed by a vowel. In the
dissyllabic forms of the perfect , and in the passiveparticiple
,a final h of the root passes into g, a final
8 into d, and in some verbs, a final 8 into r as,
slagen, cweden, core! , passive participles of sleahn, to strike ;
cacban, to say ; ososun , to choose.
Final h of the stem is often syncopated in the
presen t and infinitive ; as,sledn
,seen
,for sleahn
,to strike, seohan , to see. From seen ,
to see, come present sec, sghst , agbis, plural scab, perf. sedh, plur.sdwon
, pass. part. gesewen .
2 . vnans on SECONDARY INFLECI‘ION.
56. T hese verbs form the perfect by adding-de
to the root of the verb. T hey are divided into two
2*
34 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
classes,according as -de alone
,or -ode, is added to the
root . T he passive participle is formed by adding -d
and -cd in the two classes,and oft en with ge pre
fixed ; as, gelegd, laid, geerod, ploughed, from leogan ,erian ge is also used
,bu t not so frequently, in the
passive participles ofprimary verbs.
In the first ofthese two classes,-de after 0 , t , h, 3,
becomes -te,and c is then generally changed t o h.
Several verbs show a change of radical vowel in the
perfect,from 6 to ea
,and from é t o s.
PARADIGM .
sécan , to seek.
Perfect.
so'
hte
PRES.
Indie.
sdhtcst
Imp.
Sing. 2. sec
P lu . 2 . sécab séeanne
§ 58 . In the pres. indic.,2d and 3d sing.
,e is
oft en omit tedfrom the ending,with euphonie changes,
as in verbs of primary inflection . T he verb n erian ,
to preserve,has nerest
,n eree : it takes e also in the
sing. of the imper.,nere
,in the whole perfect , as
nerede, and in the pass. part .,as nered bu t in all
36 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
T he verb leofi an , t o live , belongs to this class, bu t
generally t akes in place of leqf libb as,
infin. libban , part . libbende ; pres. 1 . libbe, 2. leqfast, 8 . leofa‘b,
plu . libbab ; imp. leofa , plu . libbab ; perf. leofde pass. part
habban , to have.
Perfect. Pres. P art.
pass Paar .
Indie.
Part.
habbende
hiifed or hag/d
3. Anomalous Verbs.
62. T here are twelve pret eritive verbs,in which
an old perfect ofprimary formation came to be u sed
in the sense of a presen t,aft er which a new perfect
was added with secondary formation . T hey are the
following
Pres. 2 Sing.
an u nne
can cunne cu nnan
barf bu rfe l'
u rfan
bearf bearftdar du rre
geman gcmanst
sceal sceatt
mdg miht
E TYMOLOGY. 37
VIII . (8) dh dgsdhst dgon ahts dgan
(9) unit wast wito n wiste,wiu e witan
I"
IX. (10) dedh dage dagon duhte dugan
(ll nodh nedht nugon nohte nugan
X. (12) mil mdst mdton mb'
ste mdtan
With the 2 sing. cunne,there is also a canst
,
con st with du rre, a dearst.
§ 63. Somewhat similar to these twelve verbs,
are
.
the verbs willan , to will
to be u nwilling . T hey are conjugated as follows
willan,to will.
P ans. Paar .
Indie.
willa‘B
Sing. 2. wills
P lu. 2.
ngllan , to be unwilling.
Pans.
Indie.
Sing. l. ngde
ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR.
~
64. wesa'
n,to be
,is thus declined
Pass. Part. g
Pans. PERF.Indie.
Sing. 1 . com
eart wa re were
3. is wa re
sind, or wazronsindon
Imper .
2 . u se
Plur. 2 . wesab wesanne
For 8 7. m the subj . are also u sed sig, sea, and 39.
65 . T here is also a defective bedn,t o be
,the
presen t ofwhich is gen erally u sed in a fu ture sen se.
bedn,to be.
Indie.
1 . bebm,bed bed
2. bist bed
3. bib bed
bedn
gan , to go.
PRES.
Indie.
Sing. 1. get
geest
3. ga‘lS
gd‘B
§ 66 . From the same root, with added nasal
,
come pres. gange perf. gieng, gedng, geng, and
ETYMOLOGY. 39
gengde. T he defective perf. code, wen t , comes froma root i.
den , to do.
PRESIndie.
Sing. 1 . dd
2 . dést
8 . dab
Plur. ddb
§ 67. Several verbs which have the primary inflection m the perfect and the passive participle
,ap
pear in their other f0 1ms as ve1bs of seconda1y ln
flection . T hu s,
biddan ,a
bdd,bazdon
,beden
,to ask
,to bid ; sittan , silt
,sceton
,
seten,to sit ; licgan , ldg, leagon , legen , to lie ; piegan , bah, pagan ,
began , to touch, to taste hebban,hd
’
f, hdffon , hafen , to heave,’tolift
emerica,swb
'
r,swd
'
ron,emeren , to swear.
All bu t swerian connect themselves with the
first class of secondary verbs.
2 . From f ahan , hakan , con t ract ed fen , t o t ake,hdn , to hang, come pres. 1 . fr) , he 2 . fest, foest,
foe/tel hé st,héhst, haast 3. fi e, foes, fceha his,
héha, hoes plu . fi t , his. From the same rootswith
added nasal,comefangan , hangan , perf. fang, héng .
3. T he verb bringan , t o bring, has two forma
tions in the perfect and the passive participle,brang,
brangon , brungen , and brohte, brohton , broht.
Standan,t o stand
,drops n in the perfect ; stbd,
stddon,standen .
B regdan , to braid, bragd, brugdon , brogden , often
drops the g, and passes from the 6 th class to the 7th
class,bredan
,brad
,breedon
,broden .
Dihan,t o thrive
, lath, higon , bigen , of the 8th
40 ANGLO—SAXON GRAMMAR
class, has passed in to the formof the 9th class, bedn
(for bedban), berth, pagon , bogen and the same is
t ru e of sihan (sedn ), to st rain,tiban (tedn), to convict ,
wrihan to cover.
IRREGULAR VERBS OF SECONDAR Y INFLEC'I‘ ION.
68. T he following verbs ofSecondary inflectionare irregular
bencan
byncanweorcan
worhte,wcorhte
wircan
pass. part. gegyrwed
M ISSING FORMS.
§ 69. T he Anglo-Saxon has no fu tu re tense,bu t
u ses the presen t t ense both as a present and a fu tu re.
T he verbs wills and sceat are sometimes u sed,as in
English, to express the fu t u re,bu t generally, not
withou t the idea of volition,or of necessity, which
properly belongs to those verbs.
T he perfect definite and the pluperfect are sup
plied,as ia English, by u sing forms of habban , to
have,with the passive participle of the verb.
The passive is supplied by u sing the au xiliaryverbs wesan
,to be
,or weorshan , to become, with the
passive participle. T hus eom and weortse are u sed
for the presen t passive ; was and wears for the per
ETYMOLOGY. 41
feet ; bed or sceal bedn for the fu ture ; eom-worden
for the perfect definite,and was-worden for the plu
perfect .
IM P ERSONAL VERBS .
§ 70. These are u sed only in the third personsingular with the pronoun hit, it , either expressedor understood, while in other respect s they are likeregular verbs.
M an,on e
,they, often gives the verb an imper
sonal sense.
OR IGIN AND FORMAT ION OF VERBS.
71 . Verbs are formed from nouns by the addi
tion of the termination -an or -ian as,dwl
,a part ;
duelan,to divide ; bod, an edict ; bddian , t o com
mand.
Sometimes the forms -
gean ,-
gan , or -
gian are
u sed ; as, sceawigean , sceawigan .
Verbs are formed sometimes from adjectives ; as,
forhtian ,t o fright en , fromforht, fearful.
At a lat er period in the language, verbs are oftencompounded ; as, geshancmetan , t o deliberate ; from
get ane, mind, and metan , to measu re ; illgau , to go
ou t,from at
,ou t
,and yen , to go.
ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER VI.
AD V E R B S .
72 . Adverbs are formed fromadjectivesby adding
-e ; as, swiec, st rongly, from swia, st rong. Adverbs in -lice (Eng. lg) were first made by adding
-e,
to compound adjectives in -lic as,heahlice
,highly,
from hedlic, a compound ofhedh,high, and lie (gelic),
like ; bu t the adverb is oft en foundwhere there is noadjective in lie
,as scalice, t ruly, from sea, sooth
,
t ru e.
§ 73. The following are some of the most common of the adverbs
d always, aye.
ever .
ere,before.
continually.
whence.away.
above, beyond.
44 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR.
CHAP TER VII.
P R E P O S I T I O NS .
§ 75 . P repositions govern differen t cases,and
some of them,two or more cases. T hey govern :
1 . the genitive ; 2. the dative ; 3. the accusative ;4. the genitive and accu sative ; 5 . the genitive,dative and accusative.
T he following are the most common of the prepositions governing the differen t cases
1 . GOVERNING THE GENIT IVE.
andlang, along, by the side of, through.
’
2. GOVERNT ZTG T HE DAT IVE .
after, after, on accoun t of,over ; car
, before ; (it , at, next,
with, from ; be, of
,from
,abou t
, concerning ; wib, with ; of, of,from, concerning ; td, to, towards ; into
‘
,into, in ; tdweard, to
wards ; betweoz, between ; bnfan , above ; bdtan , without, except,bu t .
3. GOVERNING T HE ACCUSAT IVE .
bu rh, through, by means of gmb, round,abou t ; abatan ,
abou t , around ; wibz‘
t tan,without .
4 . GOVERNING T HE DAT IVE ANn ACCUSAT IVE .
for, for, On account of ofer , over, above ; on, an , in , in , with,among, upon ; db, unto, till ; under , under ; titan , withou t, be.
yond.
5 . GOVERNING T HE GENIT IVE,DAT IVE
,AND Accu
SAT IVE .
wit , against, Opposite.
ETYMOLOGY. 45
CHAP TER VIII.
C O N J U N C T I O N S .
77. Conjunctions are either single words or
phrases. T he following are some of the most com
mon of them
ac, bu t, whether ; and, and ; bu tan , bu t, unless, except ; edc,
also,likewise ; for
'Bd, because ; forbdm,for the reason that
,be
cause ; and, also ; gif, if, when ; hwd‘Bre, whether ; hwy, why ;
ne,neither, nor ; o
‘BBe, either, or ; ad‘Blice
,but , wherefore ; sad, as,
so ; ru iles, as if pet, that ; berth, although ; t onne, than , bu t ; 1937,for, because, therefore ; witocflice, bu t, for, therefore.
CHAPTER IX.
I N T E R J E C T I O N B .
78 . The following are some of the principal interjections
edld,oh l alas ! efne, lo l behold ! truly ; hwat, what ! lo ! Id,
oh l lo l wd, wo l alas !
46 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR.
CHAPTER X.
F O R M A T I O N O F W O R D S .
1 . PREFIXES.
79. T he following are the principal prefixes
aw,not ; n not ; mix-
kunlike
,defective, erroneous ; wan
wan ting ; to to ; for negation , and sometimes intensity ; wiiSer
against ; and ,against ; ge has a collective sense ; be , sometimes
privative, sometimes intensive ; cd again ; sin always ; sam
half ; ag has an indeterminate sense.
2 . NOM INAL surr rxns.
80. T he following suflixes denote,for the most
part , persons ; as,-ere, M ,
-e,
-el,
-ol,
-l,
-ing,-ling, (diminutives), -c n,
81 . 3. sur r rxns DENOT ING STAT E , CONDIT ION,E T C.
-d6'
m, Jaid, -la
'
c,-a
’c5,
-u6, -ledst -ung,-ing mes
,-u
,-ao
,
o,
-cls, -cd, -m -ot,
-d,
-t,
-ra‘
den .
4. ADJE OT IVE su rmxns.
-e,
-ig,-lic, -isc, s um,
-ol, -en,
-ba re,
-c und,-iht, -weard, -feald,
dais, wis, -ern
,-tyms.
83. 5 . ADVERB IAL SUFFIXES.
-c,
-licc,4 4171, o n
-es -a,
-u nga,-inga
-an -der -on,
-cu
SYNTAX. 47
PART III .
S Y N T AX .
1 CONCORD.
RULE l . T he verb agrees with its nominative innumber and person ; as,
1c lufie, I love. We lufiaiS, we love.
RULE 2. A collective nou n may have the verb
either in the singular or the plural ; or it may t aketwo verbs of differen t numbers even , in the same
sen tence ; as,
E allpatfolc ards andstddon , All the people arose and stood.
RULE 3. T wo or more nominatives in the sin
gular, connected by and either expressed or under
stood,have the verb in the plural ; as,
Sgnderlice hine P etrus and Peter and James and John and
Jdcobus and Jéhannes and Andrew asked him private
Andreas dcsodon,
ly.
RULE4. T he verb may be in the singular when
the two nominatives are closely connected in sense.
RULE 5 . Verbs of existen ce may have a nomina
tive both before and aft er them ; as,Godwait that Word, God was the Word.
48 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
RULE 6 . T he first of the two nominatives maybe one of the singular neu ters his and belt
,belong
ing to the verb and referring t o a noun, both in the
plu ral ; as,Ac sind na his wd
'
des man These (this) are not the words
of a madman .
RULE 7. T he article agrees with the noun which
it defines,in gender, number, and case ; as,
Se artwealda, The governor.
p its lichaman , Of the body.
RULE 8 . T he article is frequently u sed before
proper names, and after possessive and other pro
nouns ; as,
Se Jd'
hannes,
The (said) John.
On binum 19am hdlgum na In thy (the) holy name.
R ULE 9. Adjectives agree with thebonus to which
they belong, in gender, n umber, and case ; as,
Lengra dagas, Long days.
RULE 10. T he perfect participle with habban , tohave, does not always agree with the nominative
,or
help t o constitu te a compound t ense,bu t is frequen t
ly inflected and made t o agree with the governed
word ; as,
E nne hdfde he swd, swiiSne One had hemade so strong.
geworhtne,
RULE 1 1 . T he relative agrees with the antece
den t in gender and number,bu t it s case depends
upon some other word in the sen tence ; as,
Sumfame sed hdfde, Acertain virgin who had.
Se be 17am, He by whom.
SYNTAX.
RULE 12. The relative is frequently omit t ed ; as,
pa was sum consul Boetius There was a certain consul
was hdten , (who) was named Boethius.
RULE 13. T he relative is sometimes elegan tlyexpressed through be and the personal pronoun as
,
be bu rh his willan , Through whose will.
be bu rh hin e,
Through whom.
RULE 14 . T he in terrogative and the word an
swering to it , must be in the same case ; as,d e dnlic ngs is bis 1? Whose image is this
pas Cdseres, (The) Cwsar’s.
RULE 15 . Nou ns signifying the same thing agree
in case ; as,
King Alfred.
RULE 16 . Sometimes a nou n defined by the arti
cle is repeated after the pronoun which expresses it,
agreeing with it in the same case ; as,
He se biscop ,He the bishop.
Heb sedmeowle, She the virgin .
2. GOVE RNMENT .
RULE 1 7. One noun govern s another in the geni
tive ; as,
Mannes lif, The life ofman .
RULE 1 8 . Anou n united with an adjective whichexpresses either a good or a bad qu ality, or which
denot es condition and the like, is pu t in the geni
tive ; as,He was ddelre strflmle, He was ofa noble race.
3
50 ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR .
RULE 19. Nou ns denoting measu re, valu e, age,and the like , are pu t in the genitive ; as,
pedra mila brdd, Three miles broad.
Sixpe ninga wir'be
,Sixpence worth.
RULE 20. Nouns answering to the qu estion when Pare pu t in the genitive, dative, or instrumen tal ; bu tnou ns an swering to the question how long .
9 how
often .9 are pu t in the accu sative ; as,
as wdsfedrz’aesgeares, This was in the fourth year .
ammdn ‘tSe, In that mon th.
On that dav.
par hig warron seofon dagas They were there seven whole
days.
Fif sides, Five times.
RULE 21 . Nouns an swering to the question where fare pu t in the genitive or dative ; as,
Em’ban getenge, Prostrate on the ground.
RULE 22. Ham,home
,and similar words, when
the qu estion is made by whither ? are pu t in the
accusative ; as,
pahe ham com, W hen he came home.
RULE 23. T he cau se,manner
,inst rumen t
,are pu t
in the genitive, dative, or inst rumen tal ; as,
E alles his magn es, With all his power.
His dgenumwillum,Ofhis own will.
RULE 24. Nou ns are u sed absolu t ely in the dative
or inst rumen t al ; as,Himbencendum,
IIe thinkin
52 ANGLO - SAXON GRAMMAR .
RULE 32 . A verb of existence u su ally takes thedative ; bu t when possession is implied, it t akes the
genitive as,
Wes u sfreiefree’
nd,
Be un to u s a faithful friend.
Hit bas cildes wits, I t was the child’s.
RULE 33. An impersonal verb generally takesthe dative ; bu t is sometimes fou nd with the
‘
accu
sative ; as,
Me thfihte,
I t seemed to me.
Hine hgngrade, I t hungered him.
RULE 34. R eflexive verbs t ake the pronounthe accu sative ; as,
Iome restc, I rest myself.
RULE 35 . Verbs of thanking, admon ishing, etc.,
take either the dative or the accusative of the personwith the genitive of the thing ; as,
Sceolde his Drihtne bancian Should thank his Lord for thebas lednes, favor.
RULE 36 . Verbs of ordering, giving , doing, p ro
ciding, and the like,take the accu sative with the
dative ; as,
bas bing ic edw bcédr
,These things I command you .
R ULE 37 . Verbs of asking, teaching, etc.,take
the accu sative both of the person and the thing ;
bu t when the question is made concerning the one
or the other,or implies a por tion or fragmen t ofany
object,we find the accusative with the genitive ;
as,
Hine dzodon ba bigsp ell, They asked ofhim parables.
Ic bedaigo his, I ask thee about it .
SYNTAX . 53
RULE 38 . Verbs of naming take the object andthe appellation both
,in the accu sative ; as,
God hit bd fa stnisse heofe God called the firmament,heav
n an,
en .
baa— Sometimes, however, the appellation is found in the
nominative .
RULE 39. Hdtan , signifying to be called or
n amed, takes a nominative both before and after it ;
3
Se hatte Lucifer , W ho was called Lucifer .
RULE 40. A verb in the infinitive is u sually
governed by another verb,bu t sometimes by an ad
jective ; as,Hwat sceal ic singan What shall I sing ?Eddig la ran , Easy to teach.
RULE 41 . T he infinitive may be preceded by an
accu sative ; as,
Bad ge gosebdmehabban , As ye see me here.
RULE 42 . T he dative of the infinitive (otherwise
called the gerund) is always governed by the pre
position td which precedes it ; as,Ic dd cdw td
'
witanne,
I do you to wit.
RULE 43. P ar ticiples and the datives ofinfinitives
have the same governmen t as the verbs towhich theybelong ; as,
CwéiSende tha t gleegebéd, Ut tering the same prayer.
Hearran tdhabbane,
A lord to have.
RULE 44. P erfect participles which govern two
54 ANGLo-SAXON GRAMMAR.
cases, when u nit ed with a verb of existence, retains
only the lat ter of t hem ; as,
Was him nama sesapan , Aname was given to him.
RULE 45 . Adverbs qualify other words, and someof themmay be defined by the article ; as,
T6micel, Too much.
p e lees, The less.
RULE 46 . T wo or more negatives st rengthen the
negation ; as,
Ne gesedh naefre adn man N0 man ever (never) saw (not)God
, God.
RULE 47. Some adverbs take the genitive, and
some the dative ; as,
Ford nihtes,
Far in the night .
Nehst bare eaxe,
Nearest the axle.
RULE 48 . P repositions govern— l . the dative ;2 . the accusative ; 3. the genitive or the dative ;4 . the dative or the accusative ; 5 . the genitive, the
dative or the accu sative.
RULE 49. Conju nction s connect sen t ences and‘
par ts of sen tences,as well as words of the same
kind.
RULE 50. The conjunctions gif, bat, sdm, bedh,swilce, et c.
,are followed by the subj unctive mood
when any thing doubtful or con tingen t is implied ;as
,
Gif he wille and cunne his If he will and can confess his
dwda ondettan , deeds.
SYNTAX. 55
RULE 5 1 . When a simple declaration ismade, theindicative is u sed ; as,
Gzifwe secgao, Ifwe say.
RULE 52. T he verbal conjunction u tan , (u ton ,u tun
,) signifying let u s, t akes the infinitive ; as,Utan biddan God, Let us beseech God.
RULE 53. Some in t erjections are followed by thenominative
,and some by the dative ; as,
M lad liccetere, Oh thou hypocrite !
Wd Pammen , W o ! to the man I
RULE 54. T he indefinite form of the adjective isu sed with common noun s
,when the in t erjection is
either expressed or u nderstood ; as,
Edld,leof hldford, Alas I dear lord !
Awyrgede womldsorga, Accursed worldly cares
RULE 55 . Bu t with pronou ns of the first and
second persons,the definite form u sually occu rs ; as,
Ic wrecca,
W retchedme 1
pa stunta,
Foolish thou !
60 ANGLO—SAXON READER .
SECT ION II.
rRE LORD’S PRAYER.
[Matt .
,Ch. vi. , Vs. 9
Fader fire, pa pe car t on heofenum,se pin nama gehalgod.
Tobecume pin rice. Geweorde pin Willa on cordau , swa swaon
heofenum. Crne daghwamliean hlat'
syle us todag . And forgyf
us fire gyltas, swa swa we forgifais arum gyltendum. And ne
gelaede paus on costnunge, ac alys us ofyfle : Soolice.
SECT ION I II .
THE PARABLE or THE W ISE AND mmFOOLISH vmcms.
[Mat t Ch. xxv.,Vs. l- l3.]
ponne 195 heofena rice gelic pam tyn fiemnum, pe paleohtfiitu namon ,
andfé rdon ongean pone brydguman and ma bryde.
Heora fif wacron dysege, and (if gleawe. And pafifdysegan na
mon leohfcitu , and n e namon nitnn e ele mid bym ; pa gleawanRamon ele on heora fittum
,mid pam leohtf
‘
atum. pa se bryd
guma ylde, pa hnappedon big ealle and slepon . Witodlice to
middere nihte man hrymde, and cw ,Na se brydguma cymil;
farajB him togeannes. paaryson ealle pa fwmnan , and glengdonheora leohtfiitu . pacwaedon pa dysegan to pam wisum
,Syllad
us of eowrum ele ; for‘Bamare leohtfiitu synd acwenete. pa and
swaredon pagleawan , and cwaedon,Nese
,pyla
‘
s pe we andge nabbon genoh ; gas topam cypendum,
and bycgaa cow ele. Witod
lice pabig fé rdon, andwoldon bycgan , 3a com se brydguma ; and
pa pe gearowe waeron, codon in mid him topamgiftum ; and sodarn was belocen . paat nehstan comon pa 66m faamnan and
cwsedon,Dryhten , Dryhten , lae t u s in . pa andswarode he heom
,
and cwaafi , 865 ic cow secge, no can ic eow. W itodlice waciafi
foriSampe go nyton ne pone dag ne pa tide.
NOT ES.
d n um, dat . gov. by geltc ; Gr . R ule 26.— Lebhlfa
'
zu , lit . light-vessels,
lamps.— Man, one, they.
— Nabben as habban .— p ¢2 when— t hen .
At mhstan , at lash— Nylon an , emphatic negative ; lit . know not, neither
SELECT IONS. 6 1
SECT ION IV.
THE PARABLE or w e SOWER.
[Mark, Ch. iv.,Vs. 3
Gehyrad ; Uteode se sasdere his smd to saweune ; and pahesebw
,sum feolli pone weg, and fugelas comon
,and hit frmton .
Sum feollafer stanscylian , thar hit nafde mycele eorfian, and Sanaapeode ; forOan hit niifde eorBan picnesse. pa hit apeode, seasunne hit forswiilde, and hit forscranc ; fordham hit wyrtrt
‘
tman
niifde. And sum feoll on pornas ; pa stigou pa pornas, and
fordrysmoden pet, and hit wmstm ne beer. And sum feoll en
gOd land, and hit sealde, apstigende andwexende wmstm ; and AnbrOhte prytigfealdne, sum syxtigfealdne, sum hundfealdne. And
he cwaaO; Gehyre, se pe caran hiibbe togehyranne.
NOT ES.
Cicada, fromd .-d enm, part . or gerun d, gov. byw. me, along.
Wytr z‘
tman , lit . p lant- room, root .— An , one it.
SECT ION V .
THE RAIS ING or THE wwow’s SON.
[Luke, Ch. vu . , Vs. 1 1
pa was syfihan geworden he fé rde on paceastre pe ys genemned Naim ; and mid bym fé rdon hys leorningcnyhtas and
mycelmituigeo. pahe genealiihte thiire ocastre gate, pawas paran dead man geboren, anre wudewan sunu
, pe nitnne adherne
nafde ; and se6 wudewe was per, and mycelmanigeo pare burhrare mid hyre. pase Haaland big geseah, pawas he midmil
.
‘
lheortnysse Ofer big gefylled, and cwmiS to byre ; Ne wép tha na.
)agenealiihte he and pa oyate iiiSran ; pa iitstodan pa pe hynemoron . pa cwwO se Hzeland ; Eala geonga, pa ic seege, Arie.
pa aras se pe dead wiis , and ongan spracan . paagefhe hine his
mader. pa Ofereode age big ealle ! and big God maersodon , and
cwaadon ,piit mmre witega on us ( hits ; and piit God hys folc
geneosode. pafé rde peas space be him on ealle Judea ymbe call
piit rice.
NOT ES .
Cyst, lit . chest, bier .
