ÈÀÅÉ 3

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

1\1\ nthvbyb @cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf# gbhdtkfl b[vfhf ]\rfhbv (H.C.Currie) 1952

otkc\ tc nthvbyb rfhuf [fyc fqbmvt,jlf ytjkjubpvfl= vfuhfv sfylfsfy

tyj,hbdb rdktdbc tc vbvfhsekt,f .fkbfy ufydbsfhlf lf nthvbybw lfvrblhlf\

1969 otkc hjvib xfnfht,ek cjwbjkbyudbcnt,bc rjyuhtcpt l\]\]fbvcvf

(D.H.Hymes) tc vbvfhsekt,f lff[fcbfsf hjujhw tybc vbpyj,hbdb vjltkbcf lf

tlefhl ctgbhbc rjywtawbbc ithoyvf\

pjuflfl= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf itbcofdkbc vbvfhst,fc tyfcf lf cfpjufljt,fc

ijhbc+ fvfcsfy= tyfwf lf cfpjufljt,fw ufyb[bkt,f= hjujhw cnhemneht,b\

cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc fvjwfyff uffhrdbjc= se hjujhbf ehsbthsvbvfhst,f tyj,hbd

cbcntvfcf lf cjwbfkeh cnhemnehfc ijhbc\ fv cbcntvt,c ijhbc itb.kt,f

rfepfkehb vbvfhst,t,bc fqvjxtyfw\

1\2\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc .bhbsfl lf cfyhlty lt,ekt,fl itb.kt,f xfbsdfkjc

bc= hjv tybc sdbsufydbsfht,f v[jkjl vjxdtyt,bsbf\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc ths-

ths evsfdhtc fvjwfyfc ofhvjflutyc bvbc xdtyt,f= hjv dfhbfynekj,f -

cfvtnydtkj xdtdt,bc vhfdfkathjdyt,f - sfdbceafkb rb fh fhbc= fhfvtl

ufhrdtekfl erfdibhlt,f cbcntveh cjwbfkeh ufyc[dfdt,t,c\ tyj,hbdb

ufyc[dfdt,ekj,f= vhfdfkudfhj,f fhbc cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc itcofdkbc .bhbsflb

j,btmnb\

ÈÀÅÉ ***

2

fvltyfl= ** cfereybc kbyudbcnbrbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf tybc cjwbfkeh

vjdktyfl ufy[bkdf\ f\vtbt= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc ths-thsb lfvae.yt,tkb= sdkblf=

hjv tyf hjujhw vjdktyf itb.kt,f ufdbujs v[jkjl vbcb cjwbfkehb ,eyt,bc

ufsdfkbcobyt,bs\

1\3\ f\vtbtv fxdtyf= hjv cbnydt,bc vybidytkj,bc wdkbc vbptpc ofhvjflutyc

fhf rjyntmcnbc ibyfufyb wdkf= fhf acbmjkjubehb ghjwtct,b= fhfvtl

cjwbfkehb afmnjht,b - cbnydbs fqybiyekb htfkbt,bc wdkf= cbnydbc [vfht,bc

bcnjhbekb gbhj,t,bc wdkf= cbnydbc [vfht,f cfpjufljt,bc afhsj fy dbohj

ohtt,ib lf c[df\ cbnydbc vybidytkj,f erfdibhlt,f wbdbkbpfwbbc ufydbsfht,fc=

byntktmnefkeh ghjuhtcc+ ktmcbrjybc itvflutykj,bc wdkfc= uhfvfnbrekb

ajhvt,bcf lf rfntujhbt,bc ufhlfmvyfc lf c[df\

tybc ufydbsfht,fpt ufdktyfc f[ltyc bctsb afmnjht,b= hjujhbw fhbc

gjkbnbrehb cfpqdht,bc lflutyf= nthbnjhbekb lf htkbubehb ufthsbfyt,f lf

f\i\ fqcfybiyfdbf= hjv cjwbfkeh ghjwtcsf ufdktyf c[dflfc[df tyj,hbd

ljytt,pt c[dflfc[dff\ ydtkfpt firfhfl tc ufdktyf fbcf[t,f ktmcbrfpt=

hjvtkbw eiefkjl fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb htfkbt,bc fqybidyfcsfy=

bltjkjubfcsfy lf c[d\

1\4\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf bvltyfl vybidytkjdfyb vbvlbyfhtj,ff lf vbcb

vbqotdt,b bvltyfl lblbf= hjv cjwbfkehb kbyudbcnbrf tybc itcf[t, vtwybtht,bc

ths-thsb lbl itvflutytk yfobkfl ufyb[bkt,f cnhemnehek kbyudbnbrfcsfy

thsfl\

hjujhw dbwbs= cnhemnehekb kbyudbcnbrf ufyb[bkfdc tybc ibyfufy

cnhemnehfcf lf cbcntvfc= cjwbfkehb kbyudbcnbrf rb cofdkj,c tybc fhct,j,bc

ajhvt,c cjwbfkeh ufhtvjib= vbc rfdibht,c cjwbfkeh ghjwtct,sfy= ufdktyt,c=

hjvkt,bw cjwbfkeh afmnjht,c fmds tyfpt\

@iblf# lf @ufht# kbyudbcnbrfc ijhbc fynbyjvbbc lflutybs a\cjcbehvf

lfcf,fvb vbcwf tybc fv jhb fcgtmnbc vrdtsh ufvb/dyfc thsvfytsbcfufy\

cnhemnehekb lf cjwbfkehb kbyudbnbrf itbcofdkbc thscf lf bvfdt j,btmnc

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

3

- tyfc= vfuhfv sdbsjtekc fmdc fv cfuybcflvb vblujvbc= ghj,ktvt,bc lfcf[dbcf lf

itcofdkbc vtsjlbc cgtwbabrf\ cnhemnehekb kbyudbcnbrf sfdbcb fhcbs

fqothbsb vtwybtht,ff= [jkj cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf - yjhvfnbekb\

