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© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Breaking Through, 8/e
by Brenda Smith
Chapter 3: Vocabulary
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Some Vocabulary Facts
You use about 20% of the words you know. In high school you recognize about 50,000
words and use only 10,000 of them. In college you recognize around 70,000 words
and use about 15,000 of them. You will learn about 20,000 new words in
college, many from specific disciplines.
1 MILLION WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE!
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Remembering New Words
AssociationConcept CardsDictionaryPractice!
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Unlocking the Meaning of New Words
Use context clues. Use knowledge of word parts. Use the glossary of your textbook. Use the dictionary. Use a thesaurus.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Types of Context Clues Definition clues Elaborating details Elaborating examples Comparison clues Contrast clues
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Definition
Example:
The explorers landed in an alien environment, a place both foreign and strange to their beloved homeland.
Explanation:The definition is set off by a comma. Alien means strange or foreign.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Elaborating Details
Example:
The natives were hostile when the settlers approached their village. They lined up across the road and drew their weapons. The settlers were afraid to go farther.
Explanation:
As described in these sentences, hostile means unfriendly.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Elaborating Examples
Example:
The bird’s appetite is voracious. In one day he ate enough worms to equal three times his body weight.
Explanation:
Because the bird ate an extraordinary amount, voracious means extremely hungry or greedy.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Comparison
Example:The smell of the flower was as compelling as a magnet’s pull on a paper clip.
Explanation:Since a magnet will pull a paper clip to it, the comparison suggests that the smell of the flower had an attraction. Compelling means forceful.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Contrast
Example:In America she is an eminent journalist, even though she is virtually unknown in England.
Explanation:Even though are signal words indicating the opposite. Thus eminent means the opposite of unknown; it means well-known or famous.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Multiple Meanings of a Word
Sally cannot bear to be in the house alone at night. The bear approaches our campsite.
Mr. Robinson served on the board of directors for the school. Put the extra board in the truck.
The owners suspected a dead animal was the cause of the foul odor. The batter hit a foul ball with three runners on base.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Word Parts
RootsPrefixesSuffixes
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Using the Dictionary
Guide Words Pronunciation Spelling Word Meaning Parts of Speech Word History
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Word Origins - Etymology
Moccasin comes from the Algonquin Indian word for “shoe.”
Shampoo comes from the Hindi word meaning “to press.”
We study etymology to make it easier to remember the word.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Textbook Glossary
Specialized vocabulary is often found in the glossary of a textbook.
Example from biology: continental drift, cranium, cosmopolitan species.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Thesaurus
A thesaurus is a book with a list of synonyms for a word.
Example: verb “cause” – originate, give rise to, bring about, produce, create, evoke
Check your word- processing program on your computer to see if they have a built-in thesaurus.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Analogies
An analogy is a comparison that mimics a previously stated relationship.
Example: Mosquito is to insect as gasoline is to fuel. Walking is to running as cool is to frozen.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Analogies
Example:
Apple is to fruit as potato is to _______. Explanation:
Since an apple is a member of the fruit group, the relationship is one part to a larger whole. Solve the analogy by establishing a similar relationship for potato. A potato is a vegetable just as an apple is a fruit.
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Categories of Relationships for Analogies
Synonyms Antonyms Function, use or purpose Classification Characteristics and descriptions Degree or variation of intensity Part to whole Cause and effect
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Easily Confused Words
principle - rule
principal – person
stationary – fixed position
stationery - paper
Memorize & associate to keep these words straight.
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Enriching Your Vocabulary
Use the Internet. Get news from Web sites and forums. Read a lot!
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Summary Points
How many words does the average college student recognize?
How do context clues assist in unlocking word meaning?
What should you include on a concept card?
How can you recognize new words by linking parts of old words?
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Summary Points
How should you use a dictionary while reading?
Why use a glossary? Why would you need a thesaurus? What is the key to solving an analogy?
© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers.
Visit the Companion Website
http://www.ablongman.com/smith