62 ANGLO-SAx ON READER.
SECTION VI .
ms PARARLR OF THE PRODIGAL SON.
(Luke, Ch. xv.,Vs. 11
He cwaefi ; SOOlice sum man hafde twégen suna. pa cwaeiS
se yldra tahis fader, R ider, emme minne dwl minre eehte pemetO gebyrefi. pa daelde he bym hys aehte. pa, after feawadagum, ealle his ping gegaderode se gingra sunu
,and farde
wraclice on feorlen rice,and forspilde par his ashta, lybbende on
his gazlsan . pa he big hafde ealle amyrrede, pa wears mycelhunger on pam rice ; and he weariSwiidla. pafé rde he and fol
gode anumburhsittendummen pas rices ; pasende he hine t6 histane
, pat he heolde hys swyn . pagewilnode he his wambe gefylIan ofpambeancodumpe pa swyn aaton : and himman no scalde.
pabe66hte he hine, and cwaeiS, Ealaha fela yralinga on mines
fader base hlat‘
genohne habbaO, and ic bar on hungre forweorfie !
Ic arise,and ic fare to minum fader and ic seege him, Ealafiider,
ic syngode on heofenas, and befOran pa, naic neomwyrae pat iabeOpin sunu nemned ; dc
“
) me swazenn e ofpinume lingum. And
he aras pa, and com tahis fitder. And pagyt pahe was fcor hisfiider, he hyne geseah, and wearfimid mildheortnesse astyred, and
ag en hine am,and hine beclypte, and cysts hine. pa cwa his
sunu,Fader, lo syngode on heofen , and befaran pa, na ic ne com
wyree pat ic pin sunu beo genemned. pacwzeiS se fader to his
pebwum,Bringdafi rape pone salestan gegyrelan, and scryda5
hine ; and syllab him bring on his hand,and gescy to his fotam ;
and bringaiS an fitt t styric, and Ofsleap and u ton etan , and
gewistfullian ; for’Gampes min sunu was dead, andhe geedcucode ;
he forwearfi,and he ys gemé t. pa ongunnon hig gewistlaecan .
SO’Olicc his yldra sunu was on acre ; and he com and pahe pam
hase gewealahte, he gehyrde pone swég and that wered. paclypode he anne theaw, and acsode hine hwat pat wacre. pa cwaeiS
he, pin braiSer con
’
f, and pin fader of l h an fiitt cealf; foriSam
pe he hine halne on t’
eng. pa. gebealh he hine and nolde ingan ;paeode his fiider at and ongan hine biddan. pa cm he
,his
l’
e’
ider andswariende, Efne, swa fela geara ic papeéwde , and ic
SELECT IONS. 63
naefre pin bebOd ne forgymde, and ne sealdest pa me naefre an
ticcen , pat icmidminum freOndum gewist’
fullode ; ac sy‘BiSan pis
pin sunu com pe hys Spade mid myltystrum amyrde, pa ofslage
him fat t cealf. pa cwaaiS he, Sunu , pa éart symle mid me, andeallemine ping synd pine ; pe bebyrede gewistfullian and geblis
sian ; foriSam pes pin braiSer was dead, and he geedcucode ; heforweaIiS
,and he ys gemet.
NOT ES.
Yldra , compar . of edld.— Anum bu rhsittcndum man , lit . a town-dwelling
man, a citizen .-Heolde, subj . expressing the pu rpose of the sending — Edda ,
gen . indeclin .
’
Noam no eém.— Nolde, from W ham— Nada m
dfer ngfre—ane, emphatic negative.
oSECTION VII.
THE W ICKED RUSRANDMAN.
(Matt , Ch. x xi. , Vs. 33
Sum hiredes caldor was so plan todc wingeard, and betyndehyne, and sette paron winwringan , and getimbrode aannc stypel,andgeset te pone myd eor'
btylian , and ferde on eliSeOdignyssc. papara wmstma tid genealiihte , pa sende he hys p06was ta pameorptylian, that big onfengon hys weestmas . panamon hig hys
pe6was, and swungon sumne, semne big ofslagon , sumuc hig ofter
fodou . pasende he eft a5m pe6was, Salran ponne pa terran waron padydon big pamgolice. A
°
t nyhstan he sende hys sunu him
t6, and cwzea, Hig forwandiaiS that big ne dan minum suna swa.
W itodlicepapatylian pone sunu gesawon , pacwaedon hig betweoxhym, pes ys yrfenuma u ton gan , and ofslé an hyne, and habban us
hys Iehta. panamon big and ofslogon hyne, and awurpon wiiSatan.
pone wingeard.
NOT ES.
e ename , from yrfe, inherita nce, and m‘
man, to take ; hence, an heir.Uton pan , let us go.
64 ANGLO-SAXON READER .
SECTION VIII.
THE ILLUSTRAT ION or HUMILI'
I‘
Y.
[Matt . , Ch. xviii, Vs. 1
On pare tide genealahton hys lcorningcnyhtas topamHaalendeand cwaedon : Hwa weast pa ys yldra on heofena rice ? Andpaclypode se Ha lend aenne lytling and gesette on hcora midlen and
SOSIice ia seege cow,Baton ge bean gecyrrede and ge
wordene swa swalytlingas, no ga ge on heofena rice. Swa hwylc
swahyne geeaamet swapiis lytling, se ys mara on heofcna rice.
And swahwylc swaaenne pylicne lytling onminumnaman onféhfi ,
se onféhiSme . SOOlice se pe beswicamnne of pyssum lytlingum
pe on me go]; fail, betere bym ys pat an cwéomstan sy to hyssweoran gecnyt, and Big besenced on sees
grand.
NOT ES.
Lylh‘
ng, a diminu tive formed from Iytel.
SECT ION IX .
THE UNMERCIFUL SERVANT .
[Matt . , Ch. xviii. , Vs. 23
ForBam is heofena rice anlic pam cyninge pe hys pe6was geradegode. And pa he pat gerad sette
,bymwas an braht se bym
sceolde tyn pasend panda. And pa he niifde hwanon he byt
agulde, hyne hé t hys hlaford gesyllan , and hys wifand hys eild,
and eall pat he ahte. pa astrehte se theaw hyne and cwaea
Hlaford,hafa ge
’Oyld on me, and io hyt paeall agylde. page
jniltsode se hlafnrd bymand forgeafhympone gylt . pa se pe6waI‘
Iteode,he gemette hys efeniSeOwan se bym sceolde an hund pe
nega : and he nam hyne pa, and forprysmode hyne and cwaeiS ;
Agif pat pa me sesalt . And pa astrehte hys efeniSeOwa hyne,
and bad hyne and pus cwaeiS Ge’Oyldega, and ic byt pacall agife.
He panolde ; ac firde and wearp hyne on cweartern,066 5“ he
bymcal] agile. pagesawon hys efeniSeawas pat pawurdon bigswyfie geanrotsodc, and comon and seedon heora hlaforde ealle pa
SELECTIONS .
dzede. paclypode his hlaford hyne , and cwaeiS tohim,EalapI
'
I 195m
peawa ! ealne pinne gylt ic paforgeaf, for‘Oam pe pa Inc btede :
hano gebyrede pagemiltsian pinum efeuiSeOwan , swa swa ic pa
gemiltsode‘? pa was so hlaford yrre, and sealde hyne pamwit
neI'
um,66 5mhe call agulde. Swapetsmin se heofonlica Fiider,
gifge of ebwrum heortum eawrum braiSrum no forgyfaiS.
NOT ES .
Cyninge, dat . gov. by an tic ; Gr . R ule 23.— P anda, gen . plu . gov. by
pacend Gr . Rule 27 .— Gebyrcd, used impersonally.
SECTION X.
BEHEADING OF JOHN T IIE BAPT IST .
[Mat t. , Ch. xiv.,Vs. 3
saplice Herodes Dam Johannem and gebaud hyne, and Bette
on cwert en , foriSam wife Heroidiaden Philippes hys braiSer. Jo
hannes hym smde : Nys pe alyfed hig ta wife tahabbane. And
pa he hyne ofslean wolde, he adrad bym pat folc, forfiam pebig hafdon hyne for ann e witegan . pa on Herodes gebyrddiige,
tumbado pare Herodiadiscan dahter befaran bym,and hyt licode
Herods. pa behat he mid aiSe, hyre ta syllane swa hwat swa
heo hyne bade. pa cwaeiS heO, fram hyre mader gemyngod Syleme on anum disce
,Johannes heafod
, pas Fulluhteres. pawas so
cyning gean trotsud foriSam a’Oe, and for
‘bam pe bymseeton mid ;and he asende pa and beheafdode Johannem on pam cwerterne.
Andman brahte pa hys heafod on anum disce,and scalde pam
madene ; and pat maden hyre mader . And pa genealiihton hys
leorningcnyhtas and namon hys lichaman , and bebyrgdon hyne
and comon andcyddon byt pamHaclende.
NOT ES.
Wife, dat . in app . with Herodiaden . P hilipp es, the vernacular gen .
Hym, dat . Gr . Rule 81 .— Herodc, dat . Gr . Rule31.— Han , one, they.-Mdden
subject ofsealde, understood.
66 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
SECT ION XI.
THE TW O BUILDERS
[Matt . , Ch. v n.,Vs. 24
Eornostelice,ale para pe pas nan word gehyrb andpawyreB,
by‘
B gelic pam-wisan were, se hys has 6fer stan getimbrode ; pacompar ran , andmycel flad, and piir bleéwan windas and ahraronon piit has and byt nano feall sa’cilice byt wasafer stain getimbrod.
And iile para pe gehyr’cSpas mine word, and pane wyrefi , se bY
‘
B
gelic pam dysigan men , pe getimbrode hys has afer sandceoseli
parinde byt , and pair com flad,and bleawan windas
,and ahraron
on pat has ; and piit has fé oll, and hys bryt e was mycel.
SECT ION XII.
ms won UPON CHORAZ IN.
[Mat t . , Ch. xi. , Vs. 20
paongan he hyspan pa burga, onpam waeron gedane manega
hys miigena ; ferbampe hyg ne dydon daedbate : wa pa, Corozaim ! W 0. paBefisaida ! for
’c5amgyfon Tyro and Sydane wmron
gedane pamiigenu pe gedane synd on 0OW , gefyrn hidydon dmd
hate on hmran and on axan. p eah ic secge‘
inc,Tyro and Sydane
byfi forgifenlicor on dames dag ponne e6w. And pa, Caphar~
naum, cwyst pa bfist pa upahafen 66 heofen,ae pa nyfierfiirest
66 belle ; ferfiamgyfon Sodomalande waeron gedane pamiigenu ,pe gedane svnd on pawitodlice big wu nedon 65 pysne dag. peahhwiifi ere lo seege ebw
, piit Sodomwara lande byfi forgyfenlicreon dames dag, ponne pa.
NOTES.
P a, dat . Gr . Rule 63. Gorozaim, dat . in app. with pé .— Tyro, Sydénc,date. gov. byforyifenltcor ; Gr . Rule 26.— Eo
'
w and Iando, data. as above.
68 ANGLO -SAXON READER .
sawle,hwat ge eton ; ne ebwrun lichaman , mid hwam ge syn
ymbserydde . Hanys sea sawl sé lre ponne me te, and e é wer lich
ama betera ponne pat reaf Behealda6 heofenau fuglas ; for6am
pe big ne sawa6,me big no ripa6 ,
ne big na gedris6 on berne ;
and ebwer heofonliea Fiider big fat . Ha no synd ge sé lran ponnebig ? Hwyle eOwer miig sa6 lice ge6 encan piit he geeaenige aneelne tahis anlicnesse ? And tahwisynd ge ymbhydige be reafe ?
Besceawia6 ileeres lilian , habig weaxa6 no swinca6 big, me bigne Spinna6 Io secge cbw sO6 liee, pat fur6 on Salomon on eallum
hx’
s wuldre u z’
is aferwrige i swa swa an of pysum. SO6 lice, gif
iicere s wead, pat pe tadiig ys, and bj'
6 tamorgen on Ofen asend,
God swa scryt , eala ge gehwiides geleafen , pammyelo mahe scryt
caw. Nellen ge eornostliee bean ymbhydige pus ewe6 ende, Hwiitete we ? 06 69 hwa t drince we ? o66 e mid hwiim beO we Ofer
wrigene ? SO6 lice ealle pas ping peada seca6 : witodlice, eOwer
Fiider wat pat ge ealra pyssa pinga be6 urfon . Eomostlice saca6
arest Godes rice and hys rihtwisnesse ; and ealle pas ping cOw
bea6 parto geeacnode. Ne beO ge nahogiende ymb pamorgenlican Reade ; sa6 liee se morgenliea dag cara6 ymbhyne sylfine.
t wylc dag haf6 genoh on hys iigenumymbhogan .
NOT E S.
HZ/ifordum, dat . gov. by beowc'
an ; Gr . Ru le 31 .— E mw-05 erne, aces.
An um-O‘Brum, dats . gov . by the adjs. following them ; Gr . Ru le 26.
— E610 ,
dot . gov . bymega ; Gr . Ru le31.— Syn , subj . aft er bib— Sawle, gov . by ymb
hydzge ; Gr . Ru le 26.— T6 hwt
, to who ! p u rp osr f— s , for the u se of the
Indie. after pdt, see Gr . Ru le 51 .— Gdedfan , gcn . Gr . R ule 18 . pommgele
md, lit. themuchmore.— I) inga , gen . plu. gov. by befi u rfon Gr . R ule 30.
Syu'
ne, selfor syvis added to the person al pron oun s to make themmore doterminativo.
SELECT IONS. 69
CHAPTER II .
FROM T HE LIFE OF ST . GUT HLAC,IIE RM IT OF CROYLAND.
[T he life of St. Gu thlac, Hermit of Croyland, was originally written in
Latin by on e Felix, Ofwhom nothing is with certain ty known , further than
what appears on the face of the work . Felix lived abou t A. n . 730 . At
Croyland, Felix had ample Opportunity of gathering many traditions of St .Gu thlac, who first settled in that wild spot ; and he informs u s, that he hadthe advan tage ofconversing with those who had been St . Gu thlac
’s personal
acquain tan ces. T he Hermit died in A. n . 714, and Felix probably wrote hislife a year or two after . T he Anglo-Saxon version was ru d e in the ten th
cen tury, and has been attribu ted toAlfric, Archbishop of Can terbury, whodied A. D .
SECT ION I.
THE B IRT II OF ST . GUTHLAO.
On pam dagnm 1E6 elrcdes pas mae ran Cyningis Myrcna, wassum a6 e1 man on pare beh6 e6de Myrcnarace ; se wits hatcn
P enwald. He was pas yldestan and pits adhelstan eynncs pelclingas wieron genemnede. He was forwornlde welig andmycele
gestreé n hitfde, and pa6a he weiegost was and mast gestrebn
hafde, pa gyrnde be him his gemmccan ta nymannc. He him
‘
paana geceas on para mtedena heaps pe par fiigorost was and it6 elcstan eynnes ; seawas gehatten T ette ; and hi pa samod wmron
66 pone fyrst pat God forsceawode pat piit wifmid bearne geeacnod was. pa se tima com pat heb pat beam cennan sceolde
, paseemninga com tacn Of heofenum
,and pat beam swytelice mid
inseglumbeelysde ; efne, men gesawon ane hand on pamfiigerestanreadan hiwe of hcofonum cumende ; and sea bafas ane gyldene
rade,and was ateawod mansgam mannum,
and helde taweard ta
faran pas bases duru par pat cildc inne accnned was. pamen paealle pe pat taccn swatelieor gescan woldon and Ongitan . Sea hand
pagewende mid pare rade up talieofonum. pa men pa ealle oneor6 an astrehton , and God bredon piit he hcorn geswu telian scolde
70 ANGLO -SAXON READER.
bwe t pat tacen and pat forebeacn bean scolde pe himpar swa
faerlice iitebwod wiis. pahi pa pa t gebed gefylled heafdon , pacompar sum wif mid micele radlicnysse yrnan of pam hase pe
pat eild inne accnned was, and eleé pode, and cwm6 pus tapammannum ; Be66 ge sta6 elfa
°
ste and gehyrte, for6am pas taweardan wuldres man on pisum middanearde liar ys acenned. pahi
pamen pat wordgehyrdon, paSpraeeon big heombetwynan pat piitwaere godcu ndiice taeen pe par atwyed was, for6on pe pat beam
par acenned was. Sume big ponne cwaedon pat purh godcundestihtu nge pare acan eadignysse himwe re seé gifu forestihtod, pashaliges tacnes pe him at his acennednyssc atywad was. W aeron
men swi6 e wundriende be pare wisan and be pam tacne pe paratywed was and efne ear pon pe sunne on setle code hit was Ofer
callmiddelEnglaland ca6 andmacro.
NOT ES .
Cynncs, gen . of condition ; Gr . Rule 18.— Him, indirect object of ny
n amze nymanne, the part . gov. by £6 . Gummde, pres. par t. agreeing with
hand .— Gesei) n , infin . gov . by women — B ean , infin . gov . by sceoldc. Com
yr nan , iit . came to ru n , i. e . , came running.
SECT ION II.
1118 EARLY LIFE .
Mid pampe seO yld compat hit spracanmihte after cnihtwisan ,poune was he nawhit hefig, ne unhyrsumhis yldrum on wordum,
ne pampe hine faldon ,niinigum o6 6 e yldran O66 e gingran . Ne
be enihtlice galnysse nas begangende, ne idele Spellunge folelic
manna,ne ungeliclice Olaeunge, ne leaslicetunge ; ne he mistlic
fugcla sangas no wu r6 0de, swa oft swa cnihtlicu yldo begw6 . A
on his scearpnysse pat he we ,andwear6 glad on his ansyne, am
blat ter and clwne on hismade, and bilwite on his peawum. Ac 0
himwas se scima gastlicre beorhtnysse swa swy6 e seinende, paealle pamen pe hine gesawon on him gascé n mihton pa ping phim tawearde weeron . pawas after si6 t
‘
ate pat magen on hi
wear and gesti6 ode on his geago6 e, pa gemunde he pa strange
deeda para unmanna and para woruldfrumena ; he pa, swahe of
SE LECT IONS. 7 1
slape Omwece, wear-6 his mad oncyrred, and he gesomnodc miecle
scale and wered his 'ge6 oftena and hys efenhafdlingas, and himsylf
tawiipnum feng. pawrite be his iif6 aneas on his feandum,and
beers. burh hat ude and heora tanas aferhergode ; and he wide
geond eor6 an menigfeald wal feldc and l h and of manumheora
ithta nam. pawas he semninga innan manned godcundliee and
lared pat he pa word hate , ealle pa he swa he hit priddanagii
’
an pammannumpe he hit aer engenamde. pawas ymbe nigonwinter pas pe he pa ehtnysse begangende was se cadiga Gu6 lac
and he hine sylfne betweox pises andweardan middaneardes weal
ean dwelode.
NOT ES.
H it, it, the child Gu thlac.—Ndnigum, dat . dependen t upon unhyrsum.
— Yldran , gingran , dats. in app. with ndnigum.— B c6rhtnyssc, gen . gov. by
seb um— Him, for him, the indirect object — Hepd this is an instance of the
figure Anacoluthon, u sed to denote a change in the construction ofa sen tence .
H e, the principal nominative, has n o verb of which it is the subject, whilemad is the subject Ofwearfi and the second he is the subject of onwoce.
After he swd, supply gendm, had taken .— T hc,fromwhom.
SECT ION III.
GUTELAc’s CHANGE or LIFE.
pagelamp sume nihte mid pampe he com of farcndumwege,and be his pawarigan lima reste, and he menig ping mid his madepohta ; pawas he faeringa mid Godes age onbyrd, andmid gast
licre lufan his heerte innan gef‘
ylled ; and mid by he awee he
ge6ohte pa caldan cyninges pe in waaron , pe rh earmliene dea6
and pa th Sarlicne atgang pas manfullan lifes, pe pas woruld forlaton and pa micclan welan pe big arhwilon ahton he geseah Onhriidhenysse ealle gewitan ; and he geseah his agen lifdiighwamlic
tapam ende afstan and scyndan . pawas he samninga mid pam
godcundan agesan innan swa swy6 s onlyrded, pat he andet te Gode
gifbe him pitsmergendi’
tges genunan wolde, pat he his peaw beanwolde. Mid py pare nihte s trO gewiton and hit dag was, pa
!has he and hine syli‘
nc getacnode insegle Cristes rade. pahead
he his geferumpat hifundon him a6 ei'ne ealdorman and lat teaw
72 ANGLO-SAXON READER .
hira gef‘
erseipe ; and be him andet t e and seeds pat he wolde beé nCristos pe6w. Mid pam pe his geferan pas
' word gehyrdon pawmron hiswi6 e wundriende, and swipe forhte forfiamwerdumpehipar gehyrdon ; pa hiealle tohim ale ton and hine bwdon pat henarre pa ping swa gelmste swa he mid we rdum gecwsefi . He pahwafiere heora werda ne gimde , ac pat ilee pat he ser ge
’é ohte
pat he pat forfilaastan wolde ; barn him swa swyc’be innan pare
Godes lufan pat na las pat an pat he pas woruld forseah, ac
swilce hys yldrena gestreé n and his card, and pa eylfan his heafod
gemaean pat he piit eall forlé t . pa he was feower and twentig
win tra eald, pa forlé t he ealle pas woruldglenga, and o
ealln e his
hiht on Grist gese tte ; and pa iifter pon pat he firde t6 mynstre
pe ys geeweden Hyrpadan , and par pa gerjfneliean sceare onfeng.
See. Petres pits apostoles under E lf’é rj fie abbodyssau ; and S) 5
’cSan he t é sosare and iiipammunueliffeng, hwat he niinigre watanonbitau nolde pe druneennyspurh came. And pa for pan pingumhine pa brafi ra hatedon , by he swa forhabbende was : and para
’é e syfifian hipahlu ttorlienysse his mades, and pa elsennysse hislifes ongeaton , pat big ealle
.hine lufedon . W as he on ansino
mycel and on lichaman cleene, wynsum on his made,and wlitig on
ansy‘fue ; he was lié e and gemetfast on his words, and he was
gefiyldig and cadmOd ; and a seagodcunde lufu on hys heortan
hat and byrnende. Midby he pawas in stafas and on leornunge
getogen , pa girnde he his sealmas t é leornianne ; pa weerou pawaestmberenclan breé st pas cadigan wersemid Godes gifs gefylledeandmidpam larebwdeme pas bean magistres Godes pat he was on
godcuudliean peodseipe getj' d and gelaered.
NOT ES .
Nikla, dat . of time when ; Gr . Rule 23.— Mid by, as soon as.— Insegle,
inst rumen tal ease Gr. Rule 23.— Gefcrscz'
p e, indirect object in the dat .
Sylfan , cven . Wintra , gen . plu . Gr . Rule 19.— Hymadan , Repton in Der
byshire, once famous for its monastery, and as the capital city and burial
place of the kings pfMercia — Sea , abbreviated from the gen . Sanctes.
SELECT IONS. 73
SECTION IV.
GUTHLAC CHOOSES A HOME IN THE WILDERNESS.
pawas Tatwine gehaten sum man,smde papat he wiste sum
ealand synderliee digle, pat oft menige men eardian ongunnon ,
so for menigfealdum bré gum and egsum,and for annisse pas
widgillan wéstenes pat hit nanig man Adre é gau ne mihte,ac hit
iile forfian befluge. Mid pam pe se halga wer GuiSlae pa word
gehyrdeuhe bad Sana pat he him pa stowe getaehte, and he tha
Sena swa dyde ; eode pa on seip, and pa firdon bagen purh paragan fennas 65 pat hicomon to pitre stowe pe man hatet Cruwland : was pat land on middan pam wé stene swa gerad geseted
pas foresadan fennee,swyfi e digle, and hit swyfie fsawa men
wiston baton pam anumpe byt him taehte ; swyle par nafre nanig
man aar sardian ne mihte aer se eadiga wer Gufilae toeom for pureeardunga para awerigedra gasta. And he pa se eadigawer Gu
’cSlae
forhogode Sana pa eostunge para awerigdra gasta, and mid heo
fonlieum fultume gestrangod wearfi , betwyx pa fenliean gewrido
pas widgillan wéstenes, pat he ana ongan sardian .
fpa gelamp
mid pare godeundan stihtunge, pat he on pa tid See. Bartolomei
pas apostoles pat he com ta pam ealande,for‘Ban he on eallum
pingam his fultum sahte. And he pa gelufode pare stowe digelnyess, and he pa gehé t pat he wolde ealle dagas his lifes par on
pam ealande Gode peé wian .
NOT ES.
Crawland, Crowland or Croyland.
SECTION V.
H IS STYLE OF L IVING.
W as par on pain ealande sumblawmycelafer eoriSan gewerht ,pone ylean men iagears. for fea swilnunga geduli
‘
on and braeon .
pawas par on 66m sidan pas hlawes gedolfen swylee mycel
witterseiismere. On pam scape ufan se e'
Idiga wer Giifilae him
74 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
has getimbrode, Sana framfruman pas pe he pat iineersetl gesmt.pagefiate he pat he nit
‘Bor ne wyllenes hragles ne linenes bracan
nolde,ac on fellenum gegyrelan pat he wolde calla his dagas his
lifes alifian ; and he hit swa forfigelmstende was. E lee dage was
his bigleofan swyle gemetegung ofpare tide pe he pat wasten sardi
gan ongan, pat he nawhit ne onbyrigde baton berenne, hlaf and
water, andponne sunne was on sotle,ponnepigede he paandlyfene
pe he bigleé fede.
76 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
SECT ION II.