2\1\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf itbcofdkbc vtnydtkt,fc= vbc sfdbceafk dfhbfynt,c=

hjvkt,bw erfdibhlt,f c[dflfc[df ufyc[dfdt,t,c cfpjufljt,fib\

tyj,hbdb ufyc[dfdt,t,b itbcofdkt,f tsyjuhfabekb vjyfwtvt,bc ajypt=

cjwbfkehb ufyc[dfdt,t,bc ajypt\ tybc lbfktmnb tybc v[jkjl utjuhfabek

lbfktmnc rb fh ofhvjflutyc= fhfvtl cjwbfkehb ufyc[dfdt,t,bc lf c[dflfc[df

cfpjufljt,hbdb .fkt,bc ptvjmvtlt,bs bmvyt,f\

2\2\ cjwbfkehb lbfktmnjkjubbc itcofdkf ufycfresht,ek yehflqt,fc

bodtdc\ itbcofdkt,f vbvfhst,f @tyf-cfpjufljt,f#= tybc c[dflfc[df rjyrhtnekb

vf[fcbfst,kt,b cjwbfkeh rjyntmcnsfy lfrfdibht,bs= tybc cjwbfkehb

aeymwbt,b lf f\i\

fvltyfl nthvbyt,b - lbfktmnb= tybc dfhbfynb= tybc cnbkb= dth

ufybcfpqdht,f v[jkjl tyj,hbdb afmnjht,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs - fewbkt,tkbf

cjwbfkehb lf reknehekb ufhtvjc ufyc[dfdt,t,bc vbqt,f v[tldtkj,fib\

vwlfhbf bc lt,ekt,f= hjv ite.kt,tkbf cbhsekbc vb[tldbs thsvfytsbcfufy

ufydfc[dfdjs njvj,hbdb tyt,b lf wbdbkbpt,ek cfmfkfmj cfpjufljt,fsf tyt,b\

fv tyt,c htfkehfl ufvjfhxtdc bc= hjv sfyfvtlhjdt mfkfmbc tyfib fhct,j,c

ltrjlbht,ekb= cnfylfhnekb fye kbnthfnehekb tyt,b= hjvkt,bw

ufyc[dfdlt,f yjdtklqbehb xdtekt,hbdb vtnydtkt,bcfufy\ kbnthfnehekb lf

yjdtklqbehb vtnydtkt,bc lfgbhbcgbht,bc fhct,j,f fhbc cojhtl cfmfkfmj

reknehbc vsfdfhb tyj,hbdb vf[fcbfst,tkb\

2\3\ bctsb cjwbjkbyudbcnehb ufvjrdktdt,b= hjvkt,bw vsfdfh fmwtync sdbs

tyfpt frtst,ty= fhbc cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc kbyudbcnehb vbvfhsekt,f (/\ufvgthw –

J.Gumperz) - fm ofhvjflutyty eahj rjyrhtnek ufvjrdktdt,c (W.Labov)=

cflfw ufy[bkekbf [jkvt vtnydtkt,bc cjwbfkehb dfhbfynt,bc fvcf[dtkb

afmnbehb vfcfkf\ tyj,hbdb wdkbkt,t,b eylf ufyb[bkt,jltc tybc ibyfufyb

ÈÀÅÉ ***

4

cnhemnehbc lf ufht cjwbjkbyudbcnehb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc ehsbths vbvfhst,fsf

itltufl\

2\4\ /\ufvgthwb ufyfhxtdc tyj,hbdb dfhbfynekj,bc jh cf[tc| f\ lbfktmnehb

dfhbfynt,b= hjvkt,bw cjwbfkeh fy nthbnjhbek /ueat,c ijhbc bxtyc sfdc+ ,\

@iblf gbhjdyekb# dfhbfynt,b= hjvkt,bw ufgbhj,t,ekbf cfrjveybrfwbj

cbnefwbbs\ rth.jl= tc bc itvs[dtdff= hjltcfw thsb lf bubdt vjkfgfhfrt

lbfktmnehb yjhvt,blfy uflflbc yjdtklqbeh cfcfe,hj yjhvt,pt\ vjwtvek

tyj,hbd cfpjufljt,fib fctsb vjkfgfhfrt fhbc c[dflfc[df cjwbfkehb lf

aeymwbjyfkehb cfkfgfhfrj cnbkt,bc vfnfht,tkb\ cfvtnydtkj ehsbthsj,bc

fctsb cjwbfkehb lbathtywbfwbf .fkbfy vybidytkjdfybf lf vfc c[df vtwybtht,bw

vbvfhsfdlyty\

3\1\ vybidytkjdfybf cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc bc vbvfhsekt,f= hjvtkcfw eojlt,ty

tsyjuhfabekc (l\]fbvcb)\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc fv vbvfhsekt,bc stjhbbcf lf

ghfmnbrbcfsdbc .bhbsflbf jhb hfv| f\ tybc afhlj,bsb ,eyt,bc uffpht,f lf ,\

wlf bvbcf= hjv kbyudbcnbrfib xfvj'fkb,ltc f[fkb vbvfhsekt,f - tybc

tsyjuhfabf\

3\1\1\ tybc afhlj,bsj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs l\]fbvcbcfsdbc gbhdtkflbf reknehf=

hjvtkbw ufyfgbhj,t,c tybc [vfht,bc nbgt,c\ lbfktmnbc= tybcf se cnbkbc

lf[fcbfst,bcfc fh itb.kt,f itvjdbafhukjs ,eyt,hbdb cfrjveybrfwbj

cfiefkt,t,bcf lf tybc ajhvfkehb ybiyt,bc fqothbs\ fewbkt,tkbf cjwbj-

reknehekb afmnjhbc ufsdfkbcobyt,f= hjvtkbw tybc [vfht,bc nbgcf lf

vjltkt,c ufycfpqdhfdc= fuhtsdt lff[fcbfst,c tybc itvtwyt,bs lf tvjwbeh

qbht,ekt,fc cjwbfkehb sdfkcfphbcbs\ fvltyfl= eylf itbmvyfc vtnydtkt,bc

tsyjuhfabf - tybc ajhvfkeh-uhfvfnbrek fqothfcf lf reknehbc

tsyjuhfabek fqothfc ijhbc ufhlfvfdfkb hujkb\

3\1\2\ l\]fbvcb sdkbc= hjv uhfvfnbrf kbyudbcnehfl fhbc ltnthvbybht,ekb=

[jkj vtnydtkt,bc thsyjuhfabf - afhlj,bsbf\ kbyudbcnehb tsyjuhfabf

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

5

itbcofdkbc cfvtnydtkj cbnefwbt,c= vtnydtkt,bc aeymwbt,cf lf vjltkt,c –

hbsfw ufybcfpqdht,f vtnydtkt,bc tsyjuhfabekb rjyntmcnb\

fv rjyntmcnbc itcofdkf uekbc[vj,c cfvtnydtkj fmnbc= vtnydtkt,bc

aeymwbbc= tybc hjkbc lf[fcbfst,fc= hfw= w[flbf= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbcfsdbc vtnfl