EisrLAND AND ITS CUSTOMS .
p at Eastland is swyfiemycel, and par hip swyfie menig bu rh,and on iileere byrig bi5 eyuinge ; and par biB swyBe mycel hu nigand fiseafi
,and se eyuing and pa ricostan men drineaB myran
meole, and pa unspedigan and pa peéwan drineaB medo. parbiB swyBe mycel gewinn betweé nan him ; and no bi
’cS par nanig
ealo gebrowen mid Estum,ac par bitsmedo gonoh.
And par is mid Estum peaw, ponne par bitsman dead, pat heli5 inne unforbiirned mid his magum and freé ndum mauafi
, ge
hwilum twegen ; and pa eyningas and pa 66mheafi uugene menswamiele lsneg swa himaran spada habba
‘B ; hwilum healf gear
pat hibeats unforbarncd, and licga‘B bufan eox'San on hyra hasum.
And ealle pa bwile pe pa t lie bitS inne, par scesl bsc’
mgedryn eand plega, 65 pone dag pe hi hine forbarnais. ponne by ylcnndiige hihine tOpamade berau wyllaiS, ponne tadaelaiShi his fe é h,pat par ta lafe bi
‘B after pam gedrynee and pam plegsn , on iii
ofifi e syx , hwylum on ma, swaswa par feas andefen biIS. Alecgafihit ponne forhwaga on au t o mile
, ponne maestan daal frampamtans
, ponne afieme, ponne pane priddam,
65 pe byt eall sled bitson pare an remile and sceall bean se lasta dael nyhst pam tane
,
pe se deads man on li‘B.
ponne sceolon been gesamnode ealle pa men pe swyftoste
hors habhafi on pam lands,forhwiiga on fifmilum
,OBBe on syx
milum frampam fee. ponus iirnais hy ealle tOweard pam fea;ponne eymefi se man as pat swifts hors bafaiS ta pam mrestanda le
,and ta pam maestan , and swa ale aften 66mm,
65 hit biB
eallgenumen ; and se nimfi pone lastan due] as nyhst pam tane patfebh gearuefi ; and ponne rides ale hys weges mid pam feO, andbyt madan habban call ; and forfiy par beatspa swiftau hers nu
gefahge dyre. And poune hys gestrean beé fi pus eall aspended,
pon us byriS man hine at, and forbarneis mid his wsepnum and
hriigle ; and swi‘Bors ealle hys spéda hy forspendafi ,
mid pan lan
gan legere pas deadan mannes inn e, und pas pe by he pamwegumaleegatSpe pafremdan taarnafi ,
and nimaé .
SELECT IONS. 77
And pat ismid Estumpeaw, pat par seeal alces gehcbdes manbeén ferbiirneIS and gyfpar man an ban findeiS unforbiirned, hi
hit seeelan mielum gebé tan . And par is mid Eastum an magB
pat himagon eyle gewyrean , and py par liegats pa deaden menswalungs and no fnliais pat hy wyreac
’: pone eyle hine on ; and
peahman asette twégen fatels full eala6 055 0 wateres, hy gedOB
pat GOer bi6 aferfroren , sam hit 89 sumer,samwin ter.
NOT ES.
pat, the article before the proper n amo.
— Ea stland ,° the Estes dwelt
upon the shores of the Baltic sea to the east of the Vistula.— Inne, within
(the homey- Manda ace. of time how long ; Gr . R ule 20.
— W ager! ace. plu .
agreeing with 77161105 03, understood.— D<d , in strumen tal ; Gr . Rule 20
T6 q e, what is ism— pawn , in which (dwelling) . Wages, gen . Gr . Rule 21.
Man , thew— 89, subj . after 3am; Gr . Rule 50.
SECT ION III .
T IIE IMMOLA'I‘ ION OE CURT IUS.
lifter pyson, on piim ylean gears, tabled sea eer'he binnan
Ramebyrig ; pt. sacdon heora biseepas eft, pat heora gedas badon,pat himmen sealde anne eucenne mann , pa him pehto piit hyheora deadra ta lyt hafdon . And seO eerfie swaginiende bad, 65
pat Marcus, pc Ofihre namon hatte Curtius,mid horse and wmpnum
par oninnan beseeat , and heo siiS‘Ban tOgiidere behlad.
NOT ES.
pyseiz pysum. duh— Elisardon , lit . said back, answered.
SECT ION IV.
rnE DESTRUCT IVE MONSTER.
pahe wrest pitSer mid fyrde farende was, pagewicede he neahanre ea se6 was hatau Bagrada, pacom of pam wiitere an niidre
see was ungemetliee mice], and pamenn ealle ofl h pe neah pamwaters comon. pa gegaderade Regulus ealle pa scyttan pe on
pain fiirclde wieren, pat hymon mid fianum Ofereome ; ac ponne
78 ANeLo-SAxeN READER .
bymen l h 066 0 sceat , ponne glad hit on pam seillum, swilce hit
wmre sméBe isen . pabet he mid pam palistas, mid pm by weal
las braean , ponne by on Fastenne fuhton , pat hire men mid pam
pwires onwurpe. pawear’cS hire mid , anumwyrpe, an ribb fered,
pat heo sip c’aanmagen ne hafde by togeseyldann e, ac rat e pas heo
weertS ofslagen ; forben hit is nadrena geeynd, pat heora magen
and heora féOe bi‘B en heora ribbum. swaOOera crebpendra wyrma
bits on heora fatum. pa heo gefyllcc’awas, he hé t hy behyldan ,
and pa hyde to Rame bxingan , and by par te mtm'Oe apenian ,
forSen heo was hundtwelftiges fate, lang.
NOT ES.
Hit, it, i. e . themissile — TO mwrfie,for wonder .— F6ta, gen . ofmeasu re ;
Gr . R ule 19.— T he Bagrada was a river ofAfriea, flowing between U tica and
Carthage.
SECT ION V .
THE DEATH or ANT ONY AND CLEorATRA.
Hee paCleopatra hat adelfan hyre byrigenne, and par oninnaneede. pa hee paren gelegen was, pahat heo niman up panadran
,and d6n te hire carme
, pat heo hi abite, fer'Bon pe pare
nadran gecynd is pat ale uht pas pe heo abit sczalhis lifon slazpe
geendian , and heo for pam swadyde pat heo nolde himan drife
bifaran pam t rinmphan wi‘B Rameweard. pa An tonius geseah
pat heo hi tO dea‘Be gyrede, paofstieode he hine sylfne, andbehead
pat hineman on paylean byrgenne tohire swasameuee slegde.
SECT ION VI.
NERO AND THE BURNING OF ROME.
After pampe Rameburh getimbredwas viii. hund win tra and
ix. ,feng Nero taRomana anwealde, and hine hafde xliii. gear ; and
he hafde gyt maunheawa ponne his eam hafde e r Cains,tOeacon
pammanigfealdum bismrumpe he donde was. He hat at sumen
eyrre enbarnan ROmebyrig, and behead his ag enum mannum piithisimble gegripen pas liegendan feds, swahimzest mihtan , and ta
80 ANGLO-SAXON READER .
CHAPTER VII.
SELECT IONS FROM KING ALFRED’S BOET HIUS.
SECTION I.
ma FICKLENESS or FORTUNE .
Hwypa la Drihten zefre weldest pat seo wyrd swa hwyri‘
an
sceolde. Heo t reats pa unscildigan and nauht ne peas 17amscildigum. SittaB manfulle on heahsetlum and halig under heora
fe tumbrycais. Sticiab gehydde beorhte criiftas and pau nrihtwisan tmlafi pa rihtw
‘
isan . Nauht as dcregaismonnum mane fleas ,
ne bat lease let be be65 mid barn wrencumbewrigen . Ferbam
went nfi ofulneah call moncyn on tweenuuga, gif sec wyrd swa
hweorfan met on yfclra manna gewill, and l7ii heore nelt stirau .
Ealamin Drihten 130 be ealle gesceafta Ofersihst , hawa numildelice on has earman eor
’cSan, and et c on call moncyn : forbam hit
nfi callwiniS on hamfi um bisse worulde.
SECT ION II.
THE FOLLY or UNSEASONABLENESS.
Forban call bat mon untidlice onginb, niifb hit no altmwneends. ponne pare suunan scima on Augustusmé nfi e hittast sciniS
ponne dysegad se be bonne wile hwilc saad Obfastan drium farum.
Swaass eac se be wintregumwefierum wile bldsman Sécan . Ne
miht pawin wringan on midne winter, befih be we] lyste wearmesmastes.
SELECT IONS. 81
SECTION III.
H INDRANCES TO T RUE W'
ISDOM.
LOca nil be pare sunnan,and et c be 66mm tangiam ; ponne
swez'
tr tan wolcnu himbefOrau gab, nomt gou hiponne heora ieOhtsellan . Swil et c so sfiiSerna wind hwilum miclum stormo gedré
fats pa sw pe wr wits smylte wedere glashlu tru on to sebnne.
ponne heo ponne swa gemenged wyrfi mid piin ybum, ponnewyr
‘B heo swi6 e hraiSe anglada. Death heo ser gladu wears on to
lccienne. Hwiit et c so brOc, peah he swiiSe ofhis riht ryue, ponnepwr micel stan wealwiende of path heahan muntc on innan fcal
’cS,
and hine tOdasl‘ZS, and him his riht rynes wibstent . Swa dOiS nfi
papebst ro pinre gedrefednesse wihstandan minumleOhtum larum.
Ac gifpdwiinigo on rihtum geleafau piit SO‘Be leOht oncnawan ;afyr frampepa yfeian Steiba and pa unnet tan , and sac paunnettan ungesael
‘Ba and pone yflan ége pisse worulde ; piit is piit pfi pene anhebbe on Ofermet to on pinre gesundfulnesse and on pinreorsorgnesse ; ne eft pé no geortrywe nanes gOdos on name wiber
weardnesse. Forfiam piit mOd sicmlc bi’c’) gebunden mid gedrefeduesse
, par pissa twéga yfela au’iSer ricsaiS.
SECT ION IV.
AN ILLUST RAT ION OF COVETOUSNESB.
peah pam feé hgitsere cume swa fela welena swa. para sand
coma baO‘B be pisum sseclit‘
um,066 0 para steorrena pepc6strum
nihtum sciuaiS, ne forlazt he pcz’
th no pa seOfunga piit he ne se
Oilge his cormiSa. p eah nuGodgcfylle para welegramonnawillenge mid golde, gc mid scolt
'
rc, go mid eallum debrwyrfinessum,swa
pé ah ne biiS se purst gefylled heora gitsunga, ac se6 grandesse
swelgend hiifB awi‘Bc manegu weste holu on to gadrianne . Hwa
wiig pamwédendan gytscre genoh forgifan ? Swa himmon mare8015
, swahine malyat .
82 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
SECTION V.
INSTABILITY OF HUMAN AFFAIRS.
paongan se wisdom Singan and giddodepus ; ponne seosun neon hadrum heof
‘
onc beorhtost Seined, ponne adeé st riad ealle
steorran,fordfim pe heora beorhtnes ne boO'B nan beorhtnes for
hire. ponne smylte blawed addan westen wind, ponne weaxad
swide hrade feldes blosman ; ac ponne se stearca wind cymdnordan castau , ponne toweOrp
’d he swid hradc pitre rosan wiite.
Swa oft pone tO smylton S‘lB piis nordau windes yst onstyred .
Ema, piit nan waht nis tas te stondendes weorces a wuniende on
worulde .
SECT ION VI .
THE T RUE VALUE OF EARTHLY PLEASURES.
Swide neé rewe sent and awide heanlice pamenniscan gesaeldafordam Oder twéga odde hie nai
‘
re tO nanum men ne becumad,odde hipiir niifre f
‘
as tlice ne pu rhwuniad swelca swelce hi zer t6
coman . pitt ic wille her he iiftan sweotolor gereccan . W e witen
pat sumemfigon habban iilles woruldwelan geneg, ac hihabbad
peah sesame pits welan, gifhine beOd awd iidlc on gebyrdum swa
hiwoldon . Sume beOd swide adle and widcfide on heora gebyn
dum, ac hi be6dmid wildie andmid hende ofdrycte and geunrdt
sode, pat himw ere leOire pat hiweeran unitdle ponne swa earme,
git‘
hit on heora anwealde waers. Manege bc6d peah iigder ge fullfidele ge full welige, and beOd posh full unrdte ponne hi Odertwéga, odde wif habbad him gemz
‘
ic,Odde him gemece nabbed.
Manige habbadgenog geszeiilice gewifod, ac for bearnleste, saline
pone welan pé higegaderigad hiliifad friimdum tO brt‘
icannc, and
hibedd fordiimunrdtc. Same habbad beam genoge, ac pabeOdhwilum unhfile
,oddc yi
'
ele and unweord,Odde hrade gcfarad, piit
pit cldran fordam guorniad ealle heora woruld. Fordam ne miignan men on pisse lifeallunga gerad beOu wid his wyrd. both henil niinwuht ealles nitbbe ymbe tO sorgienne, piit himmag td serge,pat he niit hwiit him tdweard bid, hwiidcr pe gdd pe yfel, pon ma
84 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
SECT ION VIII.
rm: GLORIES or THE GoLDEN AGE.
pa sed gesceadwisnes pa pis Spell aszed haide, pa ongan heo
singan and pus cwmd ; Ez’
ilz‘
i,hagesaelig seO forms eld wits pises
middangeardes pd iilcum men pfihte geneg on pare eordan wrest
mum. Nmron pawclige hfimas , ne mistlice swotmettas ne drincas ;ne diOrwyrBra hragia hi ne girndan , for
‘
diim hi pa. git nasran,no
hio nanwuht ne gesawon , ne ne gehé rdon . Ne gémdon hie nanes
firenlustes, bfiton awide gemetlice pagecyndbeeOdan . Ealne weghiiiton ame on dag and piit wits td iifennes. T reOwa wwstmas hi
iiton and wyrta. Nallcs scir win hine druncan,ne nanne wittau hi
ne cudon wi‘B hunige mengan , ne seolocenra hragla midmistlicum
bledwum hine gimdou . Ealne weg hialepou fits on tridwa scea
dum. Hltiterra wella water hi druncon . Ne geseah niln eépa
edland nc wered, no gehé rde ndn mdnpa get nanne sciphcre ne
fur‘don ymbe nan gefeoht spreeau . Ne soO eorde paget besmitenmid ofslegenesmonnes bldde, ne mon furdum gewundod. Nemonn
no geseah paget yfel willendc men ; nane weordscipe niifdon,ne
hindn Inon ne lnfude. Esmpiit fire tida nil ne mihtan weordanswilce ! Ac nil manna gitsung is swa byrnende, swa piit fyr onpare helle
,seO is on pammun te pe E tna ha
’
t tte,on pam ieglande
pe Sicilia hatte . Sc mun tc bid simle swefle birnende,and callapa
neah atewa piir ymbi'
itan forbarnd. E5115,hwiit se forms gitsere
wiire pe wrest paeordan ongan delfan iifter golde, and iifter gimmum
,and pa frecnan de6rwur5 nessa fu nde pe aer behyd wiis and
behélodmid piire eordan.
SELECT IONS . 85
SECT ION IX.
VAIN FAME AND UNPROFITABLE GLORY.
Swdhwa swdwilnige tOhabbenne pone idclan hlisan and poneunnyt tan gilp, behealde he on feOwerheali
'
e his hfi widgille pitsheofones hwealfa bid
,and hit neara pare eordan stede is, peah heo
us rdmpince. ponne miig hine scamian piire brmdinge, fordamhe hine ne mag fardam tObrredau Ofer pd nearwan eordan fine.
Eala,Ofermddan hwi ge wilnigen piit ge underldtan mid edwrum
swiran pat deadlicne geoc‘
? odde hwi ge seOn on swaideina ges
wince, pat ge woldon eOwerne hlissa tObrtedan Ofer swa manega
peOda ? peah hit mi gebyrige piit pd fiteméstan pioda cOwerne
naman upahebban and on munig peOdisc eOw herigen ; and peahhwawexe midmicelre iidelcundnesse his gebyrda, and pet) on eal
lum welam,and on eallum wlencum
,ne se defid peah swelces ne
récd ; so he forsiehd paiidhelo, and pone rican gelice and poneheanan of swelgd,
and swagcemnet pa rican andpahefman . Hwiit
sin t mi piis fdremaeran and pits wisan goldsmides ban Welondes ?
Fordy ic cws pits wisan , fordy pam criiftigan no mag niii'
re his
criift idsigan , ne hine mon ne mag ponne éd on him geniman pemon miig pa sunnan awendan of hiere stede . Hwar sint nfi piisW elondes ban , odde hwaWat ntihwiir hiwee ron Odde hwiir is
mi se fdremsera and se amda Rdmwara heretoga so was hatan
B ru tus, odde naman Cassius ? odds se wisa and fiistrasda Cato,se
svas eao Romana heretoga ? Se was Openlice udwita. Hui ne
waran pas gefyrn fordgewiteue ? and nan mon niit hwiir himl sint .
l iit is heora nfi td ldfe, b1‘
itan se lytla hlisa and se uama mid
t'
saam stafum fiwriten ? And piit git wyrse ispat we witch manigeforemare and gemyndwyrde weras, fordgewitene pe swide feawa
manna aOngit . Ac manigc iicggad deade mid ealle forgitene, piitse hlisa hie furdum cfide ne gedéd. p eah ge nfi wénen and wil
nian pat ge lange libban scylau hé r on worulde hwiit bid eOw
ponne by bet ? H6 ne cymd se dead,peah pe he late came, and
atd eOw pisse worulde ? And what forsten t e6w ponne se gilp,
hfiru pam190 as at‘
terra dead gegripd and on é cnesse gehiiit
80 ANGLO-SAXON READER .
SECT ION X.
JOYS THE GREATER,AFTER SoRRows.
Swiihwa swiiwille Sawan wéstembwre land,at to wrest of pa
pornas and pafyrsas and piit fearn and ealle paweOd pe he gesiO
pat pam ficerum derigen , pat se hwwte mage py bet weaxan.
Eac is‘
peOs bisen td gedencenne, piit is piit aloum men pinedhuniges bIO bread py weorodra, gif he hwéne wr biteres onbirigd.
And at Smylte weder bid bypancwyrdre, gifhit bwenewr stearcestormas and nordan windas, and miele rénas and snawas. And
pancwyrdre bid ezio pas diges leOht for pare égeslican pIostropare nihte
, ponne hit ware gif niin niht nare. Swabid eac miele
pe Winsumre 8 10 wide geswld td habbenne after pam eormdum
pisses andweardan lifes. And sac miele by éd pfi miht pad au
gesaelda gecnawan and tO hiora cydde bccuman , gif pd wrestawyrtwalast of pinum mdde 19a leasan geswlda, and hi ofatihst
pone grand. Siddan pd hi ponne gecnawan miht , ponne wat icpat pfi ne wilnast mines Odres pinges Ofer pit.
SECT ION XI.
THE WORTH OF SELF-CONTROL .
De pe wille fullice anweald agan ,he sceal tilian wrest pat he
habbe aeweald his agenesmddes, and ne Sie tOungerisenlice under
deOdhis undeawum ; and add ofhis mOde ungerisenlice ymbhogan
forliite pd seofunga his eormda. p eah he n ti riesige Ofer eallne
middangeard from edsteweardum 6d westeweardne,from Indeum,
pzit isac sfideast ende pissesmiddaneardes, 6dpiit ilar d pe we hatedThyle, piit is on pam nordwest ende pisses middaneardes, piir nebid nawdcr no on sumera niht
,u s on wintra diig ; peah he nil
pits ealles wealde, nitfd he no pe mAran anweald, gif be his in
gedances anwcald niifd,and gif he hine as warenad wid paun
dez’
Iwas pe we wr ymbsprwcon .
88 ANGLO-SAXON READER .
witch sets on hwclcum wateI-um,and on aghwslcra eamadam hi
sculun sacan fiscas ; and ealne pisne andwsardan welan hi witon
hwiir hisé can ssulun,and pone swide unadrotsnlics sé cad . Ac hit
is swide earmlic ping pat pa dysegan men sin t iilcss dames swa
blinds pat hi nyton bwar pa sOdan geswlda sint gshydde, nefardam nane iustbwrnesse nabbad hi ta Sacanns. Ac winad pathimagon on pissum lwnan and on pissumdeadlicumpingam findan
pasadan geswlda, pat is God. Is nat naha ic mags heora dysigeall swa sweotole areccan , and swa swide getwlan swa ic waide
,
fordamhi sin t earmran and dysigran and ungsswligran ponne ic
hit arscan mags. W elan and weordscipss hiwillniad and ponnehihine habbad , ponne wénad hi swa ungewitfulle pat hihabban
pa Sadan gsswlda.
SECT ION XIV.
THE FABLE or ORPHEUS.
Gcswlig bid semon ps mag gsseOn pone hlfittran wwelmpashshstan gadss, and of him selfum aweorpan miig pa pidstro hismOdss. W e sculon get of saldum leasum spellum ps sum bispell
reccan . Hit gslamp gio pat ts an hearpere was on pare psé de peThracia hiitts , Sid was on Green rice. Se hear psrcwiis swide nu
gsfrwglice gdd. pas name. was Orfeus. He haide an swide iinlic
wif aid was hatsn Eu rydice. pa ongann monn secgan be pamhearpsrs pat he mihte hearpian pat se wuda wagods, andpastanashistyredon for pam swége, andwild dear par woldon ta irnan and
standon swilce hi tame waron swa stills, peah himen odds han
das wid sodon pat hi hi nans onscanedon . paswdon hipat pashearperss wit
‘
sceolde acwelan,and hire Sawle mon sceolde lwdon
tahells. pa sceolde se hearpere weordan swa sarig pat he as
mihte on gemeng Odrummannum bIOn , ac tsah tOwuda,and ewt
on pam muntum,iigdsr gs diigss, gs nihtss we6p and hearpode,
pat pawuasa bid on and pa ea steden,and nan beert no ons
canode nane leon,nemmhara nane hand ; ne nan neat nyste
niino audan,ns nans age ta Odrum,
for pare mirhte pas sonss.
papamhearpere pa puhte pat hine pananes pingss ns lyste on
SELECT IONS. 89
pisse worulde. papdhte he pat he wolde gesccan helle godu, andonginnan himoleccan mid his hearepan , and biddan pat he himageafan eft his wif. pahe pa pider com, pa sceolde cuman, piire hellshand ongean hine, pits nama was Cerneras ; se sceolde habban
prit’
) heafdu and ongan fagsnian mid his steorts, and plegian wid
hin e for his hearpunga. pawas par sac swide cgsslic geatwsard,pas nama sceolde bean Caron . Se haide sac priO heafdu , and so
was awide Oreald. paongan ps hearpsre hine biddan pat he hine
gsmundbyrds pabwile pe he par ware, andhinegssundns eft panonbrOhts . pagehé t be him pat and fordamhe was ofiyst pits seld
cadan sones. pa sods he furdor (id be gemé tte pa graman
gydena pe folcisce men batad Parcas, pahi sscgad pat on nfinun
men nyton nane are,ac aloum menu wracan be his gswyrhtum ;
pa hi sscgad, pat wealden alcss monnes wyrde. pa ongann he
biddan hiora miltse. paongunnon hiwapan mid him. pa sods
he furdor, and him u ruou ealle hellwaran ong ean , and lwddon
hine tahiora cynings ; and ongunnon ealle Spré can mid him,and
biddan pat ps he bwd. And pat unstille hweOl ps Ixion was tagebunden Lainta cyning for his scylds , pat adstdd for his hear
punga. And Tantalus se cyning, ps on pisse worulde ungsmet
lice gifre was, and him par pat ilce yfel fyligde pas giferncsse,he gestilde. And se Uultor sceolde ibrlwtan pat he no slat paiifreTyties pas cyninges, ps hine wr mid by witnode . And call hell
wara witu gestildon , pa hwile pe he befaran pam cyninge hear
pods. p a he pa lange and lange hearpode, pa clipode as hell
warana cyning and cwwd ; Uton agifan pilm ssne hiswif,fordam
he hihiifd gesarnod mid his hearpunga. Bebead him pa piit hegeara wists pat he hine niifre underbac ne besaws siddan he
pononweard ware, and swds, gif he hine underbac bssawe, pat
he soccide forlwtan pat wif. Ac pa lufe mon mwg swide un sade,
odds na forbsé dan l Wila-wei ! hwiit ! Orfeus palwdds his wlimid him adds he com on pa gemwre leahtes and ps é stro. pa
sods pat wif after him. pa he ford on pat leOht com, pa be
seah he hine u nderbac wid pas wifes. pa losede heo him Sana.
pas leasan spell lwrad gehwilcne man para ps wilnad hello pidstratafliOnne
,and td pas sOdss godes liOhte ta cumenne, pat he hine
ns based tahis ealdum yfelum swa pat he hi eft swafullics full
fremme swahe hiwr dydo. Fordam swa hwa swa mid fallen wil
90 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
lan hismadwent tapam yflum pe he wr forlat and hiponne fulfremed and he himponne fullice liciad and he hiniit
'
re forlwtan no
pencd ponne forlyst he sellhis wrran gad, baton he hit eft gebete.
SECT ION XV.
THE“
VALUE OF THE FEET— AN ILLUSTRAT ION.
Hwader wenst panai’ gif twégen men fundiad taanrs stowe
and habbad emu mioslne willan ta cumenne, and Oder hafd his
fOta anweald pat he mwg gan par he wile swaswasallummonnum
gecynde ware pat himihton ; Oder nafd his fd ta geweald pa t hemwge gan , andwilnad peah ta farenns, and ongind crypan on poneilcan weg, hwader para twé gra pined pe mihtigra. pa ewsd ic ;
nis pat gslic. Se bid mihtigra se pe gwd ponne se pe orypd,fordamhemwg cuman ed pider ps he wile ponne se Oder. Segeellss pat pa wills, pat wat ale man . pa cwad he ; swa gelice
bead pamgadumandpam yfelum ; agdsr biorawilnad for gecynde
pat he cums tapamhshstan gade. Ac se gddamwg cuman pyderhe wilnad, fordamhe his on riht wilnad
,and se yfela ne mwg cu
man td pam pe he wilnad, fordam he hit on woh saed. Io nat
peah pe ellss hwiit pines. pacwad ic ; no pined ne nauht adres
ofpinam spellum. pa cwad he, geneg ryhte pa hit ongitst , and
pat his sac tacn piare hwle ; swaswalwca gswuna is pat he owedad ponne hio sedone mon gescad gef he hwelc unfwglic tacn himon gssedd. Me pined nil pat pin gecynd and pin gewuna flite
swide swidlice wid piim dysige.
SECT ION XVI.
TEE DEGRADAT ION SPRINGING FROM VICE.
Ac swaswamanna godusa hiahsfd Ofsr pamsnniscan gecynd,ta pam pat hibead godas genemnsdc ; swa sac hiera yfslnes
awyrpd hiunder pamsnniscan gscynd, tapam pat hibiOd yfele
gshatene, pmwe cwsdad sie nauht . Fordam gif pa swagewi
92 ANGLO—SAXON READER .
healfe piis heofones bi6n , py liia hi forddn 6dra gesceafta. Ac
gesibsuma God gemetgad ealla goscoafta, and gedwaerad pa hebetwuh him wuniad . Hwilum fliht so wmta piit drj‘ge ; hwilumhe gemenged piit fj’r bid pam cilo ; hwilnmpiit leé hte fyr and pitbeorhte up gwit, and SK) hefige oorde sit piit nidere be piis cy
ninges gebode. B rengd eorde alone westm and file tudor iilo
gears, and so hate. sumor drygd and gearwad smd and bléda ; and
westmbaara hiirfest bryngd ripa blé da. Haglas and snixwas and se
oft mda ren lecoad pd eordan on wintra. Fox-dam underféd sié
eorde pa t saed and gedéd piit hit gréwad on lengten . Ac soMe
tod oallra gesceafto fé t en eordan ealle grdwende westmas, and
ealle fox-dbrengd ,and gohyt ponne he wyle, and e é wad ponne he
wile,and nimd ponne he wile. pahwile pe piigesoeafta pibwiad,
sit so hehsta sceappend on his hezih setle. Damon he welt pam
gewealdledemm ealle gescoaftu . Nis nan wandor ; fordampe he iscyning, and dryhten, and wwelm,
and fum e, and as,and wisddm
,
and rihtwis déme . He sent ealla gesceaftu on his (Brenda and he
hé t ealle eft cuman . piit so !in gestwddegé cyning ne stadelode
calla gesooafto, ponne wurdon hioalle t é slopene and tdstencto ; and
té nauhte wu rden enlle gesoeafta. peah habbad gemmnelice pafine lufe piit he pedwian swilcum hlaforde
,and fwgnind piis pat he
heora wealt . Nis piit nan wundor, fordamhine mihton'
elles bibu,
gifhe no pidwedon biora fruman .
SECT ION XVIII.
GOD.
Ac zln ping pascealt nyde par aer witan, for hwyGodisgehdtens whehste é ones. pa cwzedic, hwy? pa cwsed he, fordon wewitenswide lytelpiis pem us wiis
,baton begomynde, andbe geasounge ;
and get liisse pas pe iifter u s bid. piit an us is gewislice andweard
pmto ponne bid tao him is eall andweard, ge piit te (er wiis
, ge
pm: tomixis, go pat te iifter u s bid eallhit is him andweard. Newexd his welena
,no sé c naft e nowound. No ofman he niifre nfin
wnht,fordz
‘
xm naft e nauht he no forgea’
it . No sdcd he ni‘
mwuht,no
no smez'
id,fordamhe nzinwuht no fox-lofts. Ne slit ho nanre wuhte
,
SELECT IONS. 03
ford? hine nan waht no mag flwn . No ondrwt ho nanwuht,
fordamhe niifd niinno rioran,no furdum niinno gelican . Simle be
bid gifonde, and nowonod hys niifro nauht . Simle be bid iilmihtig,fordam he simle wile gdd and niifro nan yfel. Nis him nanos
pinges neddoé rf. Simle be bid lé oiendo, no slmpd ho niil‘
re . Simlebe bid gelico mandwmro. Simle be bid é co
,fordam niifro sid tid
niis piit he name,no niifro nowyrd. Simle be bid frodh
,no bid he
ta nanumweorco goncdod. For his godcnndlicum anwoaldo he is
iighwar and woord. His micolnosse no mag minmonn amctan ; nis
piit nd lichomlico t é wonanne, ac gfistlico, swa swa nawisddm is,
and rihtwisnoss,fordam he piit is self. Ac hwiit é formddigo go
ponne, oddo hwyabebbe go oé wwid swahesuo anwoald fordam
po go nauht wid hine ddn no mfigon. Fordfim so é ca and so
almihtiga simle sit on pam hezih setlo his anwealdes. ponan hemag eall gosidn ,
and gilt iilcumbe pam ryhte after his gewyrhtum.
Fordfim hit nys no unnyt piit we hopien tdGode ; fordiim he no
won t no swa swawe ddd. Ac abiddad hine oadmOdlioc,fordam
he is awide rammad and swidemildhoort . Hobbad ebwor m6d tdhim mid edwrum hondum, and biddad piis pe t iht sis and ebwer
pearf sie, fordz’
im ho obw nylo wyrnan . Hatiad yfol, and flied swd
go swidost mfigon . Lufiad critftas and folgiad piim. Ge habbad
miole poé rfo pa t ge simle wolddn,fordam go simle befdran pom
scan and path iilmohtigan Gode ddd call pat piit goddd. Eallhe
hit gesihd and call he hit forgilt. Amen !
04 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
P AR T SE COND .
P O E T I CAL S E L E C T I O N S .
FROM CADM ON’s P ARAP HRASE on T HE SCRIPT URE S.
[Ciidmon , who has been styled the Saxon Milton , was a native ofNorth
umbria and lived in the n eighborhood of Strean eshalch . He seems, according to Bode, to have performed, at least occasionally, the du ties ofa cotW e are told that he was somuch inferior tomost of his companions, that hehad not learned any of the ballads so common among the people ; so that howas frequ en tly obliged to retire, in order to hide his shame , when the harp
wasmoved towards him in the hall, where, at supper , it was customary foreach person to sing in t urn . On on e of these occasions, accordin g to the
legend, it happened to be Oadmon ’s tu rn to keep guard at the stable during
the night , and, overcome by vexation and grief, he retired to his post ofdu ty:whore, laying himselfdown , he fellin to a soun d slumber . W hile thus slooping, a stranger appeared to him, an d salu tin g himby n ame, said, Oadmon ,singme somethin g.
” Cddmon an swered, I know nothing to sin g ; for myincapacity in this respect , was the cause of my leaving the hall to comehither .
” Nay,”said the stranger , bu t thou hast something to sing.
”
What must I sing ? said Gadmon . Sing the Creation ,” was the reply ;
and thereupon Gadmon began to sing verses, which he had never heard be
fore .
” When he awoke, be repeated the lin es which he had sun g during hissleep, and continu ed themin a st rain ofadmirable versification . He was at
this time u nable to road, bu t soon became amonk in the house oftho abbessHilda , where he con tinued to compose verses. Bede says, t hat Gadmon
’s
poetry, as it existed in his time, A. D ., 672- 735, treated successively of the
whole history of Gen esis, of the Departu re of the Children of Israel fromEgypt , the entrance in to the land of promise , with many other histories
taken ou t of the Old T estamen t . T he Adven t of the Holy Spirit, the Incann ation , Passion , Resu rrection , and Ascension of the Saviour , the Judgmen t,HollandHeaven were also su bjects for his poetic genius. Ciidmon died aboutA. D . 680, and was buried in the monastery ofWhitby . T he style of his
poetry is u n equal bu t some parts, andmore particu larly the narrative of
the Fallofour first paren ts, are very favorable specimens of the poetic skill
ofour early forefathers. )
96 ANGLo-SAo READEE .
hahste wid pamhorge. Ne mihton hygeleasc
maeno wid Metode miigyn bryt tigan ,ac him somore med gotwaei
‘
de,
bale forb gdo, pahe gebolgon woord,boslah synsceadan sigoré and gowoalda,
ddmé and dugcde, and dreamabonamhis fcand
,frido and gefoan callé
,
torhtatira,and his torn gewriic
on gesacum swide selfesmihtum
strongum stiepo. Hafde styrnomad
gegromed grymme, grap on wrade
faumfolmum and him on fadmgebriic
yr on made adelé besoyrede
his widerbrocan, wuldorgestealdum.
Scoap paand scyrode scyppend areaferhidig cyn engla ofhoofnum
wsorloas werodwaldend sende
ladwondno hero on langno Sid,
gebmro gastas ; was himgylp forod,beat forborsten and forbigod prym,
wlito gowemmod ; heo on wrace siddanseomodon sweart é sida.
No porfton hlado hlihhan , ac heo helltregumwarige wunedon and wean cadon ,ear and sorgo, saslprawedon
pystrumbedeahte, pearl afterloan
pas po heo ongunnon wid godo winnan .
pawits sad swa aar sibb on hoofnum,
fiigrofreedodeawas, freacallum leaf,peaden his pegnum ; prymmas woaxondagadamid drihtno dreamhiibbondra.
NOTES.
1- 20. Reed, acc. gov. by dreéyan .— W
‘
w, object ofdaalou . nom.
ln app . with the subject of hdfdon , hi, u nderstood — Sid, swogcllorht, adjs.
agreeing with brfimme . Afst, aforhygd, mad, are separately the su bjects ofgelump , under s tood —
[y has for its an teceden t , him. Unrmd, is the objectoffremman , toe/an , and wocccan , which in finitive is gov. by ongdn .
- Hdmnorddaclc arc objects of agdn, which infin . is gov. by wolde.
— W123; and
SELECT IONS . 97
wuldre, instr . case, with beauly, otc. Wé rlogan , indirect object , and Mmthe direct object of sce6p . Wco
'
rce hdgfas, objects of scobp .— Nidas, in app.
with the two preceding noun s. Wrdcna , object ofbidan , which Is in fin . gov.
by heht.— Dc6p , (eds, agree with wttehas.
— Dn‘
htcn , subject of the precedingheht .— Sinnihte , instr . msc.
— S&slé , ffire, fdrcfilo, instr . case .
20—40. Récc, loge, instr . case . Witcbrogan , object ofheht — R ice, Object ofmam— Made, dat . of manner .
— Mdnc, adj . agreeing with hi understood
which is the subject of mihton .— H £m, the direct , and mad the indirect oh
joet of gdwdfde.— Bcslé h, has for its subject he un derstood, which is also
the su bject offarbigdc.— Si7nscc&5an , the direct, and sigoré and gswcdldé , theindirect objects of bestdh.
— Torn , object of gewrdco.- Md¢tum, instr. case.
Sliepc, dat. ofmanner .— Folmum, instr . case .
40—60. Edda, indirect object ofbcscgn de. Wcrod, object of sende here,
in app . with it . c’
gc, adj agreeing with hi, the subject understood of
bar/Zom— pystrum, instr . case ; dfterledn, in app. with it .— pedwm, sub
ject ofmoron, understood.— Drcamhdbbmdra , gen . plu . gov. by Prpmm .
SECT ION II.
THE CREAT ION OF EVE.
No pahto pagerysne rodora wearde,
pat Adam leng ana wszronoorxna wonges niwro gescoafte
hyrdo and haldond for pon himhefrhcyningfreaiiimihtig fultmn tiOde,wit dweahte and pawrade sealdo
lifes leahtfruma leafum rince.
Ho piit andwooro ofAdameslice aloododo andhim listamAtcah
rib ofSidan : he wiis reste fast
and safte swaf; sar no wiste,
earfoda dzel: no poor sonig comblad ofbenno
,ac him brego cngla
oflico Ateah lié donde ban
wer unwundod. Ofpamworhte godfreblicu immunn
,feorh ingedydc,
ace sawlo : heo wwron englum gelice.
pawiisAdames bryd— po god Eve nemdo
gast é gegearwod. Hie on goagcde bu
5
98 ANGLO -SAXON READER.
20 wlitebeorht.
waaron on woruld conned
mootodos mihtum : man no cadon
dan no dreagan ,ac him drihtnes was
ham on breastumbyrnendo lufu:
pagoblctsodo blidheort cyningmetod alwihta monna cynnes
pa forman twa, fiidor and mador,wifand waopned. He pawordacwiidT émad Daand wexad, tadrafyllad
corden iilgréne, ineracynné ,
80 sunum and dahtrum inc sceal senlt water
wunian on gewoalde and callworulde gesceaft .
Bracad blwddaga and brimhlaste
and heofonfugla inc is balig feoh
andwilde dear on gewoald goseald
and lifigende, papo land t rodadfeorheaoeno oyun , papo fldd wecced
geond hronrade, inc hyrad call.”
NOTES.
1-85. Wearde, dat . dependen t u pon buhte.— Neozana wangea, gen . gov.
gu esqfl e.— B yrdo and haldond, noms. after wdrc.
— Dazl, object ofwists, andin app . with sdr .
— Liodende should probably be lioOende. w e, the object ofgcblctsodc.
— O'
gu ns, su numand ddhterum, instr . case, and In app. with ladré .
SECT ION III.
THE SPEECH or SATAN IN IIELL.
Satan madelodo ; sorgiende Sprac
so pe hello ford healdan sceolde,
gyman pas grundos : was (or godos ongelhwit on heofne
,6d hine his bygo forspedn
and his aformot to calra Swidost,
pat he no woldo wereda drihtnes
word wurdian . W obllhim on innan
bygo ymb his heortan ; hat was himatan
wriidlic wite . Ho pawordé cwiidIS pes lingo. stedo ungelio swide
100 ANGLO-SAXON READER .
SECTION IV.
SATAN’S VISIT To EDEN.
Angan hine pagyrwan godos andsnesfas on fratwum,
hiifdo fasone bygo,
haelodhelmon heafod asette andpone full hoarde gohand,Spé nn mid spangum : wiste him spraoca féla
wara words. W and him up panon,hwearf himpurh pahelldara, hiifde bygo strangne,loalo on lyfto ladwondomad,swang pat fyr on mafeéndos crafta,woldo
'
dearnunga drihtnes geongran
midmandwdummonn beswican,forlaedau and forlaoran , pat hio wardon lad godo.
He pagefarde purh fe6ndes criift,ad piit hoAdam on oordrice,
godes handgesceaft , goarone fundo
wislice geworht and his wif somed,frob fagroste, swahio fé la cadon
gades gegearwigean , pahim tagingran self
metodmanoynnesmoarcode selfa,and himbi twégen boamas stadon,
paweevon atan dfiites gohladene,geweredmidwitstme, swahio waldcnd god
hoah heofouoyning handum gosette,piit poor yldo boarn maste on codsan
gados and yfeles, gumona aoghwilc
welan and wawan. Nits sowiis tmgolic ;adorwas swawynlic, wlitig and scene,lid and lofsum pat was lifes beam;masto on é cuisse iiftor lybban ,wesan on worulde
,so pas witstmos onbat,
swahim after py yldo no deredc
no saht aware, acmaste symlowosanlungre on lustum and his lifagan .
hyldo heofonoyninges her on worulde habba
SELECT IONS . 101
him tawaoron witode tires godingdo
on pone hoan heofon , ponne ho becnou wonde.
ponne was so ador eallenga sweert,dim and pystre : pat was doados beam,
so bar bitrcs fola ; ecoclde bawitan
ylda aaghwilc yflos and gddes
gowanod on pisse worulde, socclde on wito amid swato andmid sorgum siddan libban
swahwa swagcbyrgdo, pas on pambeame gewodxsoccide hine yldo boniman ellendroda
dreamas and drihtscipos, and himbee n dead scyrod
lytle hwilo sceolde ho his lifes me tan,
sacan ponne landa swoartost on fyro,sceolde fobndnmpoOwian, pair is oalra frécna moosteloadum ta lungre hwile. piit wisto so lada geornodyrne doaflos boda, po wid drihtno wanu .
Wearp hine pa0h wyrmes lie andwand himpaymbatanpone deades beampu rh dcaflos criift ,genam paor piis ofiitos andwoods hine oft panou
,
pwr he wiste handgeweoro heofoncyningcs.
SECT ION V.
THE FLOOD.
Drihton sende
rcgn from rodorum and eac ramo lat
willoburnan on woruld pringanofwdra gohwmre, égorstroamas
swearte swagan 8333up stigon
afor stadweallas. Strang was and réde,so po wiitrumwoOId, wreah and pcahtomanfiidu beammiddangeardcs
wonnan wmga, wera adlland
hafhergcdo : hygeteanan wrac
metod on monnum. Moro swide grapon fmgo folc fobwortig daga,
102 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
nihte adcr swilc : rid was rado,
wiillgriniwerum. W uldcrcyninges
fda wrmcon arloasra feorh
offimschoman . Flad ealle wreah
hrcah under lleofonumheabeorgas
geond sidne grund and on sand ahdf
earce from eordan and paiidelo mid,
pasegnade solfa drihten
scyppond usscr, pahe pat seip beloac,
Siddan wide rad wolonum under
Ofor holmes hrincghaf Saleste
far mid fearmo : fare nomaston
waoglidcndumwiit res bragan
ha ste brinau , ac hio balig god
foredc and neredo. Fiftena stad
doOp Ofor danum so drenoeflad
monncs elna. pat ismmro wyrd
pam at niéhstan was nan tagedalc,
nymdo heawiis ahafon on pahoan lyft,paso egorhere cordau tuddoreall acwoaldo, baton pat carce bordhedld heofona frea, pahine balig godace upp forlat edniowno
streamum stigan , stidford cyning.
104 ANGLO-SAXON READER.
NOTES .
WIanca agrees with hie ; valiant in tome-drinking ." Wcé gcsifias and
byrnwtygcndc are in app. with hie.- F1e£siuendum, in direct object ofbarons.
— Goldwine, in app . with Holoferncs.— Niaagcblcnden , p ollu ted with crimes.
Gchlwstc andgchrodcnc agree with mdga.
SECT ION II .
30mm LED TO THE momscn’s T ENT .
Hie hm’é e fremedon,anbyhtscealcas, swahim heora caldor behead,byrnwigena brego, bearhtmé stopen
w1mm gysterne, peer hiJudithefundon furfigleé vc, andpafrom‘icelindwiggcnde la
zdztn ongunnon
pa torhtan miigiS to t réife ]>umhezin,
laser 80 rica hyne reste on symbol
nihtes inns ncrgende 185
Holofemus. peer wits callgyldenfleé hnet fitger and ymbe bits folctoganbed fihongen, piit se bealofullamihte wlitan burh wigena holderon wghwylcne be her innc comhiilciia bearna and on hyne naenig
monna cynnes, nymfi e se modigo. hwiinc
nifi é lé fi‘
a himbe nefir hé terinca t onine gegangan . Iiipaon reste gebrohton
snfide pd snoteran idese ; ccdon pastcrcedferh'Be
hiilcfi heora hearran oj'i
'mu, ]>iit wiis scb billige meéwle
gebroht on his bdrgetelde. pi; weave se brema on modeblioe, burga. caldor, bohte pabeorhtan idesemidwidle andmid wemme besmiten : nowolde bu t wul
dres déma
geiSafigan , prymmeshyrde, ac hehimpitshinges gestyrdc,dryhten dugofia waldcnd. Gewfit se dcbfulcunda
giilfcrhfi cyning gumena prcfité
SELECT IONS. 105
bealoful his bodes neosan , poor he sceolde his bleed forlebsan
iidrc binnan finre nihte, hiifde pahis ende gehidenneon eorBan unswaeslicne
,swylcne he car after worhte,
pearlmod pebdcn gumeno, pendcn he on bysseworuldewunode under welena brofo. Gefcé l pa wind swa
druncen
as rice on his reste middan , swfi. he nyste rmda nanne
on gewitlocan . Wiggend st6pon
(it of1aam inne 6fstummiclum,
weras winsade be pone wwrloganlaBne leodhatan lmddon tobedde
néhstan sifi é . pawiis nergendcs
peowen prymfulbearle gemyndig,hfi heo pone atolan eéhost myhte
eale benzeman, aer se unsyfrawomful onwocc.
NOTES.
Judithe, object offundon .— Nihtcs, gen . of time whom- E wan , object of
baa- pancdr, the nearer .— Him, the direct object , and hinges, the indirect
object ofgcstfirda Ut Qf17am inne, ou t of the room.— Ne hstan side, for the
SECT ION III.
JUDITH KILLS HOLOFERNES.
Genam bone haefienan mannanfiistc be feaxc sinum,
tcéh hyne mid folmumwifiweerd
bysmcrlice and bone bcalofullanlistam diode lziiSne mannan ,swahe6 piis unlaedan cfiBost mihte
we] gewealdan . Sldh pdwundenloccpone feondscea‘han fagummace
heteiioncolne, piit he6 healfne forcearfpone swcoran him
, pmhe on swiman liigdruncen and dolhwund : aiis padead pagyt
106 ANGLO- SAXON READER.
ealles orsz‘
iwle. Slob pa oomoste
ides ellenrbf66 11: sc
bone hmfi enan hand, ba t him bu t hea’
d’
od
forB on bl flare liig se idla leap
gésne be iift . =n gmst elior hwearf
under neowe lne niis and bcer genyc’berad
sfislegcsmled sy’é fian mire
,
wyrmum bewunden , wit um gebunden
heerde gehiifted in helle bryn e
Sifter hinsi’cSc : ne roarf lac hepian 116
strum fox-Bylined, }>iit he Ponian mdteofhamwyrmscle , ac peer wuniansceal
awa toaldre bfitan ende for’cS
in laamheolstran ham hyhtwynna leas.
NOT ES.
We'
dhyre weard, towards hen — Gems, mu tilated ; bail/Van modifies lazy.
T he idea seems to be that his fou l carcass remained behin d,while the ghost
departed elsewhere, (ellor .) — I t .
‘
wynna (eds, deprived of the delights of
hope.
SECT ION IV.
JUDITH RECEIVED W ITH JOY BY HER COUNTRYMEN.
pawardon bhiSc burhsit tende,sfi fian higchj
'
rdon,in
“
: se6 halige Sprac
ofer heahne weal. Here was on lnstam;wifi piis fiistengeates folc one t tc,weras wif somodwornum and heapum,
preatum and brymmum, ht angon and arnon
ongean pabeé dnes magh pascndmwlumealde ge goenge
NOT ES.
V era: andwzf, in app. withfoIc ; womum, etc. , date. ofmanner.
108 ANGLO-SAXON READER .
SECT ION VI.
THE BAT T LE AND T HE VICT ORY.
pawear‘B snelra werod sm
‘
ide gegarewod
cém'
a to campe, stepon cynerfifc
secgas and gesiiSas, haeron agceams,f6ron togefeohte forts on gerihte
hiilefi under helmu rn ofba re haligan byrigon piit dz’igred sylt. Dynedan scildas
,
hlfide hlummon has so hlanca gefeahwulfin walde and se wanna hrefn,
wrilgifre fugel: westen begen ,
laiit himpabebdguman bohton tilianfylle on fzegum ac him flesh on taste
earn fates georn uu gfeficra
salowigpade , sang hilde leOiS
hyrnednebba. StOpon heaiSorincas
beornas t6 beadowe bordum befieahte,
hwcalfum lindum, bit he hwile (erel
’cSeOdigra cdwit poledon ,
hwfienra hosp ; him piit hearde wearfilit loam ascplcgan eallum forgolden
Assyrium,syfifian Ebré as
under gfififanum gegan hiifdon
tOPamfyrdwicum. Hie pafromlicelé ton foriSfleOgan flana sehres
hilde niidran ofhornbogan,
striilas stedeheardc. Styrmdon hifide
grame gi‘
ififrecan, garas scndon
in heardra gemang. HiileB wacron yrrc
landbficnde lzic’mm cynnc
stOpon stymmode stercedferhbc,wrchton unsOfte ealdgeni
'Oian
medowé rige. Mundum brugdonscealcas of sceahum scirmzeled swyrd
cegam gecoste,mgou eornoste
SELECT IONS. 109
Assiria oretmacgas
nifihycgende ; min e he sparedon
liiis hercfolces heanne ne. ricne
cwicera manna, be hie Ofercnman mihton:
NOT ES.
Ccnra , gov . byworod . Wészene, from the desert Urigfec , hoa ry offea thers ; fedora , gen . plu . dependen t u pon a r ty — Salem}; p ada , refers to
lu dj a , understood ; as does also hymednebba .— H ild¢ nddran , lit. serp ents of
war , i. e . , arrows.— Assyria , gen . plu . gov. by orélmdcyas.
1 10 ANGLO -SAXON READE R.
ANGLO - SAX ON P O E T RY .
T he Anglo-Saxon vernacular poets employed
themselves almost exclu sively either upon the sub
jec t ofW ar or ofR eligion . T heir poet ry is the rude
and vehement expression of men still great ly below
the level of modern cult u re,either Of mind or of
hear t . It was peculiar in it s st ruct u re,being modu
lat ed neither according t o foot-measu re
,like that of
the Greeks and Roman s,n or writ t en with rhymes,
like that ofmany modern langu ages. T he followingare some Of
'
it s main charact eristics
1 . Alliteration .— This result ed from su ch an ar
rangemen t of the couplet s as that there should be
two or more principal words in the first line begin
ning with the same let ter, which let ter mu st also bethe initial of the first word on which t he st ress of
the voice falls in the second lin e. W e presen t herea few lines from Oddmon
, with the initial lett ers of
the words ou t Of which the alliteration grows, ital
icized
Ndwe sceolon herian , heofonrices weard,metodcs mihte, and his modgehanc,weorcmrldorfitder, swahe wundra gehwiis
éce dryhteu ord onstealde.