vybidytkjdfybf\

4\1\ vtnydtkt,bc itcofdkbc lhjc fqbybiyt,f js[b cf[bc cbhsekt\

4\1\1\ fhfcojhb vtnydtkt,f\ sbsmjc cfyjdtksfjl wyj,bkbf= hjv

vtnydtkt,bc lhjc dth [th[lt,f tyj,hbdb rjvgtntywbbc chekyjabkb

ufy[jhwbtkt,f\ fvbnjv bsdkt,f= hjv vtnydtkt,f cfdctf itwljvt,bs –

obyflflt,t,b fhfcojhfl fhbc ufajhvt,ekb\ vfuhfv cnfnbcnbrehvf

ufvjrdktdfv (d\kf,jd) w[fl'j= hjv obyflflt,t,bc 75% ydtkf sdfkcfphbcbs

cojhfl fhbc fut,ekb\ se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s tkbaccf lf itvjrkt,bc c[df

otct,c= afkccnfhnt,c= itxtht,fcf lf c[df lf,hrjkt,t,c= vfiby vrfwhfl vwlfh

ufvjyfsmdfvsf hfjltyj,f obyflflt,fsf 2%-cfw rb fh itflutyc\

4\1\2\ vtnydtkt,bc fhfthsudfhjdyt,f\ dfhbfynt,b vtnydtkt,fcf lf

cfvtnydtkj rjktmnbdib\ fhct,j,c vtnydtkt,bc ajytnbrehb= cbynfmcehb lf

vjhajkjubehb dfhbfynt,b (vfu\= ofvbrbs[fdc - ofvbrbs[bf+ vbyf[fdc - vbyf[bf+

dktd - dcdfv lf fvudfhb)\

dfhbfynt,c eylf vjt.t,yjc itcf,fvbcb flubkb tyj,hbd cnhemnehfib\ fm jhb

itcf.kt,kj,ff| f\ dfhbfynt,b ufytresdyt,f c[dflfc[df cbcntvt,c fye c[dflf[cdf

lbfktmnt,c= lf vfsb vjyfwdktj,f ybiyfdc rjlt,bc @uflfhsdfc#\ ,\ dfhbfynt,b

sfdbceakfl vjyfwdktj,ty lf vfs ijhbc fhxtdfyb tyj,hbdb cnhemnehbc

ljytpt eahj lf,kff ofhvjlutybkb\

vtnydtkt,bc fhfthsudfhjdyt,f .bhbsflb tyj,hbd afmnjht,bc vjmvtlt,bc

,eyt,hbd lf yjhvfkeh itltuc ofhvjflutyc\ vtnbw= d\kf,jdb sdkbc= hjv

cnbkbcnehb vf[fcbfst,kt,bcf lf cfrjveybrfwbj cbcntvbc vhfdfkathjdfyb lf

]tnthjutyekb [fcbfsbc ufhtit lfbhqdtjlf tyj,hbdb jhufybpvbc ,eyt,hbdb

ÈÀÅÉ ***

6

cbwjw[kt\ fvltyfl= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf brdktdc iblf dfhbfynekj,fc

cfvtnydtkj rjktmnbdib\

dfhbfynt,bc fhct,j,bc vjltkb cfrvfjl ufvzdbhdfktf lf fh vjbs[jdc

fcj,bs byajhvfynbc vtnydtkt,bc xfothfcf lf cnfnbcnbreh fyfkbpc\

dfhbfynekb vtnydtkt,bc .bhbsflb vjltkt,bc ufvjcfdktyfl cfrvfhbcbf rfhufl

fvjhxtekb 25 wlbc gbhb\ fv lhjc w[flfl xfyc c[dflfc[df cjwbfkehb atybc

vtnydtkt,bcfsdbc ufhrdtek lfvf[fcbfst,tk ybifysf vfqfkb [fhbc[bc

htuekfhj,f\

4\1\3\ vtnydtkt,bc cvtybsb fqmvbc cbhsektt,b lf vfsb xfothf\ tyj,hbd

cbuyfkt,c sfy f[kfdc zfh,b thstekt,bc lblb hfjltyj,f= hjvkt,bw

vfbywlfvfbyw fh vjmvtlt,c itnyj,byt,bc fqmvfpt\ vfuhfv kbudbcnbcfsdbc

vybidytkjdfybf tyj,hbd vjyfwtvsf pecnb fqyec[df\ fvltyfl cfertstcj itltuc

b.ktdf kf,jhfnjhbekb xfyfothb= sevwf vtnydtkt,f fv gbhj,t,ib lfzbvekb

lf jabwbfkehb [lt,f\

4\1\4\ bidbfsb cbynfmcehb ajhvt,b\ tybc cfvtnydtkj ajhvt,bc qhvf

fyfkbpbcfsdbc fewbkt,tkb [lt,f byajhvfynbcfufy ufdbujs bidbfsb

vjhajkjubehb se cbynfmcehb ajhvt,b\ bidbfsb cbynfmcehb ajhvt,bc

itcofdkbc lhjc vjyfwtvsf cfiefkj pjvbc rjhgecb firfhfl fh fhbc cfrvfhbcb+

bidbfsb dfhbfynekb ajhvt,bc ufvjcfdktyfl kbyudbcnvf byajhvfynsfy cfe,hbc

lhjc eylf vjf[th[jc lf vfc cfzbhj ajhvf fsmvtdbyjc bct= hjv sdbsjy fh

b[vfhjc bub\ tc kbyudbcnbcfufy cfrvfj ufvjwlbkt,fc vjbs[jdc\

5\1\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc fvjwfyt,bc lfpecnt,bc vbpybs fqothty fv lfhubc