He wrst gescOp eorBan bearnumheofon tohrOfe
,kalig scyppend
1 12 ANGLO-SAXON READER .
The earth for the children ofmen ,The middle region ,The ground for men ,
So that,Of eight een lines
,periphrases occupy four
t een,and in so many lines, convey only three ideas.
3. M etciphon— T his figu re abou nds
,especially in
Cddmon . T hu s he speaks of the Ark,as a sea -house
,
a high mansion ,a p alace of the ocean
,a wooden for
tress, thefl oor of the waves, etc.
4. Omission of P articles.— The cont rast in this
particular between Anglo—Saxon prose and poetry ismost st riking. T he former abounds in particles ; thelat ter is almost en tirely destitu t e of them. T his
wan t of par ticles in their poetry greatly increases
the difficulties of its const ru ction and enhances it s
obscurity, especially to one beginning the study of
the language. T ake one illu st ration
King Alfred, in his prose, writ es, So doth the
moon with his pale light , that the bright stars he
obscu res in the heavens which, when cast into
the poetic form,reads thus
,
“ With pale light
Bright stars
Moon lesseneth.
”
5 . Liversion .— The prose of the Anglo-Saxons is
remarkably st raight forward, and consequ en tly, easyand n at ural in its con st ru ction . T he poet ry, however
,and especially that of the Beowulf, is remark
able for it s abrupt and disconn ect ed t ran sition s.
6 . Similes — T hese are very rare in their poet ry.
T he en tire romance of Beowulf, it is said,con tains
only five , and these are of the simplest kind.
ANGLo-SAxON POETRY. 1 13
Anglo-Saxon poet ry may be divided in to three
classes 1 . Ballads ; 2 . Narrative P oems or R 0
mances ; 3. Miscellan eous P oems.
T he historical ballads must have been held in
high estimation among all classes of the people, sincethey are always referred to by native writ ers with
most en thu siastic commendation . T he Song on
Ethelstan’s Victory at B runanbu rgh, and that on
the Death ofEdgar, are favorable specimen s of thisfirst class.
T he poem,Beowulf, that of Judith, and those by
Cadmon,are the noblest specimens of the second
class.
Of the third class,one of the best Specimens re
maining to u s,is the Exile
’s Complain t .
T hat the studen t may the more readily and satis
factorily become acquain ted with the peculiar st ruetu re of Anglo-Saxon poet ry, a literal t ranslation of
the passage under the first section is given below.
It is from T horpe’s version . T he words which are
not in the original, but which are essen tial to an
idiomatic rendering of the t ext,are prin t edin italics.
It will be seen that these words, which are left to
be understood,are many, and withou t a knowl
edge of them,much of the Anglo-Saxon poet ry is
‘
al
most unin telligible.
THE REVOLT OF TIIE ANGELS.
They would no longer work their own good,
but they from the love ofGod turned away.
They had thegreat presumption , that they against the Lord
could divide the glory-fast abode,
1 14 ANGLO -SAXON POET RY.
that multitude ofhost, ample and heavenly bright .
Pain there befell them,envy and pride,
and the angel’s mood
,who that evil counselbegan
first to frame, to weave and agitate.
Then spake he the words,frommalice thirsty,that he in the north part, a home and loft v seat
ofheaven’s kingdomwould possess.
T hen was God angry and wroth with that host,
whom he erst hadhonoredwith beau ty andwith glorv
he formed for these false ones an exile-home,
anguish for reward, the groans ofhell,
hard punishmen ts ; bade the torture~house
await the exiles, deep, void ofjoys,our Lord, the guardians ofspirits.
W hen he knew it ready, furnished with perpetual night,with sulphu r charged, with fire filled throughou t,
and cold in tense, smoke and red flame,
bade them,through that house void of comfort
,the dread of
torment to increase.
T hey had criminations bitterly gathered against God,
on them,for this
, grim retribu tion came ; they said that they
the empire
(in their fierce mood), would possess,and somight , easily. Him that hOpe deceived,
after his sovereign , heaven’s high king,
his hands uprearedmost high against that crew,
nor might they, of counsel void,the faithless against the Cre
ator,
employ force ; for them the Mightydeprived ofcourage, He ben t their pride
when he was angry, bereft the impious
of triumph and power, sway and dignity,
and ofjoy deprived them,his fees offreedom
,
and all of exultation,and bright glory ;
and his anger wraked vehemen tly on his adversaries,by his own powers, with strong step.
Stern he was ofmood,bit terly provoked,
120 GLOSSARY.
hlysan, p.-de ; pp.
-cd, to let loose, redeem.
Mysnes, -e, f. ,
hmeldian, p.
-Ode ; pp.-od
,to inform,
betray.
hmyrran , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
to dissipate, waste.
arteran, p.
—de ; pp.-cd
,to rear up .
areccan, p.
-reahte ; pp.-resht
,to carefor .
tiriman, p.
-de ; pp.-cd, to number .
astandan , p.-st6d pp.
-standen , to stand ou t,endure.
astigan , p. s tab ; pp .-stigen, to go, mou n t.
fistreccan, p.-strebte pp.
-strebt , to stretch ou t.
dswefan, p.
-ede ; pp.-cd
,to soothe.
d’é enian
, p.-ede ; pp.
-cd,
to stretch ou t, prostrate.
a’cSOOStrian
, p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
to darken .
abblian , p.-ode pp.
-Od,
to sustain .
say, therefore.dwegan, p.
-de ; pp.-cd
,
awendedlic, movable,changeable.
aweorpan , p.-wearp pp.
-worpen , to throw dow n,degrade.
awringan , p.-wrang ; pp.
-wrangen , to wring ou t .
ewritan, p.
-wra’
tt ; pp.-writen
,to write ou t .
a,an
,
abbot,
-as,m.
,
abotisse, -an,f.,
ac,
dc,-e, f. ,
acsung, fiscung,-e,f. ,
ad,
-es,m. ,
fictreOw, -es,n .,
ad],
-e, f. ;
-es,n . ,
is,f. , indecl. ,
sea,ea
,indecl. in sing.
,
iicer,-es, m. ,
adre,
lifen ,-es
,m.
,
mfre,iiftan ,
an abbot.
an abbess.
bu t,whether .
an oak.
an asking, question.
a pile,fu neralpyre.
an oak tree.
a disease, grief.
law, common low.
water .
a field, land.
directly, quickly.
the evening , vespers.
ever .
after, behind.
after , on accoun t of.
GLOSSARY. l21
lifter ; comp.-t a,
-re ; sup.-mest,
-myst ,lifterfylgian, p.
-de,
iiffianc, -os, m. ,
fiffianca, -nu,m.,
fighwar,
whwii'Ber,fighwomm,
fighwilc,
figlaec,
figaer,
figaer, ge— ge,mht
,-e, f. ,
51,
filmihtig,filtsewe,
filc,
wrhwilcn,
fimtig,mn
,sane
, saneg, wnig,
after , next.
of ence, displeasu re.
good, excellent .
each, any, every.
0718 .
sonlic, anlic (an , one -Hie, like), only, singu lar .
finlice,
wnlipig, anlipig, anlepig,fipl, iipel,
-es, m. ,
wt,adv.
,
aar, prep.
,
aer,adj . ,
wrffist ,
firend,-e
,f. ; arende, -es, n .
,
tirendraca, -an,m.
,
am,
-es,n .
,
580,
-se,
fischolt,
-es,n. ,
lit,
a place, house.
ash tree,ash spear.
an ashwood.
at,by, near, with.
liteéwian, p. pp.
-cowed,to show, appear .
fitfelan, p .
-feslh ; pp.-feallen, to slay, lean on .
fitgiidere, together .
everywhere.
both, each.
everywhere.
every, all.
miserable.
either , each.
bothf — and, as well— as.
proper ty, riches.
each, every.
an apple, pupil of the eye.er e, sooner , formerly.
ere,before.
former , sup erior .
honest, good.
an errand.
1 22 GLOSSARY.
fifi rinan, p.
-lm’m ; pp.-hrinen
,
fitsamne,
fitspurnan , p.-spearn ; pp.
-spor
nen,
iitstandan, p.
-st6d ; pp.-standen
aafielcundes, -e,f.,
wael, -es, m.,
macle,
wfieling,-se
,m. ,
wBelo,f.,indecL.
mttren,
-
yn ,
ax,eax
,-e
,f. , an axe
,hatchet.
agan , p. em; pp.-fi.g cn, to own
, give, restore.
agen , against .
agen , adj .
,own
, p roper .
aglzec, miserable.
aglaaca,-an
,m.
,a wretch.
fihsian, noslau,acsigan , ascian
,
axian,axigean , p.
-ede,-ode ;
ppwod.
aldor,
-e,f. ;
-es. m
aldordiig,-se
,m.,
aldorlcas,
all,
allunga,
5105 , -e,f. , ale .
alwealda,-an
,m. ,
The All-Ruler, God.
alwibt ,-e, f. , every creatu re.
ambihtscealc, -es,m. ,
a laboring servant .
anliBelaa ,now-Mme, noble), to dishonor , degrade.
anbfigan , p.-be!1h ; pp.
-bugen , to obey .
fingan , p.-e6de ; pp .
-
ga ngcn , to begin .
finhebban , p.-hbf pp.
-hafen , to heave up .
finlicues,-e, f. , a likeness
,statue.
finweorc,-es
,n .,
a cause
An , ten , adj . ,
to spu rn at,stumble.
to stand still.
nobleness.
a country.
noble, eminen t n ot o nly in des
bu t in mind.
the son of a king, p rince.
n obility.
1 24
axe, fixe, abse, u se,
-nu,f.,
baldor,
-eS,m.
,
ban ,-es
, n .,
bfinlifis,438
,n .,
banloca,-an
,m.
,
GLOSSARY.
I) .
hero, p rince.
a bone.
the bone-house, body, breast.
a bone-indosure, the skin .
babian, p.
-ode,
-ede ; pp.-od,
-ed, to bathe, wash.
be,bi, big, prep.,
beaftan, prep .
,
bebebdan, p.
-beé d ; pp.-boden
,
bebyrgian ,-byrian ,
-byrigean, p.
-ode ; pp.-od
,
beclysan,
bedselan, p.
-de ; pp.-ed
,
bedrifan, p.
-drfif; pp.-drifen
,
began , p.-e6de ; pp. gangen ,
beflebgan , p.-fle6h ; pp.
-flogen ,
befé ran,
befyllan , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
begitan , p.-
geat ; pp.-
geten,
begytan , p.-
geat ,
beheé fdian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od
,
by, near , at , in , upon .
to give a by-command
,or gen tle
command.
to bu ry.
to enclose.
to entirely divide , deprive.
to drive of, compel.
toflee away.
tofell, destroy.
to get, seek ou t.
to beget, obtain.
to behead.
behealdan, p .
-heold ; pp.-healden,to behold, regard.
behydan , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
beleim, p.-loh ; pp.
-liigen ,
belimpan , p.-lamp pp. Jumper) ,
belocan , p. Jeac ; pp.-locen,
bemsenan, p.-de
,
bemetan, p. mitt ; pp.
-meten ,beniman , p.
-nam pp.-numen
,
berefifian , p. pp.-od,
besceéwian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
to hide.
to de nounce.
to concern,happen .
to shu t up .
to bemoan .
tomeasu re by,find ou t.
to dep rive.
to bereave, spoil.
to consider .
besceé tan, p. s cea’
it ; pp.-scoten, to shoot.
bescfifan , p.-Sce!1f pp.
-Scofen ,
besencan , p.- te ; pp .
-ed,
to thrust of .
to sink.
GLOS
besmitan, pp.
-Smiten,
besmibian, p.
-ode ; pp.-cd,
beswican, p.
-Swac ; pp.- Swieca,
beteé n, p.
-teah ; pp.-togen ,
betwuh,
-wax,
-wy,-wih
,
betynan , p.-de,
beacon,becan ,
-eS, n. ,
beam,
-es,m.
,
beé ncoddas,m.
,
bearhtm,byrhtm,
breahtm,438,m.
bearm,-es
,m. ,
beam,
-05,n .
,
beamlest , -leé s,
beé tan, p.
-be6t ; pp.-beit ten,
bed,biid
,bedd
,-eS
,n .
,
bedriist,
-e,f.,
bégen ,
behfit,
-eS, n .,
beh‘B,
ben,benn
,-e,f.,
bén , -e,f.,
bena, -an,m. ,
benc,
-e, f. ,
bend,-c,f. -es, m.,
beé dgeneé t ,-es, m. ,
bebdgereord,-e, f. ,
beé dan , p . bead ; pp. boden ,
beé n ,
hebr,-es
,n . ,
bebr‘begu ,
-e, f. ,
booth,-
ges,m. ,
beorht ,
beorht , adj . ,beorhtnes, -Se, f.,
heom,
-eS,m. ,
be6t ,-eS
,n .,
bcé tung,-e,f.,
SARY. 125
to besmu t,defile.
toforge.
to deceive,weaken .
to accuse, bequeath.
between .
to enclose, stop .
a beacon,sign .
a beam, post , tree.
beanpods, husks.
,brightness.
the womb, lap .
a barn,child.
childless.
to beat , hurt.
a bed,couch.
a bed-rest,bed.
both.
a vow.
token , p roof.
a wound.
prayer.
petitioner .
bench,table.
band, ribbon .
a table-servant .
a table-meal,feast.
to be,become.
beer .
beer-service.
hill,mountain
,rampart.
brightness, glance.
brightness, splendor .
a threat, peril.
a beating , threat .
1 26 GLOSSARY.
bé ran, p. bier ; pp. boren , to bear
, produce.
beren, adj” barley, made of barley.
berie, berige,
-nu,f. , a berry, grape.
bem,bercn , bcrem,
-cS,n .
,
berstan, p. biirst ; pp. borsten
,
bet,bett, adv.
,
biepell,-eS
,n .
,
bibliO‘bece, -an
, f. ,
bidan, p. Laid ; pp. biden,
biddan , p . biid ; pp. bcden ,
bifian, p.
-Ode,
biglcbfa,-an
,m.
,
biglebfnn , p.-ede ; pp.
-cd ,
bigspell,-cs
,n . ,
bllwit,
hindan, p. band ; pp. bunden,
binnan, -non,
bisceop, -cOp, -es,m.
,
bisen,bysen ,
-ne,f. ,
bismé r,bismOr, -eS
,m.
,
bismdrlic,
bites , p. bait ; pp. biten ,
bite,-es
,m
biter, bit ter,blbc,
bliid,
-eS,m. ,
bleed,
-e, f. ,
bliiddre, oan, f. ,
blawan, p. bleéw ; pp. blbwen
,
bleO,
-wes ; also, bleOh,-OS
,n .
,
a corn -
p lace, barn.
to bu rst,fail.
better .
a fable, story.
a library, the Bible.
to abide,expect.
to ask,declare.
to tremble.
food.
to nou rish.
a parable, story.
innocen t , meek, kind.
to bind, cap tu re.
within .
a bishop ,high/p riest.
an examp le, model.
filthiness, infamy.
disgraceful, dir ty.
a bite.
bit ter,horrid.
pale, shining.
a blast, breath, life,fame.a branch, fruit .a bladder
,blister ,
to blow, breathe,
color,hu e.
blessian , bletsian, p.-Ode ; pp .
-Od, to bless.
bletsung,-e,f.,
blind,
bliS,blys,
-Se,f.,
blibe,
blibheort ,
blOd,-eS, n.
,
a blessing.
blind.
bliss.
j oyful, blithe.merry-hearted.
1 28
bfirgsteld,-eS, m.
,
GLOSSARY.
a bower-ten t, pavilion .
bu rh,bu rhg,
-
ge, f. byrig,-O, f. , a townfort .
bu rhlebd,~eS
,m.
,
burhsit tond,
-eS,m. ,
bu rhwaru,
-e,f. ,
bfitan,
- ton,
-tun, prep. ,
biltan,
-ton,
-tun, conj . ,
bycgan ,-
gean , p. bbhte ; pp. ge
bbbt,
bydel, bide],-es, m. ,
byrgen ,-e,f. ,
byrian , burian , p.-Ode ; pp .
-Od,
byrian , -igan, p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
byrgenstow,-c,f. ,
byman , p. barn ; pp. burnen ,
bysmcrian , p.-Ode,
calic, -eS,m. ,
camp, comp. ,-es, m.
,
candel, candol,-eS, n . ,
capitol, adj . ,cfim, ceam,
-e,f.,
carian , p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
cisere,
-08,m. ,
(fineren,
cawl, can],-es,m.
,
cenlc, cfilc,
ceald, cé ld, adjcealf,
-eS,n .,
cefip.-e8 .
cebpian, p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
ceaster,-t e, f. ,
ceasterbfiend,-eS
,m.,
townpeople, a citizen .
the inhabitan ts of a city as a body,
au thority of a city.
withou t , excep t .
unless,excep t .
to buy, procure.
a beadle, crier .
a burying, tomb.
to raise a mou nd, bury.
to taste, to become.
a bu rying-
place.
to bu rn .
to deride, insult.
a cup , goblet.
a co ntest , war , camp .
a candle.
care,anxiety.
to care, be anxious.
Caesar, emperor , GOD.
an snipress.
a basket .
chalk, lime.
cold.
to bargain , chafer.
a
a city-dweller, citizen .
keen , warlike.
GLOSSARY .
cennan, p.
-de ; pp.-cd,
cebl, -es,m. ,
ceorl,
-os,m.,
cebsan, p. cells ; pp. cbren,
cépan , p.-te,
cild, 438 , n. ,
cildhbd,
-es, m.,
elven,
-e,
cla nheort,
clsennes, as, f.,
slab, -es,m. ,
cleOpian, p.-Ode,
clif, clyf, olcot,-es, n .
,
clom,clowm
,-se,m.,
clfid,-es
,m.
,
cnapa, cnfifa, 4111,m. ,
encbres, cnebrnes,-se, f.,
cnebw, -es, n . ,
cnebwmiig, -es, m.,
cniht , -se,m.
,
cnihtlic,
cnihtwise,
cnoll,-es, m.,
consul,
corn,-es, n . ,
comfi pa’ “ans m‘
t
costian ,-nian
, p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
costnigend,-es
,m. ,
costmmg, -e, f. ,
craft , -es, m. ; also, -e, f. ,
criiftig,
crebpan , p. creep ; pp. cropen,
crebpend, -es,m.
,
crincan, cringan , p. crane ; pp
cruncen ,
cnebwres,
129
to beget, bringforth.a keel, ship .
chu rl,freeman of the lowest
count ryman .
to choose.
to take,hold.
a child.
childhood.
clean , innocen t.
clean-hearted.
cleanness,modesty.
cloth, covering.
to cry, call.
a clif.
a band, chain.
rock, hillock.
corn , grain .
a handful of corn .
to ternp t, prove.
a temp ter .
a temp tation .
craft, ar tifice, skid, powerskillfu l, crafty.
to creep .
a rep tile.
a generation ,family.a knee.
a relation .
youth, militaryfollowers.
boyish.
you thwise, you thlike.
a kn oll, hill.
130 GLOSSARY.
cris tendbm,
-cnandbm,-os
,m. ,
cristens, adj .
,
crydan , p. crehd ; gecrbden ,
crypan , p. crea'
tp ; pp. oropen,
cuc,cucen, cwic, adj . ,
cucumer,ees, m. ,
culfre,culei
’
rc,
-an,f.,
cnma,
-nu,m. ,
cuman, p . com pp. cuman ,
cunnan, p. ofibe ; pp.
cunnian, p.
-Ode ; pp.-Od,
-cd,
cfibia-l, p.
-odc,
cwscban , cwéban, p. cwacb pp.
cweden ,
cwealm,—es, m. ,
cweartern, cwertern , -es, n . ,
eweman , p.-de
,
Christianity, Christendom.
to crowd.
alive, qu ick.
a cucumber.
a cu lver,dove.
a comer, guest.
to come, go.
to know, to be able.
to con,inquire, search.
kn own,certain .
to become known,regard.
to say, callfor.
pestilence, sla ughter.
a gu ard house, prison .
to please, p rofit .
cwé n ,-e,f. ; also, cwéne,
-an,f.,a queen , wife, woman.
cwilmian , p.-de ; pp.
-cd. ,
cyle, -es,m.
,
cyme, o es,m.
,
cymlic,cyn’ 07m) : ‘ esi D‘ s
cynecynn ,-es, n .
,
cynedOm,-es, m.
,
bynerbf,
cyning, cyng’ £ 8, m"
cypa, -ao, m. ,
cipan . p. cypt ; pp ct pton.cyrre, cerre,
-es,m.
,
to tor tu re.
a
royal dominion , royalty.
royal, re nowned.
merchan t,trader .
time,season .
cyst , cist,-e, f. ; also, ciste,
-an,f.,a chest
,casket.
cyte, cbte, -an, f.,
095 , -’6e, f. ,
cfi an. 9.
-de. pp.-cd.
cyst s, -an,f.,
cottage, den .
tomake known, declare.
a home,native place.
l32
dbm,
-es,m.,
dOmSOtl,
-es,n .
,
dim, gedbn, p. did ; pp. gedOn,
dream,
-as, m.,
dreixmleas,
drencan,
-ean , p.-te ; pp.
-ed,
drebgan , p. dreah ; pp. drogen,
drebsan, p. dress,
do.this.
dribtscipe,-eS
,m.,
drihten,dryhten ,
-es,m.,
drinc,
-as,m.
,
drincan , p. dranc ; pp. drunccn,
dry,-es, m. ,
drygan , p.-de ; pp.
- cd,
dugan , p. dbhte,
dugeb,-ob
,adj . ,
dugub,-e,f. ,
diin , -e, f.,
du ru,
-e, f. ,
dust, ! as ,m.
,
dynian , p.-ede ; pp.
-cd,
dyrne, adj . ,dysig, -es, n . , sub. and adj . ,dysigian,
ea, f., indecl. in sing.,
ealand,-es, n .,
eastream,-se
,m.,
efic, conj .,eadig,
cadiglice,
eadigncs,ose, f. ,
cadmbd,
eadmbdnes, -se,f.,
GLOSSARY.
doom, j udgmen t, j urisdiction
p l. laws.
a judgment seat .to do
,cause.
j oy, music.
j oyless.to give to drink, drench.
to bear , safer, work.
to rush, fall, perish.
dry.
lords hip , dominion .
the LORD, a ruler .
a drink.
to drink.
a druid,magician.
to profi t, help .
good, virtu ous.
advan tage, happiness,amou ntain , downs.
a door, gate.
to din,thu nder .
an error , ignorance.
to befoolish, actfoolishly.
running water , river .
a water - stream.
also,likewise.
humble.
humility, humanity.
eafora,
-an,m. ,
cage,-an
, n .,
0311,ii]
,
ealgylden,
ealwibt,
-e,f. ,
eala,hela
,
eald,
saldor,
-reS, m.,
caldorman,
-as, m
sallunga, adv. ,
ealo,ealu
,-cwes, n .
,
ealogcweorc,-es
,n .
,
culob, -e,f.,
eam,—es
,m. ,
can ,
ear,
-es,n .,
earc,
-c,f. ,
earcbOrd,
-es,n . ,
eard,
-es,m.
,
eardfiist,
eardian,
-igean, p.-Ode ; pp.
eardung,-e, f. ,
eardungstow,-e , f. ,
earfo’b,
-e, f. , sub. and adj. ,earfoblice
,adv.,
carm,-lic
,
earm,
-es,m. ,
earn,-es
,m.
,
east, adj . ,eastland, -es
,n .
,
eastanweard,
ebb,adj . and adv.,
GLOSSARY. l33
p rogeny, issue.
an eye, sharp ness of wit.all
,whole
,every.
gilded over , all-
golde n.
every crea ture.
O I alas I
an elder , ancestor , au thor , ru ler .
an elderman , senator , chief a
nobleman of the highest rank
that could be given to a subj ect,being only inferior to the e
‘Be
ling, or prince.
allalong, altogether, en tirely.
ale, beer .
ale-work, brewing.
ale.
an ear of corn .
an ark, chest.
ark’s board, the ark.
native soil, cou n try.
earthfast ,fixed.
to dwell, rest .
a habitation .
diflicu lty, labor.with difliculty.
miserable, hel
p less.
an arm.
an eagle.
eastern .
East Cou n try, the Coun try
0stior Estas.
eastward.
easy, ready.
134
eabemet tu , -e,f.,
eabembdlice,é ce,
é cnes,c'
cenes,-se
,f. ,
efenhiiftling,-es
,m.,
cfenfi eowa,- an
,m. ,
éfcstan ,
bfue, afne, eofue,
eft,
ef‘
tsib,
-cs,m. ,
ég) cget" an
,n ’ t
ége,-es, m.,
é gefull,
cghwonen ,
eglan ,
shtan , p. elite,
ebtend,
-ieud,-es
,m.
,
ehtnes, -se,f.,
elbebdig,-‘bi6dig,
elbebdignes, s e, f. ,
eld, yld, indecl. ,
ele,-es, m.
,
cleberge,-berie, -nu, f.,
elf,-es, m
cli'
scine, adj . ,ellen , -nes
,n .,
elles, adv.,
ellor, adv.,
eln ,-e , f. ,
emfeala, adv. ,
embfaran , p.-fbr ; pp.