gfhfvtnht,c\ rdkfd [fpufcvbs fqbybit,f tyj,hbdb dfhbfynekj,bc

ufgbhj,t,ekj,f= fye bv cjwbfkehb afmnjht,bc vjmvtlt,f= hjvtksfw cfreshbd

tyj,hbdb ufyc[dfdt,t,b tsfyflt,f\ fv afmnjht,blfy .bhbsflbf| vjkfgfhfrt

(sender - ufvupfdyb)= vcvtytkb (receiver - vbvqt,b) lf ufhtvj= dbsfht,f (setting)\

tc afmnjht,b ofhvjflutyc cjwbjkbyudbcneh vf[fcbfst,kt,c= fye bcts

wdkflt,c= hjvtk,bw ufycfpqdhfdty cjwbfkeh rjyntmcnc\ vfs pju/th

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

7

eojlt,ty bylbrfnjht,c+ bcbyb vtn-yfrkt,fl thsyfbhfl ufvjdkbylt,f ydtkf

bylbdblevbcfsdbc yt,bcvbth rjyntmcnib\

cjwbfkehb rjyntmcnt,b itb.kt,f lfkfultc ufhrdtekb bthfhmbbc cf[bs

cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb= fcfrj,hbdb /ueat,bc vb[tldbs\ vfiby dfv,j,s= hjv

bylbrfnjht,b cnhfnbabwbht,ekbf\

5\2\ mdtvjs ufydb[bkfds cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc idbl gfhfvtnhc\

5\2\1\ vjkfgfhfrbc (sender) cjwbfekehb vf[fcbfst,kt,b ydtkfpt rfhufl xfyc

@rkfcj,hbd lbfktmnt,ib#= hjltcfw ufyc[dfdt,f vtn'dtkt,fib ittcf,fvt,f

ufyc[dfdt,fc cjwbfkeh atyt,ib\ fctsbf= vfufkbsfl= rfcnehb lbfktmnt,b

byljtsib\ fctsbdtf ufyc[dfdt,t,b @vfvfrfwbcf# fy @mfkbc# vtnydtkt,fc ijhbc

pju tyfib\

5\2\2\ vcvtytkbc (receiver) cjwbfkehb vlujvfhtj,f vfiby [lt,f firfhf=

hjltcfw cnfnecbs eahj vfqfkb gbhbcflvb vbvfhsdbc lhjc b[vfht,f

ufyc[dfdt,ekb ktmcbrf= hjujhw tc [lt,f pjub fqvjcfdkehb lf jrtfybbc tyt,bc

itvs[dtdfib (mfhsekibw udfmdc| vj,h.fylbs= lf,h.fylbs= ,h.fyts= brflhts)\

fctsbdtf t\o\ @cf,fdidj# vtnydtkt,f - tyf= hjvkbsfw vbvfhsfdty

,fdidt,c\ cfbynthtcjf t\ctgbhbc vfufkbst,b uenrf tyblfy - fm c[dflfc[df cnbkc

bytyt,ty= hjwf tcfe,ht,bfy repbfy= wfksdfkf= /e/f fy lfewdtstk vfvfrfwt,c\

fctsb ufycfresht,ekb cnbkb vfibyfw fhbc ityfhxeyt,ekb= hjltcfw fcts

vfvfrfwt,pt cfe,h,ty (t\b\ hjltcfw bcbyb fh fhbfy vcvtytkt,b)\

5\2\3\ rjveybrfwbbc lhjc ufhtvj (dbsfht,f) lf[fcbfslt,f fuhtsdt ydtkf bv

gjntywbehfl htktdfynehb vf[fcbfst,tkbs= hjvkt,bw fh t[t,f sdbs

vjkfgfhfrtcf fy vcvtytkc\ vfufkbsfk= fgfxt,b ufvjbytyt,ty ufycfresht,ek tyfc

cfv[tlhj dbsfht,fib\ fctsbdt ufyc[dfdt,t,bf fhfjabwbfkeh lf jabwbfkeh

cnbkt,c ijhbc\

bv itvs[dtdt,ib= hjltcfw c[dflfc[df cnbkb ufyc[dfdlt,f thsvfytsbcfufy

ajhvbsf lf aeymwbbs= dfv,j,s= hjv cfmvt udfmdc lbukjcbfcsfy\ cojhtl fctsb

dbsfht,ff f[kf fhf,ekb tybc mdtyyt,ib= cf,th.ytsib= idtbwfhbbc uthvfyek

ÈÀÅÉ ***

8

yfobkib - iby lf jabcib cfkfgfhfrj cnbkt,b vrdtshfl ufyc[dfdlt,f

thsvfytsbcfufy\

ptvjs ufy[bkekb gfhfvtnht,b thsvfytsc uflfrdtsty lf ufycfpqdhfdty

cjwbjkbyudbcnehb mwtdbc nbgt,c\ vfufkbsfl= t\o\ @vfvfrfwbcf# lf @mfkbc#

vtnydtkt,f bylbtksf pju njvib bsdfkbcobyt,c hjujhw vjkfgfhfrtc= bct

vcvtytkc\ @vfvfrfwbc# vtnydtkt,f ufvjbytyt,f bv itvs[dtdfib= hjltcfw vfvfrfwbf

fy vjkfgfhfrt fy vcvtytkb+ @mfkbc# vtnydtkt,fc rb bytyt,ty bv itvs[dtdfib=

hjltcfw vjkfgfhfrtw lf vcvtytkbw mfkbf (t\ctgbhb)\

5\2\4\ cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf ufyfhxtdc rdktdbc cbymhjyek lf lbfmhjybek