-faren,
emnian ,emnmb,ende, -es, m.,
endediig,-es
,m. ,
endian,
endenext,
GLOSSARY.
humility, submission.
humbly.
eternal.
eternity.
afellow-
p risoner .
fellow-servant.
to hasten .
lo ! tr uly I
again , back, afterward.
a renewedjou rn ey.
an eye.
fear .
everywhere.
to tormen t , trouble.
to pu rsu e, annoy.
a persecu tor .
p ersecu tion .
foreign .
travelling abroad.
age.
strength,for titude .
else,
an ell.
j ust somuch.
to go abou t .
to make alike.
the last day.
the nearest end, at last.
136 GLOSSARY.
fa n-lice, adv.,
fitreld,
-as, m.,
fiis t, -e,adj . andadv.
,
fas tlic,-e, adj . and adv.
,
faistau,
fasten,-es
,n .
,
fastenung,-e,f.,
fa sten,
-es,n. ,
fiit,
-es,n .
,
fitt,fatt, adj
fated,
fabm,
-es,m.,
fab,
-es,m.
,sub. and adj . ,
fandian, p.
-Ode pp.-Od
,
rant,fantflit
,- es, n .
,
feala, fela, indeciin .,
fearn,
-es,n .,
feaw,fea
,indeclin
fedeu, p . fedde ; pp. féded,
feld,fild, ~es, m.
,
fen,
-es, n .,
feoh,
-0 8,n .
,money,
feohgytsere,-es, m.
,
feohtan, p. feaht pp. fohten,
febian, p. fé ode,
febnd, -es,m.
,
feor,
feorweg, -es,m. ,
feorh,-res
,n. ,
forbgenerian ,
feorlen,
feorran,
fé ran, p.
~de,
ferb, -os, m. ,
ferian, p .
-Ode ; pp .-ed,
j ou rney, passage.
fast,firm.
fastlike,firm.
tofast.afor tress, wall.
afastening, confirmation .
afast,fasting .
a vessel,vat.
fat .
fattened, thick, rich.
a cubit,afathom.
serene,clear.
afoe.
to try, tempt.
a fon t .
many, much.
afern .
few.
tofeed, bring up .
afield,pastu re.
afen , marsh.cattle
,living animals
,
goods.
a covetous man .
tofight, contend.
to hate.
enemy, devil.
far .
a distant way.
the life, soul, man .
topreserve life.distant .
GLOSSARY. 137
feringe, tastings,ferse, fresh, sweet.fetels
,-es
,
'
m. ,a girdle, bag.
fi be, -es, m., going on foot, way, step .
fébeleas,
filian, p.
ode, tofollow.
findan, p. fand ; pp. funden
, tofind, dispose.
finger,-reS
,
“
m.
,afinger .
fir,
-es, m.,
firenlust,-es
,m.
,
fisc,
-es,m. ,
fiscere,
-es,m. ,
fiscian ,
fiscab,
-se,m.
,
flaasc,
-se, n .,
flwschoma, -an,m.,
fleam,-es,m.
,
flebgan , p. flebh‘
; pp. flogen,
flitan, p. flat ; pp. fliten
,
flbd,
-eS, n . ; also fled,-e, f.,
flbta,
-an , m.,
fbder, d der,-dre8
,n. ,
£010: 4387 “ n
folcewén ,-e,f. also, -an
,f.,
folcyning,-es
,m.
,
foleise,-l
‘
ie,adj .,
folescaru ,-e,f. ,
foldc,-eu
,f.,
foldebold, -es,n .,
folgbb, g ob,-es, m.
,
folgian, p.-de
,
fen, p. fang ; pp. fangen,
for, prep.,
forbarnan , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
forgagednes,-se
,i,
chief of living things, man.
incest.
afish.
afisherman .
tofish.
afishing.
fl esh.
thefl esh-covering, the body.
afl ight , banishment .tofly,fl ee.
to strive, contend.
wave, river.
a queen .
a
folkish, common.
a
earth, ground.
the land-dwelling.
service.
tofollow.
to take,accep t.
for , on account of.to consume
, bu rn up .
a transgression , stubbornness.
forgeldan , p .-
geald ; pp. g olden, to repay, redeem.
forgifenlic, forgiving, pardonable.
138 GLOSSARY.
forgitan, p.-
geat ; pp.-
geten , toforget, n eglect.forgitennes,
-se, f. , forgetfulness.forgyman , p.
-de ; pp.-ed
,to neglect, tr ansgress.
forhiibben, p.
-hiifde ; pp.-hafed
,to be abstinent ,forbear.
forhOgian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
to neglect, accuse.
forhwiiga, at last, however .
forhynan , p.-de ; pp.
-ed, to cast behind, hinder, oppress.
forlsetan, p. Jet ; pp.
-lssten,
to let go, p ermit .forlebmn, p. d c
,to leave
, gofor th.forliger,
-es,n .
, adultery.
formeltan , p.-mealt ; pp.
-molten , tomelt, liquefy.
forniman, p. mam; pp.-numen , to take away, p lunder.
forseapung,-e,f., an escaping, error, sin.
forsceap, -e, f. ,
forscrifan, p . pp.-Scrifen
,to shave away.
forsebn , p.-seah ; pp.
-sawen,
to overlook,despise.
for‘
brysmian , p.-ode ; pp.
-ed,
to sufi'
ocate.
forwandian, p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
tofear greatly, reverence.foxweorban , p.
-wear‘b ; pp.-wor
den, top erish, die.
forwritan, p. mu st, pp.
-writen, to carve asunder.
forwyrdan, to destroy.
forwyrd. -e.f
foran , adv. ,
fOran, prep.,
fOrebeé cen ,-es, n .,
aforetoken , p rodigy.
fbresiicgan , p.-saede ; pp.
-
ge
seed,
fOreseeawian, p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,toforesee,foreshadow.
fbreseeawung, -e, f., p rovidence,foreseeing .
fbresnoter, forewise, pruden t, beforehandfbresprssesn, p.
-Sprae ; pp.-Spre
een , to intercede.
fbrestihtan, toforearrange.
broken,weakened.
140
fruma,
-an,m.
,
frumcenned, part . ,frumgfira, -eu
,m. ,
frumseeaft, -e,f.,
frumstbl,
-cs,m.
,
frymb, 438, m.,
frynd,m.
,
fugel,-as
,m. ,
fugelere, -s,m
fill,
-lic,
ffilian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od,
fdlnes,
-se, f.,
full,
fullgebmor,fulgim, p.
-e6de ; pp. g angen,
fulneah,
-néh,
fulwid,
fulluht,
-wiht,
-es,m.
,
fulluhtere, -es, m. ,
fultum,-as
,m.,
fur,furh
,-e,f.,
fur‘ben
,-5 0n
,
ffis.
fyligean,-igan , p.
-de,
fyll,-e,f.,
fyllan , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
fyllan , p.-dc ; pp.
-cd,
fylstan,
fyr, -es, n. ,
fyrsmeortan,fyrd, -e
,f.,
fyren , firen ,-e,f.,
fyrmest, superl,
GLOSSARY.
a patriarch, chieftain .
fl rst creation , creation .
an orginal or paternalhome.
tofoul, corrup t.
foulness.
to go to thefull, accomplish.
fu llwide, round abou t.
a bap tizer, bap tist.
afu rrow, har row.
also,too, even.
tofill,finish.
tofell, destroy.
to help .
to smart likefire, burn.
a crime.
foremost, u tmost.
GLOSSARY.
fyrs,-es
,m.
,
fyrst, first , -e, f. ; also, -es, m.,
fj esa , p.-ede ; pp.
-cd,
gaderian, p.-ode : pp.
-Od,
gwlan , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
galsa, -an,m.,
gitst ,-es
,m.,
gafol, Jul,-es
,n.,
gagates,
galferb,-es
,m.,
games, -se,f.,
salan. p gé l ; pp gal
game], -mel,
sfin. gansan. p eé de ; pp san
gen ,
gar,-es
,m.
,
gbst ,-se
,m.
,
ghstlie,
git: -e,in
get,-es, m. ,
get, gé at,-es, n.,
ge: conjn
89—80,
geabel,
sealsian.
gear,-es
,n . m.,
geara, gehro, adv.,
gaard,-se, m.,
gears, geara,
gearo,
geatan ,
gebssr,-e,f.,
gebaran, p.-bser ; pp.
-boren,
gebannan ,
141
fu rze, brambles.a space, time.
to desire, sendfor th, haste.
to gather, assemble.
to hinder , terrify.
a guest,man .
tax,ren t.
the agate.
a lustfulmind, lust.
to sing, enchant.
old.
as well— as.
a year .
a hedge, enclosure.
yare, accurate.
to grant.
a bearing, habit of body or mind.to behave.
to go, happen .
a dar t,weapon .
breath a spirit, ghost .
ghostly, spiritual, holy.
a shegoat, kid.
a he-goat .
a gate, door , gap .
and, also.
both— and,natu ral.
142 GLOSSARY.
gebeorh,-
ges,m.,
gebita‘
n,
gebyrddag,-as
,m.,
a refuge.
to make better, atonefor.
gebyrian, -byrigan , -biran, p.
-ede ; pp.-ed
,
gecerran,
geenedan,
geenyt , enytt,
gedafan , pp.~dafen,
gedafnian , p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
gedai,-es
,m.
,
gedefe,
gedelfan , p.-dealf; pp.
~delfen,
gedriig,-es, n .
,
gedreag, d rag,-es, n . ,
gedréfan, p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
gedré fedlic,
gedrefedness,-se
,f.,
gedrebgan ,
gedriht , e , f.,
gedufan , p. d eaf pp.~dofen
,
gedwellan, p.-de ; pp.
-ed,
gedwild,-dwyld, -es, n .
,
gedwola,-an
,m.,
geefi-enian, p.-ode : pp.
-Od,
to taste, to be to one’s taste.
to turn,to retu rn .
to knead, mix.
knitted,fastened.
to become,behove.
(C
a separation , difi'
erence.
quiet,fit.to delve.
a tumult.
to bear,be modest.
a multitude.
toplunge in water, dive.
to deceive.
a heretic an error .
geeadmedan , e admet tan, p.-de
,
428 ; pp.“ ed
s'et
s
geedeueian, p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
gefagenian,-fagnian,
gefea,-an
,m.
,
to honor,pray , to humble.
to revive.
to rejoice.
j oy,favor .
gefean ,-fihan
, p .-fesh pp. fehen
,to rejoice.
gefegan , p.-de ; pp.
-ed.,
geferseipe ,-es
,m.
,
sefrfignan.
gefréfrian , p~de ; pp.
~cd,
gefremian, p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
to j oin.
to know,inquire.
tofinish, bring topass.
144 GLOSSARY.
generian, p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
genmgan, p°‘ ede i pp° e ds
genedan , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
geneohhe, genehe, genob,
genebsian ,
genéban , p.-de,
genoh, adj . ,
geny‘berian,
gebc,oes, n. ,
890805 , gut t“esf's
gebmer, -mor,
gebmormbd,
gebmrian, p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
geond, prep. ,
geond, geondan, adv.,
890 08,-an
,
°
geopeman ,
georfulness,-se
, f.,
seem.-ful.
geome,adv.
,
geornfu lness, a s, f.,
geornian , p.-de
,
geortruwian,
geotan , p. gebt ; pp. gotcn,
gerfid, -es,m.,
gerbd, adj . ,
serfidisean.
gereccan,
geregnian,
gereord,-e, f.,
gerisan , p. s its ; pp.
geryne,-es, m. ,
gerysene, adj . ,
gen og ,“ an
:m
"
gesiild,-siiled
,
toprotect, save.
to assau lt,bring to, supply.
toforce, invite.
enough.
to dare,bring under .
to humble, condemn.
a you th, the young.
grim,sad.
sad-minded.
to grieve.
beyond, through, over,
thither, beyond.
young, tender .
to open .
earnestly,fully.
to distrust, forbear.
topou r, shed.
consideration , reason .
instructed, prudent .
to reason.
to reach,occupy.
to set in order.
language, conversation ,
to rise together , be suitable to
GLOSSARY.
gesselb, -e, f.,
gesamnian ,
gesamnung, -e,f. ,
gewisnes,-se, f. ,
gesceaft,-e, f. ,
geseeapu ,-e,f.,
gos cé o, sing. indeclin.,
gescyldan,
gesene,
gesibsum,
gesiht ,-Sib
,-e,f.,
gesnfib, -sne,
gestrangian, p.-Ode ; pp.
-od,
gestunian , p.-de ; pp.
-Od,
gestyran ,
gesundfullie,
gesundfulnes,-Se
,f.,
geswiean ,
geswine,-es
,n . ,
geswu telian, p.-Ode pp.
-Od,
8087119 ,
getaenung,—e,f.,
getselan ,
gebafa,-an
,m. ,
gebafian ,
gedbebd,-as
,n .,
gebebn ,
ge‘Bing
'B,-e,f.,
geboft,
gebofta,-an
,m.,
gobbnt,-es
,m.
,
gebungen ,
gebwaer,
gebwwrian , p .-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
gebwserlice,
gebyld,—e, f. ,
gebyldgian ,-ian
,
7
145
happiness, wealth.
to assemble,u nite.
a congregation , assembly.
distinction,discretion.
creation, creatu re.
form,figure ; natu re.
a shoe.
to shield.
clearly.
p eaceable.
sight , view.
toflou rish beconie strong.
to stun,make stupid.
to rule, correct.
fu lly sound, prosperous.
sou ndness,healthin esir
, p rosperity.
to leave of ,avoid.
labor , inconvenien ce, trouble.
to declare, manifest.
visible.
a
to accuse,rep rove.
a suppor ter .
to consen t, permit.
la ngu age, speech.
tofl ou rish, grow.
a companion , client .
thought, mind.
excellen t,religious.
agreeing, accordant.
to agree, consent .
constantly, gen tly.
patience.
to bepatien t, endure.
146 GLOSSARY.
sefiyldig.
getwiifan,
geunnan,
geunrOtSian,
gewald,-weald, -e, f.
gewelgian , p.-ode ; pp.
-Od,
gewemman, p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
geweorban, impersonal,
geweorban, p.-wearb ; pp.
-wor
den,
gewifan ,
gewilnian ,
gewin,-winn
,-es
,n. ,
gefullian ,
gewitan , p.-wat ; pp.
-witen,
gewitloca,-an
,m.
,
gewrid,-wrido
,
gewrit,-se
,n.,
gewuna,-an, m. ,
gewundian ,
giddian ,
gif, conj . ,gifan , p. geaf; pp. gifen ,
gifernes, a s, f. ,
gift,-e,f.,
gifu. e . t .
gigant ,-es, m.
,
gilp,-es, m.,
silpan. p gealp ; pp.
gilpewide,-es, m.
,arrogance,
gimcynn , -es, n., tepaz,precious stone .
gin, adj . , gaping, spacious.
ginan , p. gfin, to yawn .
patient , quie t.
to divide,diver t
,foil.to give.
to be sorrowful.
power , efiicacy emp ire.
to enrich,endure.
to stain,calumniate violate.
to agree, seemfitting .
to be, become, happen .
to take a wife.to wish, expect .
labor,bat tle
,agony.
tofeast, rej oice.topass over, depart, die.
a con tain er of in telligence, the
mind.
a little heap , a place where shrubs
grow.
a writing , treatise, scrip ture.
a custom,manner, rite.
to wou nd.
to sing.
if, when , though.
to give.
greedy, desirous.
greediness, avarice.
a gift, dowry, marriage ;
plu ral, nup tials.
a gift,favor .
a gian t.
148 GLOSSARY.
grindcl,-eS, m.
,a bar , rail, hurdle.
p grbp ; pp. gripen, to gripe, ”i“
grib ,
-es,n., peace, secu rity.
grbwan , p. grebw ; pp. grbwen , to grow, spring up .
grund,-es
,m.
, ground, dep th.
grundlcas, groundless, bottomless.
grundwé la,-eu , m.
,ear th
’s wealth.
gums, -an,m.
,a man .
gab,-e
,f., war
,battle.
gubwine,-eS
,m. ,
a battlefriend, a prince.
gydd,-os
,n . ,
a song.
gyddian , to sing.
gydene,-an
, f. also, gyden,
-e,f.,a goddess.
gylden,
gt lian .
gylt,-es
,m.,
gyltend, -es, m.,
gm).es
)m"
gyman, p.-de : pp.
-cd,
gyrian, p.-ede,
gyrnian ,
sit.site.
gysterne,
habban, p. hafde; pp . hiifed, to have
,hold.
had,
-es, m., a person ,form habit, dress.
hbdor, seems, clear.
hiigl, bagel,-es
,m.
,
hugsteald, heahsteald,-es, n .
,a bachelor , virgin a
hiilan,
to conceal.
Heelend,
-eS, m.,The Healer
,The Saviour.
haleb, ms , m., a braveman .
hselu , -e,f; also, hazlo, f. , indecl. , healing, health.
hilt-fest,herfest, e s, m., harvest, Au tumn.
GLOSSARY.
he s,-e,f.,
hseste,
hat ,-es
,m.
,
haste,
-an , f. hwtu , -e, f.,
hwben,
hafela,
haetol,
-lice,adj . andadv.,
hafenian, p.
-Ode ; pp.-Od,
bill,has]
,
halga,-an, m.
,
hillgung,-e, f.,
halwende, halwendlic,
hem,-es
,m.,
hfimweard, adv.,
hand,-e,f.,
handgeseeaft
,-es, m.,
haugian,
bar,
hara,
-nu , m.,
his,
hat,
hatan , p. liet , héht ; pp. hbten,
hatan, p. hatte,
batian, p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
°
hea, heah,
heabcorb,-
ges, m.,
heaf,-es, m.
,
heafod,-dcs
,n .,
heafodburh, -
ge, f.,
heafodgemaea, -an, m. ,
heafodmmg, -es,m.
,
hcabcyning,-es
,m.
,
hebhnes,-se
,f.,
heahsetl,-se
,n .,
heah, hehbebd, -e, f.,
heahbungen,
149
a command, wages.
fu riously, hotly.
a hat ; a mitre.heat .
health-bearing.
home,house.
homeward.the hand.
formed by the hand, creature.to hang down , to hang.
a hare.
hoarse, husky.
to command, promise.
to call,be called.
to hate.
a groan , mourning.
a“
head.
head-borough,metropolis.an equal, mate,fellow.
a near relation .
the highking, GOD.
a high settle, throne.
a province.
illustrious.
the head; a mailhood.hot
,fu rious, hotly.
to elevate, grasp .
whole,sound
,safe.
a saint.
a hallowing, consecration.
150
heal,heall, -e, f.,
heallirn,-as, n . ,
healreced, -es, n. ,
heallSeg n,-es, m.
,
healdan, p. heold ; pp. healdcn,
healf, adj . ,
heals,hals
,-os
,m.
,
heap,
heap, -os,m. ,
heard,
-e, adj . and adv.,
heardmod,
heardse lig,
heard,-os, m.
,
GLOSSARY.
a hall, palace.
a
a ha ll-dwelling, house.
a hall-thaw,servant .
to hold, govern ; support.
the neck.
poor, humble, mean.
a heap , a troop .
hard, ha rdly.
a kerd.
hearcpa,-ao
,m. ; also, hearpe,
-an,m. ,
bearm,
-as,m.
,
hearpere, herpere, -os, m.,
hearpian, p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
hearpung,-e,f.,
hear t-a,
-nu,m. ,
heawan , p. heéw; pp. heawen,
bobbau, p. hOf; pp. hafen
,
hédan, p. hédde,
hefig.
hell,
-e,f. ,
belldor,-e, f.,
hellhiift,-es
,n .,
helltrega,-an, m.
,
bellware, pl. m. ,
hellwaru , -e,f. , collect. sub.
,
helm,-as
,m.
,
help,-e, f. ,
belpan, p. healp ; pp. holpen,
henlSu , - e,f. ; also, henBo, indecl. ,
heofian , p .-ode ; pp.
-od,
to harp.
a harping.
master , leader .
to how, carve, slay.
to heave,elevate.
to heed, take care of.heavy, tedious.
a concealedplace, hell ; thegrave.
hell-door .
a hell-cap tive.
hell tormen t .
inhabitants ofhell.all the inhabitants of hell as a
body, the infernalhost.something to cover with hence a
covering, veil helmet.
to help, preserve.
tomou rn .
GLOSSARY.
hladan, p. hlbd pp. hladen , to load
, heap up .
blast, a burl/ten
,freight .
hlazw,hlzlw
,-es, m., a grave, heap ,
bu r row.
hlaf, -os, m.,
hlilford, -os,m. , [blag bread one who gives bread, nourisher ,
ord, origin],hlenc, lean
,lank.
hleahtor, -os,m. ,
laughter .
hlemman , p. hlam ; pp. hlommen, tomake a noise,crash.
hlco, hleow,-es, m.
, a shade,shelter .
hlebtan, p. hleat ; pp. bloteu, to cast lots,appoin t by lot.
hleé firian , p.-ode ; pp.
~od, tomake a tumult so und p u rsu e .
hlifian , hlifigan, h'
ifigean, p.-ode ;
pp-00,
hlihan, p. hléh ; pp. hliigen,
hlisa,-an
,m. ,
hli‘B,hleoB, -es
,n .,
hlot,-es
,n.,
hlfid, -e, adj . and adm,hlu tor, hlu ttor.
hlu tornes,-se, f. ,
blyden , p.-de
,
hlyn, hlynn , -os, m.,
hnecca,-an
,m.,
hof,-es, n. ,
hogian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
hold,
hole, -an,m.
,
holm,-es, m.
,
hon , p. hcng ; pp. hangen,
h0pian , p.-ocle ; pp.
-od,
hord,-os,
‘
m.
,
hordgestreé n ,-es, n. , a treasu re laid away.
borowen, horn, -es, n ., filth, pollu tion.
hora. ! is, m.
hos? !
hrfidlice,
to arise,raise up , be conspicuous.
to laugh, deride.
fame, r umor, renown .
a covering, refuge, hill.a lot .
loud,noisy.
p u re, simple, u nmixed.
pu rity, simplicity, sincerity.
tomake a noise, chatter.
a sound, din.
the neck.
a palace, house.
tomeditate,be anxious.
faithfu l, true.a hole.
the deep sea,abyss, ocean.
to hang, crucify.
to hope, trust.
GLOSSARY.
hriidlicnes,
-se,f.,
hriigel,-les, m.,
hriifi,adj . and adv.,
bra’olice,hrcizm
,-es, m.
,
hreamig,hrcoher
,hryt er, -es, n .
,
hrebwan, p. hreaw ; pp. browen,
hreowlice,
hre éwsung,-e, f. ,
brinau, p. bthu ; pp. hrinen,
hrinc,bring,
-es,m.
,
hrbf,
-os,m.
,
hrusc,-um
,f.,
bryman , D-de.
hryre, -os, m. ,
hfi,humeta
,
hund,-os, n .
,
hundfeald,
bhud, m,
m. ,
hunger,-
gres, m.,
bunig,-os
,n . ; huni,
hunts,
-nu , m.
,
huntian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od,
hfiru ,
hfis,-os, n . ,
hfisel, hfisl, -es, n . ,
hwa,
hwwnne,
hwiir, bwar,
hwfit,
hwsate, -es, m. ,
hwiifi er,
hwiifi re,
hwanon,
hwcalf, -es,
readiness, haste.
clothing, raiment .
swift, qu ick.
quickly.
a din , clamor .
neat,cattle
,ox
, cow.
cruelly, mou rnfu lly.
repentance.
to touch, strike, bewail.
a ring, garland.
moreover,besides, but .
wha t I to I
whether,which ofthe two.
whether, yet, if:
whence.
a convexity, arch.
a
a rock, hill, ear th.
to cry ou t.
a rushing, falling, ruin .
how.
a hundred.
a hundredfold.a hound, dog.
hunger ,famine.honey.
a hunter a spider.
to hunt.
at least, yet, indeed.
a hou se,cot tage.
an ofi'
ering, sacrament.who.
when .
1 54 GLOSSARY.
hwdq
hwé ne,
hwi,hwy,
hwil,
-e,f. ; also, hwllc,
hwilum,
-on,
hwllc,
hwit,
hycgan,
hyd, -e,f.,
hydig.
hyge, hige, -es,m.
,
hygcgeomor,hyhtfull,
hyhtwyn,-ne, f. ,
hyld,-e
,f. hyldo, indecl. ,
hyngrian ,
hynfi , hynfi u , -e,f. also
,hyniSo,
indc,
byrling, -es,m.,
hymn, p .
-de ; pp.-cd
,
hyrde, hirde,-es
,m.
,
hymt’ ’ e:f"
hyrstan,hyspan, p.
-t.e,
iand, beyo nd.
idel, idle, useless.
ides,
-e, f., damsel, woman .
iegland, igland,-es
,n . ,
an island.
ifig,-es
,m.
, ivy.
ilc, the same.
il,ill
,-es
,m.
, hard skin , sole of thefoot.ingelSanc,
-
ge5 0nc,-os, m. , the mind
,in tent ion .
ingitan , to en ter.
what.
somewhat , scarcely.
why, indeed.
while,time
,sp ace.
awhile,once, now.
wha t, which.
to think.
a hide,skin 120 acres of land.
heedfu l, cau tiou s.
the mind,disposition care,
gence.
mind-sad,sorrowfu l.
hop eful, p leasan t .
j oy of hop e, pleasu re.inclination to
, favoring.
to hunger .
inj ury, insu lt.a hireling, mercenary.
to hear , obey,follow.
a keep er , shepherd.
an ornamen t .
tomu rmu r tofry, roast.to deride, slander .
156 GLOSSARY.
lagu ,-a , m. ; also, Iago,
declin . ,
lamb,
-os,n .
,
land,
-os, n .
,
landbficnd,-bfigcnd,
-os,m.
,
landfruma,
-an,m.
,
landlebd,
-os,m.
,
landscipe,- os
,m.,
lang, long,
lange, adv.,
laugian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
langob,
lar,-e,f.,
larcow,-os
,m.