fcgtmnt,c\ itb.kt,f= vfu\= vj[ltc byljtsbc rfcneh lbfktmnsf ufyc[dfdt,t,bcf

lf aeymwbt,bc itcofdkf= dsmdfs= sfyfvtlhjdt tnfgpt= fy vjb.t,yjc bcnjhbekb

cfae.dkt,b fcts lbfktmnt,ib ufyc[dfdt,t,bc fhct,j,bcfsdbc\

5\2\5\ t\o\ @[fk[ehb kbyudbcnbrf# bvbc itcofdkff= se hfc abmhj,ty

flfvbfyt,b sfdbcb lf c[dbcb tyj,hbdb mwtdbc itcf[t, thsbc v[hbd= [jkj vtjhtc

v[hbd itbcofdkt,f bc= se hjujh ufvjbytyt,ty bcbyb tyfc (H.M.Hoenigswald)\

@[fk[ehb kbyudbcnbrbc# vjyfwtvt,b efqhtcfl cfbynthtcjf

cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbcfsdbc\

fctsb @[fk[ehb bynthghtnfwbt,bc# lhjc .kbth [ibhfl [lt,f thsvfytsib

@vfqfkb$lf,fkb# vtnydtkt,bc jhb vybidytkj,bc thsvfytsib fqhtdf| thsbf

jabwbfkehb$fhfjabwbfkehb vtn'dtkt,f= [jkj vtjhtf vjkfgfhfrbc fvf se bv

cjwbfkehb cnfnecbc itltufl vbqt,ekb @vfqfkb$lf,fkb# vtnydtkt,f\

vrdktdfhc yjdtksdbc eylf f[cjdltc [fk[ehb sdfkcfphbcbc qbht,ekt,f

cjwbjkbyudbcnehb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc itcfveifdt,kfl= vfuhfv eylf a[bpkfl

byjc= hjv fh vj[ltc c[dflfc[df wyt,t,bc fqhtdf vcufdc itvs[dtdt,ib\

5\2\6\ vhfdfkathjdyt,bc vfcinf,b\ tc gfhfvtnhb t[t,f thsb lf bvfdt

cfpjufljt,bcf fy thbc yfobkt,c ijhbc= fylf c[dflfc[df cfpjufljt,t,cf lf

c[dflfc[df tht,c ijhbc cfvtnydtkj ufyc[dfdt,t,c\

fm ofhvjlutybkbf cfvb cfrkfcbabrfwbj nbgb|

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

9

1\ veknblbfktmnehb nbgb\ fv itvs[dtdfib itbcofdkt,f tybc cjwbfkehfl

itgbhj,t,ekb dfhbfynt,b thsb tybcf lf thsb thbc afhukt,ib\ fctsbf=

vfufkbsfl= vfqfkb atybcf lf c[dflfc[df cfiefkj atybc vtnydtkt,fsf ijhbc

ufyc[dfdt,f lbl ,hbnfytsib+ fy jabwbfkeh lf fhfjabwbfkeh vtnydtkt,fc

ijhbc ufyc[dfdt,f nfvbkbc tyfib (cfv[hts byljtsb)\

2\ vtjht cfrkfcbabrfwbj nbgbf veknbtyj,hbdb nbgb\ tc bc itvs[dtdt,bf=

hjltcfw thsb cfpjufljt,bcf fy thsb cf[tkvobajc ibuybs c[dflfc[df tyt,b

aeymwbj,c\ tc [lt,f vhfdfkthjdfy mdtyyt,ib= hjujhbwff ,tkubf= ufyf= byljtsb=

rfyflf lf c[df\

3 vtcfvt cfrkfcbabrfwbj nbgbf veknbcjwbfkehb nbgb\ tc bc itvs[dtdt,bf=

hjltcfw c[dflfc[df cfpjufljt,fib cfe,hj,ty c[dflfc[df tyt,pt\ vrdktdfhbc

fvjwfyf fv lhjc bvfib vlujvfhtj,c= hjv thsvfytsbcfufy ufvjfwfkrtdjc

tyj,hbdb ufyc[dfdt,t,b lf cjwbfkehb ufyc[dfdt,t,b ejhabc stjhbbc

cfae.dtkpt= hjvtkbw sdkblf= hjv fhct,j,c rjhtkfwbf tyj,hbd

cnhemneht,cf lf reknehbc fhftyj,hbd fcgtmnt,c ijhbc\ fctsb vbvfhst,t,b

itb.kt,f dbdfhfeljs= vfufkbsfl= ]j,bc tybc uhfvfnbrfcf lf ]j,b cfpjufljt,bc

cjwbfkeh cnhemnehfc ijhbc= lf f\i\ (fctsb cf[bc ihjvt,b mjylf /\k\abithc=

hjvtkbw cofdkj,lf tyj,hbd lf cfpjufljt,hbd cnhemneht,c rey.ek

gjyfgtpt)\

5\2\7\ ufvjytyt,f\ tc gfhfvtnhb uekbc[vj,c cjwbjkbyudbcnehb fqothblfy

vjvlbyfht vfcfkbc eahj afhst lf qhvf fyfkbpc\ fmfw itudb.kbf

ofhvjdflubyjs cfvb rfntujhbf|

1\ cjwbjkjubbc bynthtct,b\ cjwbjkbyudbcnehb vjyfwtvt,b fv sdfkcfphbcbs

ofhvjflutyc vskbfyb cjwbfkehb cnhemnehbc fy wfkrtekb cjwbfkehb

vjdktyt,bc bynthghtnfwbbc cfiefkt,fc\

vfufkbsfl= rfcnehb lbfktmnt,bc cfv yfobkbfyb lfyjaf cfv[hts byljtsib

jabwbfkehb vtnydtkt,bc jh cfat[ehbfy lfyjafcsfy thsfl itb.kt,f c[df

vjyfwtvt,sfy thsfl byjc ufy[bkekb bct= hjv ufvjxyltc cfv[hts byljtsbcfsdbc

ÈÀÅÉ ***

10

lfvf[fcbfst,tkb cjwbfkehb cnhemnehf lf ufyc[dfdt,t,b\ fvfc ufhlf fvfdt

upbs itudb.kbf ufvjdffirfhfdjs cbnefwbfsf lf flfvbfysf cjwbfkehfl

qbht,ekb lfyfotdht,f\ tyj,hbdb rhbnthbevt,b bvbcsdbcfw itb.kt,f ufvjlutc=

hjv vj[ltc eahj rth.j cf[bc rkfcbabrfwbf= hjvtkbw t[t,f flfvbfyt,cfw lf

cbnefwbt,cfw\ vfufkbsfl= flfvbfyb= hjvtkbw ufhrdtekfl vtnydtkt,c,

lf[fcbfslt,f hjujhw ,hfvbyb= [jkj cbnefwbf= hjvtkibw ufvjbytyt,f tc tyf=

lf[fcbfslt,f hjujhw vrfwhfl ajhvfkehb\

2\ kbyudbcn-bcnjhbrjcbc bynthtct,b\ bcnjhbekb sdfkcfphbcbs qbht,ekbf

itvltub cfrbs[t,b| c[dflfc[dfyfbhfl [lt,f se fhf tyj,hbdb wdkbkt,t,b

c[dflfc[df cjwbfkeh gbhj,t,ib~ [lt,f se fhf tc wdkbkt,t,b thsyfbhfl lf

thsyfbhb cbxmfhbs thsb tybc c[dflfc[df lbfktmnt,bc afhukt,ib~ hjujhbf

cjwbfkehb lbfktmnt,bc bcnjhbekb vbvfhst,f thsvfytssfy~ gfce[bc ufwtvf

[lt,f fy fhct,ekb bcnjhbekb ljrevtynt,bc fyfkbpbs= fy tyj,hbdb

wdkbkt,t,bc sfyfvtlhjdt ghjwtct,bc itcofdkbs (d\kf,jdb)\

3\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc rhbnthbevb (fv ghjwtcc lfodhbkt,bs ufydb[bkfds

mdtvjs)\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbs lfbynthtct,ekyb fhbfy kbyudbcnt,b= ufyfskt,bc

veifrt,b= rfyjyitvjmvtlyb lf flvbybcnhfnjht,b= hjvkt,bw mvybfy jabwbfkeh

tyj,hbd gjkbnbrfc\

fv lhjc itb.kt,f ofvjbzhfc itvltub rbs[dt,b| tybc hjvtkb dfhbfynt,b

xfbsdkt,f @jabwbfkeh# fy @thjdyek# tyfl~ hjvtkb tyff ufvjcfltub

jabwbfkehb ljrevtynt,bcfsdbc= kbnthfnehekb itvjmvtlt,bcfsdbc=

cfufyvfyfskt,kj lfotct,ekt,t,ib= cfcfvfhskjib~ hjujhb eylf byjc

lfvjrblt,ekt,f bv tyj,hbdb dfhbfynt,bc vbvfhs= hjvkt,bw fh fhbc

cfymwbjybht,ekb~ hfvltyfl eylf ittcf,fvt,jltc thbc gjkbnbrehb

cnhfnbabrfwbf tyj,hbd lfyjafc~ hjujh eylf vj[ltc othbkj,bsb cbcntvbc

yjhvbht,f~ ydtkfpt hsekbf fv ghj,ktvt,bc uflfzhf fahbrbcf lf fpbbc

f[fkufphlf tht,bcfsdbc\

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

11

6\1\ itb.kt,f lf,t/bst,bs bsmdfc= hjv *^* cfereytvlt vstkb kbyudbcnbrf

yjhvfnbekb byj\ gfybyblfy vj'jkt,ekb ,th.ty-kfsbytk uhfvfnbrjcsf

xfsdkbs uhfvfnbrf vbpyfl bcf[fdlf othbkj,bsb lf ptgbhb vtnydtkt,bc

ehqdtdb rfyjyt,bc lflutyfc\

tc ntyltywbf *^* cfereytibw ufuh.tklf - bfrj, uhbvb lf fduecn

ikfb[thb= fuhtsdt @f[fkufphlf uhfvfnbrjcsf# crjkf cnfylfhnekb tybc

ghj,ktvt,c cofdkj,lyty\ ajytnbrbc ae.tvlt,tkb byukbctkb ]tyhb cebnb

fmnbehfl vjqdfotj,lf @vfhskothbc htajhvfnjhsf fcjwbfwbbc# veifj,fib\ fv

ghj,ktvt,pt veifj,lyty f\vtbt lf j\tcgthctyb\

fvthbrfib fvfdt ghjktvt,bs bydyty lfrfdt,ekyb tldfhl cfgbhb lf

k\,kevabklb= hjvtkbw ufvjsmdfvlf bvtlc= hjv ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib tybc

itcofdkf lft[vfht,jlf vtwybtht,c flfvbfyt,bc mwtdbc ufut,fcf lf xdtdt,bc

vfhsdfib\

fvfdt lhjc= *^* cfereybc lfcfchekc erdt lfboytc yjhvfnbekb lf

fqothbsb kbyudbcnbrbc ufhxtdf thsvfytsbcfufy\ othlyty= (tcfbf ntuythb)= hjv

tyfc rb fh eylf itdemvyfs rfyjyt,b= fhfvtl eylf fqdothjs vfcib vjmvtlb

rfyjypjvbtht,t,b\ fvfy vbcwf cojhtl lfcf,fvb cnhemnehek kbyudbcnbrfc\

sevwf fv sfdib xdty cojhtl yjhvfnbekb kbyudbcnbrbc= cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc

.bhbsfl ghj,ktvt,pt lf fv ghj,ktvt,bc uflfzhbc vtsjlbrfpt itdxthlt,bs\

cnfylfhnbpfwbf cfzbhj byj obuybc ,tzldbc ntmyjkjubfibw\ ptvjlfy

rfhyf[bcf lf bybwbfnbdbc ufhlf lbl vybidytkj,fc b.tylyty c[dflfc[df

cfpjufljt,hbdb ufthsbfyt,t,b - cftrktcbj vhtdkb= kbnthfnehekb crjkt,b

lf c[df\

6\2\ fvltyfl cjwbjkbyudbcnehb rdktdbc lhjc ufycfresht,ekb vybidytkj,f

tybzt,f kbnthfnehek tyfc= hjvtkbw bmvyt,f cfpjufljt,bc ufhrdtekb

vjs[jdyt,bc lfcfrvfyjabkt,kfl\

sfdlfgbhdtkfl kbnthfnehekb tyf ufbubdt,ekb byj ohbkj,bs

vobuyj,hek tyfcsfy lf ufyc[dfdlt,jlf [fk[ehb tybcfufy\ vjudbfyjl rb bub

ÈÀÅÉ ***

12

ufyb[bkt,jlf hsek cnbkbcneh (othbkj,bsb fy ptgbhb) cnhemnehf=

vhfdfkaeymwbehb jltyj,fl= hjvtkcfw ufyfc[dfdt,lyty vjyjaeymwbehb [fk[ehb

tybcfufy= hjvkbc lfybiyekt,f v[jkjl ufut,byt,ff\

f,cnhfmnek tyt,pt cfe,fhb= fphbc ufvjsmvbc cbcntvehj,f lf cbpecnt

f[fcbfst,c cfpjufljt,bc ufyfskt,ek atyt,c= kbnthfnehekb tybc

vfnfht,kt,c\ fv upbs [lt,f kbnthfnehekb tybc byntktmnefkehb ktmcbrjybc

phlf lf cbnydf-wyt,t,bc ufxtyf\ kbnthfnehekb tybc uhfvfnbrekb

rjycnhemwbt,b hsekbf lf ufvzdbhdfkt+ vbcb tyj,hbdb cfiefkt,t,b pecnb=

wfkcf[f lf cgtwbfkbpbht,ekbf\

kbnthfnehekb tybc cfpjufljt,hbdb hjkbc ufydbsfht,f jhb ntyltywbbs

[fcbfslt,f| f\ ufdhwtkt,bc ntyltywbf lf rjbytl mwtdf+ ,\ vjyjgjkbehb hjkbc

lfvrdblht,f= vvfhsdtkb rkfcbc vf[fcbfst,tk ybiyfl mwtdf\

6\3\ tyj,hbdb yjhvbc wyt,f xfvjyfkb,lf ghfqbc kbyudbcneh /ueaib\

yjhvfib buekbc[vt,f bv uhfvfnbrek cfiefkt,fsf thsbfyj,f= hjvtkbw

cfyjdtksfjl b[vfht,f lf hvtkbw cnf,bkbpfwbbcfrty vbbcohfabc\

kbnthfnehekb tyf wyj,bthfl lfveifdlt,f kbyudbcn-stjhtnbrjct,bc vbth

bvbcfsdbc= hjv vfy it.kjc erts itfchekjc sfdbcb aeymwbf - byjc ufhrdtekb

cfpjufljt,hbdb cfiefkt,f cfyjdtksfj rjveybrfwbbcfsdbc\

tybc yjhvfcsfy vbf[kjdt,f (yjhvfkbpfwbf) xdtekt,hbd [lt,f thsb

gbhjdyt,bc vbth= hjvtkbw uflfodtnbkt,t,c bqt,c\ fqjh.byt,bc gthbjlfvlt

fctst,b b'dyty uhfvfnbrjct,b lf hbnjht,b\ vfufkbsfl= kfsbyehb uhfvfnbrf

fhct,bsfl erdt vbqt,ekb yjhvt,bc ybveib (rjlb) byj= fye wfkcf[fl

ufvj[fnfdlf vfhskothbc= uhfvfnbrbcf lf ktmcbrjybc yjhvt,c\

sfyfvtlhjdt tyt,bc gbhdtkb uhfvfnbrt,bcf lf ktmcbrjyt,bc itmvyf lftvs[df

itcf,fvbcb mdt'yt,bc uf.kbtht,fc *&-*&^ cfereytt,ib\ fvfdt lhjc bmvyt,jlf

gbhdtkb frfltvbt,b= hjvtksf eghdtktc vbpfyc ofhvjflutylf tybc cbovbylbc

lfwdf\ tc ghjwtct,b [tkc eoyj,lf wtynhfkbpt,ekb mdtyyt,bc itmvyfcfw\

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

13

frfltvbt,bc veifj,bc vsfdfh [tkitcf[t, itltuc ofhvjflutylyty

ktmcbrjyt,b\ byukbcib fv ghjwtct,c sfdb lffluf ctvetk ]jycjyvf= hjvkbc

ktmcbrjyb (1755 o\) bmwf byukbcehb tybc gbhdtk vybidytkjdfy cf[tkv.qdfytkjl

(ufdb[ctyjs cek[fy-cf,f jh,tkbfybc @cbnydbc rjyf#)\

fctsb vjqdfotj,bc itltub b'j itveifdt,ek yjhvfcsfy vbf[kjt,ekb tybc

cofdkt,f e,hfkj [fk[bcfsdbc - vjcf[ktj,f boyt,lf cfe,fhc hfqfw @f[fk#

tyfpt - c[df itvs[dtdfib bcbyb vtjht [fhbc[bc vjmfkfmtt,fl bsdkt,jlyty

sfdbfyscfdt cfvij,kjib\

7\1\ yjhvfnbekb uhfvfnbrbc itmvyf itb.kt,f xfbsdfkjc ufhrdtekb cf[bc

vfhsdfl fy vfybgekfwbfl tybc vbvfhs= hfcfw cjwbjkbyudbcnbrfib tojlt,f

tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf\

7\2\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf itbwfdc itvltu tnfgt,c (c[df cf[bc lfutuvdbc

vcufdcfl)| afhsj vfcinf,bs vfcfkbc ituhjdt,fc= fknthyfnbekb utuvt,bc

ufy[bkdfc= uflfoydtnbkt,bc vbqt,fcf lf c[dflfc[df vtsjlt,bs fv

uflfoydtnbkt,bc lfythudfc\

7\3\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf ybiyfdc yjhvfnbekb jhsjuhfabbc= uhfvfnbrbcf lf

ktmcbrjybc itmvyfc+ fv yjhvfnbek htrjvtylfwbt,c ptgbhb se othbkj,bsb

vtnydtkt,bc lhjc ufvjbytyt,ty fhfthsudfhjdfyb tyj,hbdb rjktmnbdbc otdht,b\

7\4\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf itb.kt,f ofhvjdblubyjs= hjujhw tyj,hbd

wdkbkt,fsf itafct,f - tc fhbc tyj,hbdb byjdfwbt,bc vbvfhs ujybthb vblujvbc

wlf\ bub afmnj,hbdfl ofhvjflutyc tyj,hbd itafct,fcf lf hxtdfc\ hfvltyflfw

yjdtkb flfvbfyb cofdkj,c tyfc cek sfdblfy lf sfy fhfclhjc fh cofdkj,c

pecnfl bv tyfc= hvtkptw cfe,hj,ty vbcb vfcofdkt,kt,b lf fvfc ufhlf= tyf

it.kt,f itbwdfkjc sdbs thsb flfvbfybc cbwjw[kbc ufyvfdkj,fibw - fhxtdbc

afmnb cf[tptf\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf udte,yt,f= hjv fhct,j,c ufhrdtekb

cnfylfhnt,b= hjvtksf ajypt itafclt,f c[dflfc[df tyj,hbdb byjdfwbf\

ÈÀÅÉ ***

14

7\5\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpyt,b\ 1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vpfyc fh itflutyc