,
last,adj . ,
last , least ,-se
,m.
,
late
lateow,-cs
,m. a leader .
-os, n .
,sub. and adj . , evil
,enmity, hateful.
lfibian , p.-ode ; pp.
-cd, to loathe.
lablic,
odious .
lfibllce,
lfibwende, detestable,hostile.
labian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
to invite, assemble.
leaf,-es, n .
,
Ioshter, ~tor,-tres
,m. ,
crime,sickness.
lean ,-os, n .
, a reward,wages.
leap,-es
,m.
,a basket
,ches t
,coglu ,
lcé s, false, weak.
leaslicetung,-e, f. ,
leé sung,-e, f. ,
lessungspell,-es
,n.,
leccan ,
leg,-os , n .,
‘ 99; u p grave.
lencten ,
leng, comp.,
a lake,sea.
a lamb
land, grou nd ; region.
an inhabitant,native.
ap rin ce.
inhabitan ts,natives.
landscape.
long .
long, a long time.
to lengthen , increase.
weariness .
lore,lear ning.
a teacher,master.
last .
a trace,footstep .
a lying disco urse.
to we‘
,mois ‘en .
afl ame.
a lying down bed
len t,the Sp ring.
longer , more.
leo,
-nos, m. and f. ,
GLOSSARY. 157
a lion , lioness.
leod,
-os,m. also
,leod
,-an, m. , a cou n tryman , man .
leOde.
lebdan, p. lead ; pp. loden ,
lebdcyning,-es
,m.
,
lebdhata,
-an,m.
,
lobdsceaba,
-an,m. ,
leOdscipe, -es, m. ,
Icof, sub. and adj . ,lebfian
,
le6gan, p. leag ; pp. logcn,
leé ht,
-es,n . ,
leOhtfiit,
-os,n .
,
leohtfrmm,
-an,m. ,
leOht,
lcéma,
-na,m.
,
peop le.
to sp ring, arm.
a popu lar king .
a people-hater
,a tyrant .
a destroyer of nations,the devil, a
public enemy.
a nation,regier .
beloved one, sir , friend.
to live.
to lie,deceive.
a light, candle.
a candlestick, light.
origina tor of light , GOD.
light, easy, clear.
a ray of light , fl ame.leornian
,-igan, p.
-ode pp.-od.
,to learn
,read.
leorniagcniht ,-os, m.
,
leormmg, -e,f.,
leob,
-as,n .
,
leob,his
,-os, n . ,
he,
-es,n . ,
liccetere,
lichama, -homa,
-an,m.,
lician ,-igean, p.
-ode ; pp.-Od
,
liegende feoh,
lid,
lif,
-es, n .,
lifceam,
-e,f.,
lifirea,-an
,m. ,
lihan,
-lgan ,
lifer,
-re,f. ,
lig,-es, n . also
,ligc, -os, m.,
liget,
lihte,
a learning-
you th, disciple.
learning, meditation .
a poem,song .
a limb,member
, join t.
figu re, dead body.
a dissembler .
a living body ; fl esh, a corpse.
to bepleasedwith.
lying p roperty, i. e.,all inani
matepossessions, money, goods.a ship, vessel.
life-care, anxiety.
life’s lord
,GOD.
to live.
the liver.
aflame plu . lightning.
lightning.
158 GLOSSARY.
lilie,
-ige.-an
,f.,
lim,
-es, n . ,
linen,adj . ,
listam,
libe,
lbcian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od,
lof,
-os,m
lofdaad,-e
,f.,
lofgeorn ,
lofsang, s,m.
,
lofsum,
losian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od,
lbsigan ,
luf,
-e ; also, lufe,-an
,f.,
lufian,
-igean , p.-odc ; pp.
lufwend,
lungre,
lust,
-es,m.
,
lustbazrnes,
-Se,f. ,
lustsumllc,lybban , p.
-Ode pp.-Od,
lycgan ,
lyft ,-e,f. ,
lysan , p. lyste,
lyst,-e, f. ,
lystan, p.o te ; pp.
-cd,
1st.
lytel, adv. and adj . ,lyteling,
-es,m.
,
ly'lSre
,lyber,
ma, adv.,
more,rather .
mfidm,
-es,
'
m. ,a vessel
,ornament.
milog, -es,m. also, macgs , -an
,
m. ,a man
,son .
lithe,tender , mild.
to look,belong to.
praise.
a p raiseddeed, benefit.
vain -
glorious.
a hymn ,p salm.
laudable,lovely.
to lose escap e p erish.
to befree, loose.
love,favor .
to love.
loving , amiable.
desire, will, power .
desire, delight.
p leasan t .
to live.
to lie down .
air the heavens ; a cloud.
to shine, dawn .
to loose n,r edeem.
desire, love, admiration.
to wish,choose.
little,few.
160
maneg, monig,mangere, -es
,m. ,
manian , -igan , p.-Ode ; pp.
-od,
manigfeald,manna
,-an
,m.
,
mare, adv.,
mafi elian, p.
-Ode ; pp.-od,
ma’cSm,mabum
,- es, m.
,
ma’cSmciste,
-e, f. ; also,
-an,f.,
maOmhfis,
-os,n .
,
mixbmwé la,
-an,m. ,
mearclan, p.
-Ode ; pp.-Od,
meee, -es,m.
,
méd,
-e,f.,
medeme,
medemian , p.-Odc ; pp.
-Od,
médeme,medo
,medu
,-a
,m.,
meduwerig,meldian
, p.-Ode ; pp.
-od,
melu,melo
,-es,
-wes,
-ewes, n .,
mengan ,menuise
,
menniscnes,
-se,f. ,
meolc,meoloc
,-e,f.,
mebwle,
-an,f.,
mere, -es,m. ,
meregrbt, -os, m.,
mergen , -es, m.,
metan , p. mit t ; pp. meten,metan
, p. mette pp. gemet,mete
,mette, -es, m.
,
mbbe,mobig,
metod,
-es,m. ,
micel,mycel,
mid, prep. gov. d. andacc.
,
midmost,
GLOSSARY.
many.
a merchant,manger .
to admonish, advise.
a man,vassal.
more.
to speak, discourse.
a vessel, j ewel.
a treasure-chest.
a treasu re-house.
tomark, describe.
mead, reward, benefit .moderate, little.
to moderate, temper.
worthy, ap t .
mead, metheglin .
mead-weary, drunk.
to tell,betray.
meal,flour .
to water .
human ,mortal.
incarnation.
a maid.
a mer e,lake.
a pearl.
the morning.
to mete, compare.
tomeet,find.
meat, food.
wearied.
theMeasurer, Creator , GOD.
great,much.
with,by means of, among.
midmost.
GLOSSARY.
midd,
middan, adv
middangeard, -os, m.,
midde,adj. ,
middcdiig, -es,m.,
middeweard,midl
,
midlian, p.
-ode ; pp.-Od,
miht ,'
-e, f.,
mihtig,ml]
,-e, f.,
mildeheorte,mildeheortnes, -se, f.,
mildelice,
misdted, -e, f. ,
mislie,
misserincan, p.-scranc ;
-scruncen,
misselic,-enlic
,
mistl,mistlic, dice, adj. andadv.
,
mod,
-es, n.,
mOdcearu,
-c, f. ,
modigan , p.-Ode ; pp.
-od,
mbdig, -lic,
mOdsefa, -an,m. ,
mOdmeiSende,mbder, mbdor, f. ,moncyn , -es, n .,
m6na, -an, m. ,
monab, mOnb, e s, m.,
mor, -os,m. ,
morgen, -es, m. ,
morgenlebht, -es, n .,
morgenlic,morgensteorra, -an
,m. ,
morgentid, -e,f.,
PP
161
to divide,restrain .
might,power p lu r . miracles.
a mile.
mild-heartedness.
mildly, mercifully.merey.
misdeed.
to shrink or wither away.
dissimilar .
various, variou sly.
to be high-minded.
proud, irritable.
the mind’s sense,in tellige nce.
mind-complaining.
a mother .
mankind.
themoon .
a month.
a moor, heath.
belonging to morning.
a morning star .
morning-tide.
1 62 GLOSSARY.
mundgripe, -an,m.,
munt,
-es,m. ,
munnclif,
-es, n .,
muman, p. meara mornen ,
must,mfiiS
,-es
,m.
,
mfiba, -an,m.
,
mycellic,mycelnes, -se
, f.,myltestre, -an
, f.,mynster, 438 , n.
,
myn tan, -ian,
mm:miire, “an
, ismyrre,myrb, ' 9
)fit
as, n tis, adv. ,
nabban, p. niifde,
u ses,
-an,m. ,
naced,nacod,
nfiddre,nitdre
,!a n
, f. ,niifre
,
nagel,-eles
,m. ,
naglian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
nan, (no-fan),
aiis ; also, na’
isse,-es
,111
-an,f.,
nh‘
at, (no—Hum),
naliis,nales, nallas, nals,
nalles, (ne-1- eall),nama, -nu
,m.,
must, ought
a moot, assembly.
a hand, hand’s breadth ; p roteo
a handgripe.
a mount .
monastic life.to mourn , carefor.must
,n ewwine.
themou th.
the mouth of a river,orifice.
great, noble, proud.
greatness, magnificence.a harlot.
a minster ,monastery.
a mare.
mirth.
no,not.
not to have.
a boa t, vessel.
naked.
an adder, serpent.
never .
a nail, pin .
no one.
a rock,support.
nought.
no less,not only.
not at all,not.
a name, noun.
164
niman, p. Ram; pp. numen,
niotan,
nio’é or,
nipan , p. genap,
nitau, p. nyste, (ne -j—witan),
nib,-os
,m. ,
niBer,
niiSerweard,
niwe,neowe
,
niwelicc,
niwel,neowel,
A
,
non,
-os, n.
nOntid,
-e,f.,
norlSan,
noriSmast,
m3,
nfi pa,nyd, -e
,f. ,
nyllan , p.
nym’cSe,
nyt en , niten , -es, n. ,
of, prep. gov. g. and d. ,
of'
gifan , p.-
gei1f pp.-
gifen,
oflanigan , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
ofl yst,
Ofmunan , p.-de,
ofslegennes,-se, f. ,
Ofstician , p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
GLOSSARY.
to take,hold
,in crease.
to enj oy.
lower .
to darken.
not to know.
wickedness, cu nning,
down,below.
downward, under.
new,late
, gw ag.
noon tide.
from the north.
nor thernmost.
j ust now, now then.
to be u nwilling.
excep t, u nless.
neat,cattle.
0 .
of,from, concerning.
to relinqu ish.
to draw of .
desirous of.
to remember , consider.a cutting of ,
a slaying.
to stab.
of‘
stingan , p.-stang ; pp.
-stungen, to thrust through.
Ofswelgan , p.-swealg ; pp.
-swol
gen ,
Of’oricean , pp.
-cd,
ofbrystrian , p.-ode ; pp.
-Od,
Ofbyrst,
to swallowup .
to p ress, opp ress.
to darken .
thirsty.
GLOSSARY .
Ofiit,bfet
,—eS, n .,
bfen,
-es,m.
,
bfer,
-res,m.,
Ofer, prep. gov. d. and aec. ,
165
fruit of trees or plants.
an oven,fu rnace.
bank,shore.
over,upon , beside, beyond.
Oferdrif'
an, p.
-drai pp.-drifen
,to drive ou t .
bferdrincan, p.
-dranc ; pp.-drun
cen,
Oferfiireld,
-09,m. ,
a j ou rney over .
bferfé rian, p.
-Ode,
-ede ; pp.-cd
,to carry over.
Oferflitan, p.
-fliit ; pp.-fliten , to convince
,overcome.
Oferfreosan , p.-freé s pp.
-froren, tofreeze over .
bferherian , p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
Oferhyd,-ig ; sub. and adj . ,
bferhyran , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
bfermet , -tes,m.
,
Ofermetto,Ofermicel,Ofermbd
,
bfermodgian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
bfermbdig,
to overrun with an army.
p ride,proud.
to overhear,disobey.
luxury, pride.
overmuch.
high-minded.
to be high-minded.
proud.
ofersceadian , p.-sce6d ; pp. s cea
den,
bferswibian, p.-Odc ; pp.
-od,
to overshadow.
to overcome, exceed.
OferwreOn, p.
-wreah ; pp.-wro
gen , to cover over.
bferwrihan, p.
-wreah ; pp.-wri
gen ,
ofest,
-e,f.,
Ofestum,
oleccan,
olfieeung,-c, f. ,
ombiht , ombihte, -es,m.
,
on, prep. gov. d. and acc.,
onbiie,
onbyrigan , p.-ede ; pp.
-de,
lofawn , cringe to.
flattery, fawning.
in,with
,among, on.
on the back, behind.
to taste.
onblwwan, p.-ble6w ; pp.
-blawen, to blow upon , inflate.
166 GLOSSARY.
onbredan, p.
-brad,
onbrydan ,
oncebsan ,
oncé rran, p.
-ede ; pp.-cd,
oncnfiwan, p.
-cacow ; pp. 43nd
to know, recognize.wen,
to u nbraid, lay Open .
to instigate, animate.
to choose.
to turn, tu rn from.
ondrwdan , p.-dred ; pp.
-dmden, tofear.
ongeniman,Ongeotan,
onginnan , p.-
gan ; pp.-
gunnen ,
ongitan , p.-
geitt : pp.-
giton ,
ongrislie,
ongrj‘rlic
,
onhwtan,
onhré ran,
onhrinan,
onorfan,
oninnan,
onlast,
onlicnis,s e, f. ,
onligan , p. Jab ; pp.-ligen ,
onsacan , p.-sOc ; pp.
-sacen ,
onseunian, p.
-ode ; pp.-Od,
onspannan ,
onstiilan, p.
-de ; pp.-cd,
onsymbelneS, -se,f.,
out weorh,
on tyan ,onuppan,
onwacan ,
onwea'
da,
-an,m.,
onweg,
onweorpan, p.-wearp ; pp.
pen,
onwriban ,
onwunian,
onetan, p.-te,
to take away, spoil.
topour in .
to begin , undertake.
to know, learn .
horrible.
creaking.
to heat, inflame.
to stir up , excite.
to touch.
to change.
inside, within .
to gran t.
to deny, clear one’s self.
to u nlock.
to steal on, excite.
afestival.
to u n tie,ope n.
upon , above.
to awake.
a r uler.
WOP
to throwon.
to unbind,reveal.
to inhabit.
to'
hasten .
168 GLOSSARY.
petresmearc, -e,f. ,
pinung,“ esf':
plantian, p.-ode ; pp.
-Od,
plega,-an
,m. ,
plegian , p.-ode ; pp.
-Od,
pleo, pleoh,-os, n .
,
publicanus, -i,m.,
pund,-es, n .
,
racen ta,
-an,m. ,
rhd,
-e,f. ,
riid,smd
,
mean, p. rashts ; pp. gerwht,
reed,
-es, m.,
rindleils,
raedan, p.
-de ; pp.—ed,
mden,
-ne, f. ,
rwswa,
-an,m.
,
rabe,
read, rud,
rcaf,
oes,n.
,
rehfere,-93
,m.,
realise,
-os,n . ,
ré c,relic
,-es
,m.,
recan, p. rbhte ; pp. gerbht,recan, p. rehte : pp. reaht,
reced, -se,n . ,
recels,-es
,m.
,
rocene,
regenheard,
regen, rén,-as
,m.
,
rest , t ilst ,-e, f. ,
restan, p. reste ; pp. -cd,
rest fiist,
P eter’s mark, a tonsure in the
toplay,mock.
danger.
a publican .
a poundweight a poundmoney
a chain .
travelling a road.
ready, quick.
to reach, hold ou t .
counsel ; opinion .
withou t advice,rash.
to read ; in terp ret.
law,con trol.
a chief, p rince.
a robe, garmen t ; plunder.
a robber.
reek,smoke.
to reek, care for .
to say, explain .
a dwelling , hall.
very hard.
rain .
rest,sleeping a b.
to rest,remain .
fast at rest.
GLOSSARY. 169
rébe,hréBe,
rib,
-e,f. ; also
,-os
,m.
,
rice,-es
,n .
,
rice,adj . ,
ricsian,rixian
,
ridan, p. rhd ; pp. riden
,
riht,
- es,n .,sub. and adj . ,
rihtwis,
rihtwisnes,
-se,f. ,
rinan, p. rinde
,
rinc,
-os,m. ,
ripan,
r upe, adj . ,risan
, p . ras ; pp. risen,
rbd,
-c,f. ,
rodor,
-eres,m. ,
rof,
rOmigan,rose
,-eu
,f.,
rOwan, p. reow pp. rbwen
,
rhb,
rfimmbd,
rdu,
-e, f. ,
ryuc,-es
,m. ,
a cou rse,race
,life ; a chariot.
sacerd,-os
,m.
,
Ste,-eS
,m. ,
sasbalt,
o es,m. ,
sseclif,
-os,n . ,
ssefiireld,
-es,m.
,
Siegeap,
smgenga, -an,m. ,
smlida, -an,m.
,
Siemana , -es, m.,
8
savage,fiea rib.
power a kingdom.
powerfu l, rich.
to govern .
to ride, sit , or rest upon .
right, j ustice, law,
rites,
many truth, reason.
right-wise
,r ighteou s.
righteousness reason .
torain .
a warrior .
to reap .
ripe, matu re
to rise.
rood, cross.
firmamen t, sky.
famous.
to yield.
a rose.
to row, sail.
rough, hairy.
liberal.
a letter,magical character ,
a priest ruler .
the sea.
a sea-boat .
a sea-clip:a sea-jou rney.
sea-wide.
a sea-
goer , ship .
a sailor .
a seaman .
1 70
site, 3
, f.,siid
,
seed,
-os,
saadere,-es
,m. ,
828 1,
-e,f. ; also,
-es,m.
,
saelan, p.
-de ; pp.-ed
,
'
83315,
-e,f. ,
same,
sent,
-es,m.
,
“ e? f's
sa‘,
-os,n . ,
sill,
-es,m.
,
Sam,conj . ,
samcucu , -cwic,
samod,somod
,
sanct,
-es,m. ,
sand,-es
,n .
,
sandceosol, -os,m.,
sandcorn,
-os,n . ,
sang, song,-es
,m.,
sar,
-os,n ; also,
-e,f.,
Stirlic,
saul,saw]
,-e,f. ,
sz‘
iwan, p. 836W ; pp. sfiwen ,
scale,-os
,m. ,
sceacen , p. 8060 ; pp. scacen,
sceaden , p. sceod ; pp. sceaden,
sceado,-u es
,m. also
,-e,f.,
sceatt,-e, f. ,
sceal, p . sceolde,
GLOSSARY.
war, battle.
satisfied, weary.
seed, sowing.
a sowe r
.
opportu nity, occasion.
to tie,seal
,afi ict.
happiness, wea’th.
slow,lazy.
a camp .
a saying, tradition ; testimony.
a hall,p alace.
a tie,bond.
whether,or .
half alive.
also,together .
a sa'
nt .
sand shor e.
sand gravel.
a grain of sand.
a song.
a wound, pain .
painfu l, sorrowfu l.the sou ’
to sow.
a servant, soldier .
to shake,depart .
to sep arate, distinguish.
a shadow.
a creature.
to be obliged, must.
sceamian , scamian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
sesema , scamu , -e, f. ,
sceamulic,sceanca,
-eu , m.,
to shame,be ashamed.
shame, n akedness.
the shank , leg.
sceap, scap, sceop, seep,-es
,n . ,
a sheep .
scear, secern,-e,f. , a division a sharing an estate.
1 72 GLOSSARY.
scyldig, indebted, guilty.
scyld, seeld, -es,m.
,a shield
,refuge.
soyudan , p. scynde,
scyppan, sceppan , p. sccbp ; pp.
sceapen ,
scyppend,-es, m.
,
to excite,to come together.
tomake,form,ordain .
aformer, creator .
scyrian , soerian, p.-ede pp.
-ed, to divide, allot ; to shear .
scytta,-an
,m.
,
seslm,
-es, m. ,
sealt,
-es,n .
,sub. and adj . ,
searo,
-ewes,
searonib,-es, m.
,
sécan, p. sOhte ; pp. gcsbht ,
a shooter,archer.
a psalm.
salt, salty.
equipmen t, weapon.
u nj ust strife.to seek
,approach.
soogan , seggen , siigan , p. seed
pp. sewed,
sefa,
-an,m. ,
soft,soft , -te
,adj . and adv.
,
seguian , p.-ode,
sel,
-e,f. also
,sele
,-os
,m. ,
sel,
seldcufi,
seldumhwonne,adv.
,
selian, p.
-ede ; pp.-cd
,
semninga,senat
,-es
,m.
,
sendan, p. sende ; pp. sended,
seo,
seOc,
seoce,
seofonniht, -e, f. ,
seofung,-e,f. ,
seolfer,-fres
,n .
,
seolocen ,
80611, p. seah ; pp. gesawen ,
sesse,
set], estel,-es
,n .
,
settau , p. set te ; pp . geset,
to say, teach.
thought, mind.
soft , quiet, softly.
to sign , bless.
a seat,dwelling.
good, excellen t.
seldom known,rare.
seldomwhen,seldom.
to give, bestow.
immediately, suddenly.
a sena te.
to send ; to cast.
the sea.
sick.
disease.
a seven-night , a week.
sighing, lamen tation .
silver .
silken .
to see, look on .
a seat .
a seat,bench.
to set,appoin t.
GLOSSARY. 1 73
Bib, -be,f., peace, alliance.
siba’é eling,
-08,m.,
a related thanc or nobleman .
sibluf,
-e,f.,
the love of kindred.
Sid,side
,adj and adv.,
amp le, sp aciou s,far .
side,
-an,f.,
a side.
Siemle,simble
,always .
Biftan,
sigc, -os,m. also
, Sigor,-es, m
Sigcfole,-os
,n . ,
sigehrébig,
slueleils
,
Sigcr6f,
sigelbeorht ,
Sigonde,
Sin, in comp. denoting,singal,
singallice,
sinliiwan,
s'
nc,
-es,n .
,
Sinefa t,
-cs,n .
,
S agan , p. sang ; pp. sungan ,
Sinsorh,
-
ge, f. ,sinnan , p. san ,
sit),
-os,m. ,
Bi’Bzat,
-os,111. n
Sifi ian, p.
-ode ; pp.-Od,
815 5 11 11,
Sit tan, p. sect ; pp. seten
,
Shep,-os
,m.
,
slmpan, p. slop ; pp. Slapen ,
Slaw,
Sloan, p. 31611 pp. 810 en ,
slitan, p. slat ; pp. sliten
,
sliiSheard,
smez’
m, p. smeade ; pp. smead
,
smeanung, -e,f. ; also,
-eS,m. ,
smébe,
victory, crown .
victoriousp eople.
exulting in victory.
withou t victory, triumphlcss.
triumpha nt.
sun -bright.
thirsty, soaking up .
continuance,always very.
hanging together, constan t.
con tinu ally.
partners, married persons.
a collection , treasure.
a p reciou s vessel.
to sing, p lay upon an instr ume nt.
p erp etualcare.
to think of, be mindful of.
a path, j ou rney time.
a way, j ou rney.
tojou rney, travel.afterwards, after that.to sit ; dwell.
sleep .
to s’eep .
slow, idle
to strike,slay,fight.
to slit,break through.
hard rubbed, severe.
to inqu ire, cansider .
meditation,argumen t.
smooth.
1 74
smie,
-es,m. ,
smylt,smyltnys, -se
,f. ,
snel,
snote“
,-tor
,
snfide,
snyt ro, f. , indeelin .,
801, -e,f.,
somed
son,
s,m. ,
Srinaswa,
sorb,
-
ge, f. ; also,-os
,n . ,
sorhfu ll,
sorbian, p.
-ode ; pp.-Od
,
$65,
-os,n .
,
Sb‘ lice,adv. and conj. ,
Spanan , p. Spbn ; pp. spanon,
spange,
spannan , p. Spen ; pp. spannen ,
Sparian. p.-ode ; pp.
-Od,
Sped,-e,f. ,
Spé dan , p.-de ; pp.
-ed,
Spell,-os
,n .
,
spellung,-e,f.,
Spillan , p.-de ; pp.
-cd,
Sp .nge, Sponge,-an
,f. ,
Sp'
unsa , p. Span ; pp. spunnen ,
Spraec,-e
,f. ,
Sprécau , p. spriic : pp. Spreeen ,
Springen, p. sprang ; pp. sprun
gen ,
spora,-es
,n. ; also, spurs,
stiif,
steelen,
still, -c,f.,
stalang,- e
,f.,
m.,
GLOSSARY.
smoke.
serene, gentle.
serenity, silence.
quick, cheerfu l, bold.
with speed.
p rudence, wisdom.
soil,filth.
likewise.
a sound, song.
as soon as.
soon,immedia
'
ely.
care,anxiety.
carefu l, sorrowfu l.
to carefor , grieve.
sooth, tru th.
tru ly, cer tain ly, bu t.
to allure, persuade.
a little lock,
. a clasp .
to span , clasp .
to spare.
sp eed ev. nt wealth power .
to speed, p rosper, succeed.
hist
ory sp eech tidings.
a discourse,narration .
to spill, deprive, destroy.
to spin .
a sp eech, story.
to sp eak.
to spr ing, leap ,break.
a sp u r , a hcel.
a stag”,stick ; a letter writing.
to steal.
17 6
strenc‘B,
f.,
stre l’
m,
-os,n .
,
styrian ,
styxic,
St vrinan, p.
-de,
styra,
silht,sj
'ht,
-e,f.,
sum,som
,
sumer, -os,m.
,
sunne,
-an,f.,
sunnandiig,-os, m.
,
sunu,
-a,m.
,
8681,
-es,n . ,
806,suban
,
sllberua,
Submast,swa
,adv
Swhforb,
swfi hwiir swa,
swil posh.
swa— swh,
Swile, -es,m.
,
swses,
swatan ,
swaber,
swapan , p. swoop ; pp. swipen,
swhr, swear,
swat , -es,m.
,
swfitig,
swiifi rian,
sweert , sweort,
swefan , p. swiif; pp. swefcn ,
swcfelen ,
swefen ,-es, n .
,
sweg,-es
,m.,
swegel,-es
,n .,
swegeltorht,
GLOSSARY.
s ummer .
the s un .
the su n’s day, Sunday
a son .
su'
phu r torment .
south,from the south.
sou thern .
sou thmost.
so,thu s.
sofor th.
wheresocver .
yet, n ever theless.
so— as.
smell,taste
,seasoning.
sweet ; app rop riate.
to sweat.
whether,which of the two.
to sweep , brush.
heavy.
swea t ; blood.
sweaty, bloody.
to calm.
swart, gloomy.
su lphu reou s.
a dream.
a sou nd a mu sical instrument .
air,firmament .
heavenly bright .
strength, power .
gain , treasu re power.
to stir,excite
,trouble.
a stirk, calf.
to storm,assail.
stern,strong.
disease, weakness.
some,one
GLOSSARY .
Swegelwered,-eS
,n .
,
swélan, p. swill ; pp. swolen,
swele,
swelgan , p. swealg ; pp. swolgen ,
swelgend,-es, m.
,
swellan, p. sweal ; pp. swollen
,
sweltan , p. swchlt ; pp. swolten,
swencan, p.-te ; pp.
-cd,
sweord, swurd,-os
,n . ,
sweot,
-es,m. ,
sweobrian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
sweotol,
sweotolice,
sweriati, p. s r ; pp. gesworen ,
Swot,
swé temete,
-os,m.
,
swé tenes,
-se,f.,
swican, p. swi‘
le ; pp. swieca ;
swieian, p.
-ode ; pp.-Od
,
swicdbm,~os, m.
,
swicfiol, -os, m. ,
Swift,
swile,
swilce,
swims,
-an , m. ,
swin , -os,m.
,
swinsian , p.-Ode ; pp.
-Od,
ewin ,-os
,n .
,
177
heaven ’s host or gu ard:the sun .
to burn , bu rn slowly.
such.
to swallow,swill.
what devou rs, a gulf, a glutton .
to swell.
to die,perish.
to Oppress, fatigu e.a sword.
a band, company.
to calm,subside.
manifest, open .
clearly.
to swear .
sweet, pleasan t.
sweet-meat.
sweetness,allu remen ts.
to wander , escap e deceive,
fr aud, treachery.
wood-devou rer,i. e
swift, nimble.
such, of this kind.
as it wer e, so that.
a swimming, giddiness.
a song, lay.
to sing, resound.
swine.
swincan , p. swine ; pp. swuncen,to tail.
swingan , p. swing ; pp. swungen , to swing, br andish, sco urge.
swip, sweOpu ,-e, f. also
,-an
,f.,
switS,
-e,adj . and adv .
,
Swlfilic,
swibmbd,swiBost ,
swbgan ,
swbr,
a whip , scou rge.
strong , great , much.
great, vehement .
bold in mind.
mostly.
to sound,to howlas thewind.
80 7 0.
1 78
swytcl, Mole,adj . and adv.
,
sylen ,-e, E,
sylf, self,
sylfwille,
syllan, sellan, p. sealde ;
scald,
symbol, symbl, -blcs,
symlo, simble,Syn ,
‘ ne;f':
synfull,
syngian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
synderlice,
syrce, serce,-an
,f.,
89630 ,
ts'
i,
-an , f. ,
(seen,
-os, n .,
talenizm, p.
-odo ; pp.-cd
,
tmcan, p. taehto ; pp. taeht,
welan, p. ta lde,
tesllic,
talian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od,
tam,
tawian, p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
teian , p. teode,
telga,-ou
,m.
,
tela,
téman ,tempel, -cs
,n. ,
teobhe,-ou
,f. ,
teon, p. tefih ; pp.
teona,-an
,m. ,
beouan,
GLOSSARY.
clear,manifest.
self def. the same.set -willing willing.
to give deliver up.
a meeting, feast.always, constantly.
sin .
to sin .
sep ar ately, only.
a shir t.
t .
the toe.
a token,sign.
to draw, point ou t ;
to teach command.
to tuy, draw.
to anger, slander .
blamable,wicked.
to reckon,thin/c.
tame, gentle.
to till, prepare, to beat hides to
strike,insu lt.
the ; often used in the la ter Sax
onfor se, sed, ba’
tomake, create, p roduce.
a branch,twig.
well1 rightly I good ]
to teem, generate.
a temfl e.
1 80 GLOSSARY.
sostengan , p.-stenose ; pp.
-stenct,to dissipate, sca tter .
t é fi as’é e,
to the end tha t,after that.
totwaeman, p.
-de ; pp.-od, to divide
, distinguish.
toweard,
-Ward,adj . , coming toward,fu ture.
toweorpon, p.-wearp ; pp.
-wor
pen ,
toyman, p .
-arn pp.-urnen ,
to,
tokto,-nu
,m.
,
tobte,
tor,tur
,-es
,m.,
torfian, p.
-ode ; pp.-cd,
torht,torhtlic,
torn,
-es, m.,
to’cS,
-os,m.
,
t riif,
~es,m.
,
t redan, p. t rad ; pp. t reden
,
treow,
-es,n . ,
t rebw,-o,f; treowe,
-ao , f. ,
t reowe,
trfiwian,
t rymian , p.-ede ; pp.
-ed,
tuddor,tydder,
-os,m.
,n . ,
t umbian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od
,
tfin,
-os,m. ,
n .,
tungel,-les
,m. ,
tunne,
-an,f.,
tusc, tux , twux, -os,m. ,
twelfmonfi , -es,m.
,
twoé nian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od
,
twcolice,
twconung,-e, f. , a doubt.
ll .
above,upwards from above.
higher .
upward,above.
to over throw.
to run to.
too,also.
war, con test.
descendan t .
a tower high hill.
to dart,shoot.
bright, glorious.
anger grief:a tooth.
a ten t,p avilion .
to tread,tread upon .
a tree wood ; club.
tr ust, pledge.
true,faithfu
l
to confide in .
top rep are encourage.
progeny, r ace,family.
to tumb’
e,dance.
afield, yard,farm.
a star,constellation.
a tu n,vat.
the eye-tooth
,a tu sk.
a twelve-mon th.
to doubt,hes tale.
umbor, -os,n . ,
umborwcscnde,unablinnendlice
,
u nnfi cle,
u naiSrotenlice,
unefi‘B,
unefifie,
unfmge, -lic,
unfzigcr,
unfeor,
unforbarned,
unfreme,
-an,f.,
ungearo,-
gearwe,
ungefbge,-
gef6hgc,
ungefraeglice ,
ungelol ulic,
ungelic,-lielie
,
ungemctlic, -lice,adj . and
ungcmote , adv.,
ungorinselice, adv.,
ungerydelioo, adv.,
ungesaalig,
ungesmlfi ,-o, f. ,
unstfififieg,
ungesynclic,ungesewenlic,
uniSwser, sub. and adj . ,ungewealdes,
ungowitfull,
ungliid,
ungré no,
unhfil,
u nlnyrsum,
unlsed,
unlifigonde,
unlifi e,
unma te,
GLOSSARY. 1 81
a child.
a wretched being.
u nceasingly.
ignoble.
u nccasi
u neasy, vexed.
u neasily, with difiicu lty.
u ndying, healthy.
u nfa'
r,de
formed.
notfar, near.
u nbu rned.
loss, disadvantage.
u np repared, sudden .
ineomp rehensibly.
inconceivably.
unbelieving.
u nlike,variou s.
immense, vast .
immeasu rably.
shamefully.
vehemen tly, sharp ly.
u nhappy, unfortu nate.u nhappiness, misfor tune.
inconstant .
invisible.
not open to the sight.
discordant , discord.
involu n tarily.
unw'
tty, unskilful.u nglad, sad.
n ot green , withered.
u nhale,sick.
u nhearing, disobedient .
inexcusable,wicked.
unliving, dead.
unmild, severe.
u nmeet,enormous.
1 82
unmet,
-nyt ,
unonwcndondlice,
nu rsed,wild
,-os
,m.
,
unriht,
-os,n .
,
unrihthwmed,unrihtwis
,
unrbt,
unscefiignys,-se
,f. ,
unscunian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od,
unscildigan ,
unseildig,
unsofte,
unspédig,
unstille,
unsyfer,unfianc
,-es
,m. ,
unpesw,-es
,m.,
u n tidliee,
u n tr eowa,
-an,m.
,
u ntrum,
unwficlic,
unwealt,
unwearnum,
unweorfi , -lic,
unwyrfi ,
unwurfilice,
under, prep. gov. d. and aee. ,
underbite,
underetan , p.-aet ; pp.
-eton,
anderton,
undergehyrsum,
undergitzm,
undorlfitan ,
underfi eod,
unnau , p. 116 0 ; pp. geunncn ,
upiitbé ran
,
GLOSSARY.
u seless,unsuitable.
u nchangeably.
bad counsel, imp rudence.
unawares.
unwor thy.
of little value.unwor thily.
u nder , among.
behind the back,behind.
to eat u nder, undermine.to take u nder .
obedient , submissive.to u nderstand
,know.
to bowu nder,submit.
p ut under, subj ect.to give, gran t.
to bear up .
fornication , adu ltery.
u n righteous.
numberless.
u ncheerfu l, sad.
in nocence.
not to shu n.
to clear of crime,excuse.
harmless.
u nsoftly, sever ely.
poor , barren .
u nstill,restless.
u nclean .
no thanks,ingratitude.
badmanners,abuse
, vice.
un reasonably.
want offaith, perfidy.
infirm,sick.
u nweak,strong.
1 84
wal,
-es,n .
,
waen,
-es,m.
,
wwpen, wwpn ,-nes
,n .
,
weepenbora,-nu
,m.
,
wmpend, weepned,waapenedmann, -es,m.
,
wmrloas,
wiistrn,
-es,m.
,
wastmbwre, -bé rendc,
Wa t,
wat,
-0 8,m. ; wata,
-an,m.
,
wa ter, 4 3. n .
,
wagian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
waldend,
-os,m.
,
waldend,
wana,
-nu,m. ,
wane,
wanbal,
wandian, p .
-ode ; pp .-od,
wandrian, p.
-Ode ; pp.-od,
wang, wong,-es
,m.
,
wanigean , p.-ede ; pp.
-e ] ,
warenian,
wasean, p. wOse ; pp. wascen
,
wealdan, p. woold ; pp. wealden
,
weal],wall
,-os
,m. ,
weal],
-es, n . ,
GLOSSARY.
slaughter, death.
a wain,wagon .
a weapon .
a weap onbearer , soldier .
male,masculine.
a male,man .
careless,faithless.
fruit, increase gain.
wet, moist.
wet,moistu re.
water .
to wag, shake.
a ru le r
,lord.
ruling, p owerfu l.lack
,wan t.
wan ting, imperfect.u nsound
,maimed.
tofear , blench.
’
to wander,err .
a p lain ,field.
to diminish waste.
to beware of, defend o ne’s self.
to wash.
to wield, govern , direct.
a wall,ramp art .
slaughter .
wenllan,wyllan , p. wooll ; pp.
weallen,
wealowian,
wealwian , p.-odc ; pp.
-od,
wean,-es, m.
,
weard,—os
,m. ,
weard,-o,f. ,
weerd,
weardian, p.-ode ; pp.
-od.
se am,
to sp ring up , boil,flow,to roll dry, dry up .
to roll, wallow.
a defect, misery.
a warden , gu ardian.
a guard, vigilance.
towards.
to ward, guard.
warm.
GLOSSARY.
wearn, -e, f.,
weaxan, p. weox ; pp. weaxen ,
weccan, weccean , p. weaht e,
wed, wedd,-es
,n .,
wédende,
weder,-os
,n.
,
weran, p. wiif; pp. wefen
,
weg,-es, m.,
wegan , p. wiig pp. gewogen,
wel,well, adv.
,
wela, Willa, ! an,m.
,
weles.-i.is.
well,wyl, wil, wyll,
-ee,m. ,
wen,
-ne, f. also wéna,
-an, m.,
wénan, p.
-de ; pp.-cd
,
wendan, p. wende ; pp. wended
,
weird,webdu
,
weor,
woore,were
,-os
,n .
,
weorod,wéred
,
1 85
a
to wax, grow.
to arouse,bringfort h.
a
weather,air.
to weave, contrive.
a way, road.
to bear,carry.
weal,wealth
, prosperity.
a well.
a hope, thought.
toween,think.
to wend, go, retu rn.
herb, grass a weed.
bad,miserable.
work fatigue.
sweet.
weorpan, p. wearp ; pp. worpen, to throw ; change.
weorfi , warts,
weoe ynd,-es
,m.
,
woorfian,wurBan, p. wooriS; pp.
worden ,
weorfines, -se, f. ,
weoriSscipe, -os, m. ,
wé pan , p. weep ; pp. wepen ,
wer,
-os,m. ,
warfio,-e, f. ,
to become,to happen.
honor,worship .
worship , dignity, benefit.
a man,husband.
pu nishmen t.warian
,-rigoen , p.
-odc,
-cde ; pp.
-od,
werig,
wé rig,wé rigmbd,werod, wered, -es
,n.,
to wear ; p rotect.
weary, humble.
manhood, male popu lationarmy.
1 86 GLOSSARY.
west,
the west .
westan, from the west .
westdml,
-es,m.
, westpar t, the west.
westweard, westward.
W é ste,
waste, barren ,
westen,
- es,n .
, a waste, deser t.
westm,
we’c5er
,-es
,m.,
a wether,ram.
Wic,wyc, -es
,n. , a dwelling
-
place, village a
astery camp .
wieners,-es
,m. wicnera
,-an
,m. ,
a steward, bailifi'
.
wid,wyd, wide
,famous .
widcfifi, far known , renowned.
wide,adv.
,widely, abroad, everywhere.
widferhfi , magnanimous.
widgyl, sp acious, wide, u n usual.
widgilla,
wid],
wit, —os,n .,
wiflz’
ic,
-es,n .
,
wig,-os
,n .
,
wigfruma, -nu,m.
,
Wigian,
Wi? ,
wig,-os, m.
,
wiht,wuht
,-e, f. ,
wilawei, wealfiwa,
wilcuma, -an,m.
,
wilgesi’O,
-es,m.,
wild,
wills,
-an,m. ; also, will, -os
,
willan , p. wolde,
wiln ,
wilnian, p .-Ode ; pp.
-od,
wilung,-e,f.,
win,
-es,n .,
winberie, -an,f.,
a wine-berry, grape.
filth, p ollu tion .
a woman wife.
fornication.
war , bat tle.
ap rince.
to war .
holy.
an idol,temp le.
animal, thing.
well-away I
a p leasu re-comer
,belovedguest.
a pleasant companion .
wild powerfu l.
m.,will
,mind
,u nderstanding.
to wil’
,w.
’
8lt.
a wish,desire.
to desire,hop e, covet.
will, pu rp ose, wish.
1 88 GLOSSARY.
wif , prep. gov. d. and acc.,
witSfOn,
wifihabban,
Wifiinuan,adv. ,
wipsagg
woruldnyt t,- e
, f.,
womldrice,
-os,n .
,
woruldwela,-nu
,m.
,
woruldwynn ,-e,f.,
woruldyrmfi , -e,f.,
woruldlice,
wriice,
wmcu,
-co,
-e,f.,
wrac,
-e,f. ,
wrsclice,
waits,wrfipu
,-e
, f.,
wrfis’
“ e,f.,
W rixfi ,
e’cSiis,
wrecan, p. wraac ; pp. wrocen ,
wrenco, -03, m.,
wrihan , p. wreah ; pp. wr egen ,
Bishops, Ealdormen,D ukes
,
Earls, fi ance,Abbots
,P riests
,
and sometimes Deacons. Herc
both secular and ecclesiastical
laws were made and rep ealed
and char ters ofgran ts made bythe King were ratified.
against ; by the side of towards,
with,instead of!
to take hold of.
to restrain .
to gainsay.
worldly u se.
worldly power.
worldlyp r op erty, riches.
worldly j oy.
worldly misery.
in a worldly manner.
persec ution , vengeance.
revenge, pu nishment .
vindictivep unishmen t, revenge.abroad
,from home.
something twisted, a wreath pil
lar .
wrath.
wroth,angry, ear nest.
en raged, vehemen t.
to wreak, infl ict exile.
deceit, stratagem.
to cover .
wringan , p. wrang ; pp. wrangen , to wring, press.
wrixlan, p .-0de ; pp.
-od,
wrbht,-e f.
,
e htgctom,-os
,m.
,
wuee,-an
,f. also wucu
,-e, f. ,
wudu, -a,m. ,
to change, answer .
accu sat'
on,strife.
a regu lar accusation.
a week.
woo l; forest ; a tree.
GLOSSARY. 189
wudubcllm,
-os, m.,
wudubearo,-owes, m.
,
wuduré c,
-rcac,
-os,m. ,
wuduwe, weodewe,-an
,f.,
wuldor, wulder,-ros
,m.
,
wipstandan,
wt ltan,-fiten , -11ton
,adv.
,
widfitan , prep. gov. acc. ,
wi6 erbreco, -an,m.
,
wiperweardnes,-se, f.,
wi’é erwinna,-nu , m.
,
witnian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od
,
witodlico,
witt,
wlanc, wlonc,
wlcnc,-o
,f. also
,wlence, -os,
wlitan, p. wlfit ; pp.
wlite,
-os,m. ,
n .,
wlitobeorht ,
wlitig,we, won,
t ,wb
,-
gcs, m. ,
will, -os,m.
,
wom,wam,
-os,m.
,n . ,
wonn , won , wan , wann,
wonsmli,wbp,
-os, m.
,
word,-08
,n . ,
worn, -os,n . ,
woruld,weorold
,world
wornldar,-e,f.,
woruldfruman,woruldgleng,
woruldlie, worldlike,worldly.
aforest tree.
a gr ove of wood.
wood-reek or smoke.
a widow.
glory.
towithstand,oppose.
without.
withou t ,
adversary, enemy, Satan.
opposition , enmity.
a r ival, opponen t, enemy.
topu nish, afi ict, inj ure.truly, now,
clearly, to wit.
u nderstanding.
high, proud, rich, splendid.
youthfu l pride, arrogance, pomp ,riches.
to look,behold
, see.
beauty, sp lendor ; form, person .
beau ty-bright .
fair , beau tifu l, pu re, shining.
bent, crooked, deceitful.a cu rve
, fold ; noose,snare ; er
ror , depravity an idol.
plague, disease, mischief.
a spot , stain , sin ; horror .
wan , pale, du sky.
u
a whoop ,weeping, cry, lamenta
tion .
a word, command.
a mu ltitude,band
, power.
the world.
worldly honor .
thefirst inhabitants of the world.
1 90 GLOSSARY.
wuldorfiist,
wuldorgestcald,-os
,n .,
wuldortorht,
wind, -0,f.,
wandor,
-er,
-ur,
-res, n .,
wundt ian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od,
wunian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od
,
wuriSian,
wylle, -an,f. also
,wylla,
-an
wylbu rne,-nu
,f. ,
wylspring,-os
,m.
,
wyllan, p. wolde,
willen,wylm,
-os,m.
,
Wyn , 4 18 , f’:
wynleils,
wynsum,
wyrcan , wyreean , wircan,
cean , weorcan , p. worhte ;
geworht,
wyrd,-e
,f.,
wyrdan ,
wyrhta, gcwyrhta,-an
,m
wyrian ,
wyrm,worm
,wurm
,-os
,m. ,
wyrncynn ,-os
,n.
,
wyrnan, p.-de
,
wyrt , wur t,-e , f. ,
wyrtrfima, -an,m. ,
wyriSe, weoriSe,
a gloriou s abode .
a wou nd, u lcer wounding.
a wonder .
to wonder , admire.
to dwell, remain .
towork, toform,build ; appoint .
fate, event .
to af ect byfate, to harm.
a husbandman,laborer
,artificer .
to curse.
a worm serp en t .
the worm kind.
to warn forbid, hinder.
an herb, p lan t ; a root.
herb-room,the root.
honorable,deserving.
y.
ycan, ycean, p. ycte ; pp. geyht , to eke,increase.
gdel,
yfel,-os
,n.,
vain,useless
,at leisu re.
evil, p unishmen t guilt.
n,m.
,a well
, fou ntain .
a well-spring.
afoun tain .
to will,wish.
wooden .
heat,a raging, anger.
joy, delight.
l 92 GLOSSARY.
pa, 135 pa, adv. ,then
,u n til
,while
,as.
pagyt, as yet, moreover.
par, par, her, there,where.
pfirfifter, thereafter .
barlume,
therein .
baron,
thereon , therein .
iirofer, thereover .
barto,
thereto,besides.
]>iirrihte, directly.
parse, p. ofberscan, threshed.
piis , adv.,of this,for this, sofar,
piit,adv.
,thence, only.
but , conj. , so that, because.‘
pancfull, thankful.
pancian, p.-ode ; pp.
-od, to thank.
pancolmbd, gratefu l-minded.
bancwyrfi , thankwor th, grateful.
pane, pone, -os,m. gefianc,
m
p anonne,
be.
be, conj. ,
pooh,befall be,bcarf, -e
,f.,
pcarfa,-an
,m.
,
poertou , p. borfte,pearl,pearls,bearlmbd,
wish,mind, thought.
thence, whence.
an indeclinable ar ticle,
used
for all the cases of so, especiallyin adverbial exp ressions, and in
corruptAnglo-Saxon the,that
,
those who,which
,what.
then , whether , either, or, as.
although, yet, still.
although.
necessity, want, profit.
a poor man.
to need, profit.
bold,severe.
exceedingly, strongly.
sharp-minded
,bold.
GLOSSARY . 193
bvfiw’433, m.
,a cu stom
,habit
,rite.
boccan , p. bcahte pp. gcfi onht , to tha tch, tamer .
begen , pegn , pbn , -nes,m. ,
a t tenda nt scholar ; a soldier,
haight, n obleman
pelican , p. bé hte ; pp. gefidllt , to think determin e .
pondcn , adv.,
penian , p.-ede ; pp.
-cd,
hindan ,pebd, -O
,f.,
pe tulcyning, -os,m.
,
bl'ildgcstl'
efin,
-es,n .,
bebdguma, -nu,m.
,
pebdisc, -os, n . ,a p eople, race, langu age.
be tnlscipe, -os,m.
,a commu n ity ; governmen t , man
ner of a p eop le.
pobdcn , -nes,m.
,a prin ce, king .
bent, bef, -OS
,m. ; also, bebfa,
-an,m.
,a thief, robber .
bobfmann , —os, m. ,a thief.
pebh, -0 8,n .
,the thigh.
pebn , ge‘BoOn
, p. beah ; pp. ge
‘
Oogen , to thr ive, profi t , become great.
pebstomes, -Se,f. peost ru , darkn ess.
beiltan , p. boat ; pp . boten,
to howl.
botm, beaw,-0 8
,m. also
, pe a slave by bir th, a bond-servan t
,a
own ,-an , m.
,
pebwdbm,-os, m.
,servitude, u se, worship .
bebwen, -e,f. , amaid-servan t
, female slave.
pobwian , p.-Ode pp.
-od,
to obey to ens lave.
pes, bobs, bis, pron .,
this.
pestrian , to be obscu red.
1
pic nan , p. bfih pp. begen ,pider
,
pinean , p. poht ; pp. gefi fiht
9
to ma tt e tbiu,a t tend
,over throw.
to act as a Than e,to ser ve
a na tion ; cou ntry a s a p refixit signifies great, powerfu l,very.
a grea t Icing .
a great treasu re.
a man
1 94 GLOSSARY.
hindan , p. band ; pp. punden , to swell,become soft .
binen , -e,f.,
a maul-servant midmfe.ping, binog, -es
,n.
,a thing ; gift , ofi ce rea son
,
council.
polian, p.
-ode ; pp.-od, to sufibr ,forfeit , befined.
ponne, adv.,
then,when
,since.
ponne, conj . , the refore, bu t, than , get.
pononweard, therweward.
porn,
-es,m.
,a thorn .
przistian , p.-ode ; pp. M ,
to twist,tor tu re.
brag, prah, - e, f. , space of time, opportunity.
preé t , -eS,m.
,a host
,assembly threat .
prestian , p.-ode
, pp.-0d, to u rge, threaten , chide.
preotan , p. preat ; pp. protein, to weary.
briccan , pp.-cd
,to tread on
, qop ress.
phrim, prym,-mes
,m.
, glory, gr eatness ; mass.
pringan , p. brang ; pp. gefimn
gen , to p ress to rush on .
pram,
-e,f.,
the throat .
prowian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
pmb, pryh, -e,f.,
pryswifiian ,
prywu nian , p.-ode ; pp.
-od,
Prfifiyau ,
sm ug,
pus, adv.,
pweim, p. Pwoh ; pp. bwegen ,
pweortéme, u nqu iet ,fierce.
bwyreS, pew erselg, across.
by, hi, the,with the
,tha t
, which u sed as
be, bu t more p ar ticularly in the
(lat . or instrume ntal case.
by 138 , lest .
py, conj . , because,ther efore.
prymfu ll,
phrymme , adv .
,strongly, br avely.
bfife, -es,m.
,a spr ou t, branch standard.
a chest,coflin sepulchre.
to p re vail, excel.
to con tinue, persevere.
to dig or pierce through.
thirsty, greedy.
thu s