fhw tyj,hbd ufhlfmvyfsf [tkitoyj,f lf fhw sfdblfy fwbkt,f\

2\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpfyb fh fhbc vjkfgfhfrtsf vtnydtkt,bcf se

vhfdfkathjdyt,bc lfwdf\

3\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc fvjwfyf fh fhbc tyj,hbdb ctc[t,bc [tkitoyj,f fy vbcb

frh.fkdf\

4\ tyj,hbd lfutuvdfc ie.kbf v[jkjl iteoyjc [tkb fy gehbabrfwbfc (tybc

@cbovbylbc# lfwdfc) fy ]b,hblbpfwbfc\ vfc ite.kbf v[fhb lfezbhjc tyj,hbdb

htcehct,bc ufafhsjdt,fc fy itpqeldfc\

5\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpfyb fh fhbc vtnydtkt,bc tatmnehj,bc ufphlf

vj[ltybkb tyj,hbdb ajhvt,bc cfiefkt,bs - tyj,hbd lfutuvdfc ite.kbf

v[jkjl [tkb iteoyjc tyj,hbdb cbpecnbcf lf ufvjvcf[dtkj,bc ufydbsfht,fc\

6\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpfyc fh itflutyc vjwtvekb tybc ityfhxeyt,f\

itb.kt,f bct vj[ltc= hjv tyj,hbdvf lfutuvdfv [tkb iteoyjc vjwtvekb tybc

vbf[kjdt,fc) vtjht tybcfrty\

7\5\2\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc ufycfresht,ekb vybidytkj,f tybzt,f

othbkj,bs tyfc= vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf= hjv cjwbjkbyudbcnbrbc cgtwbfkbcnt,b fh

efhyjaty ptgbhb tybc gbhdtkflj,fcf lf othbkj,bsb tybc vtjhflj,fc (hjujhw

bcnjhekfl= bct tybc cbymhjyekb itcofdkbc lhjcfw)\

cjwbfkbuydbcnbrbc sdfkcfphbcbs othbkj,bsb tybc aeymwbbc vybidytkj,f

ufycfresht,ekbf - tc fhbc thsbfyb cfrjveybrfwbj cfiefkt,f lhjbsf lf

cbdhwbs thsvfytsbcfufy lfijht,ekb vjkfgfhfrt-vcvtytkbcfsdbc\ othbkj,bsb

ntmcnt,b [fyuh.kbdb lhjbc vfy.bkpt byf[t,f\ fvbnjv cjwbjkbyudbcnt,b vfc

sdkbfy fhf v[jkjl xfothbk ,eyt,hbd vtnydtkt,fl= fhfvtl ufyb[bkfdty vfc

hjujhw ufycfresht,ek rjlc= hjvtkbw ufdktyfc f[ltyc tyj,hbdb rjktmnbdbc

vtnydtkt,fpt\

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

15

8\1\ hjltcfw kbyudbcnehb fqothbc j,btmnptf cfe,fhb cjwbjkbyudbcnbrfib

[vfhj,ty nthvbyc @blbjktmnb#= hfvltyflfw fm itbcofdkt,f bylbdblefkehb

ufyc[dfdt,t,b rjyrhtnek vf[fcbfst,kt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs\

nthvbyb @blbjktmnb# itvjbnfyf ,\,kjrvf= hbsfw fqybiyfdlf thsb gbhbc

vtnydtkt,fc thscf lf bvfdt stvfpt thscf lf bvfdt sfyfvjcfe,htcsfy lhjbc

vjrkt vjyfrdtsib\ fv nthvbyvf afhst ufvjytyt,f ]gjdf\ blbjktmnb xfbsdkt,f

kbyudbcnbrbc fqothbc ztivfhbn j,btmnfl= hbsfw fv nthvbybs

cjwbjkbyudbcnbrf vrdtshfl egbhbcgbhlt,f a\ lt cjcbehbc wyt,fc langue

hjvtkbw ybiyfdc cbcntvfc= hjvtkbw cfthsjf vstkb cjwbfkehb /ueabc ydtkf

otdhbcfsdbc\

8\2\ hjvtkbvt blbjktmnbc itcofdkbc lhjc kbyudbcnvf itb.kt,f

ufvjbytyjc ufhrdtekb ntmybrf lf ofhvjflubyjc fv bltjktmnbc pecnb lf

fvjvoehfdb xfothf cnfylfhnekb kbyudbcnehb fqothbc nthvbyt,ib\ fcts pecn

abmcfwbfc deojlt,s @uhfajktmnc#\

8\2\1\ blbjktmnbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs uhfajktmnb| 1\ xfcojht,ekbf= 2\

lfyfotdht,ekbf= 3\ lfyjdyt,ekbf lf 4\ cnf,bkbpt,ekbf\ tc bvfc ybiyfdc= hjv|

1\ uhfajktmnb fh itbwfdc itwljvt,c= afkcnfhnt,c= hfw ptgbhb

vtnydtkt,bcsdbc fhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb\

2\ uhfajktmnbc lfyfotdht,ekj,f ybiyfdc= hjv cbnydt,b ufvjyjabkbf

thsvfytsbcfufy – t\b\ uf,vekb lf lfeyfotdht,tkb vtnydtkt,f ofhvjlutybkbf

thsvfytsbc vjvltdyj wfkrtek thstekt,fl\

3\ uhfajktmnb lfyjdyt,ekbf ybiyfdc bvfc= hjv bub yfcofdkbf bct= hjujhw

cofdkj,ty vtjht tyfc - hfvltyflfw uhfajktmnbothbkj,bsbf\ fvbnjv vbcb

ufvjytyt,f vtn abmhcf lf .fkbc[vtdfc vjbs[jdc= dblht ptgbhb vtnydtkt,f\

4\ uhfajktmnb cnf,bkbpt,ekbf ybiyfdc= hjv bub lblb gjntywbehb .fkbc

vmjytf= htuekfhekbf lf cnf,bkehb\

ÈÀÅÉ ***

16

5\ lfcf[tkt,ekb sfdbct,eht,t,bc ufhlf uhfajktmnb ofhvjflutyc t\o\

@vtjhfl sfhuvfyc#= hfw itcf.kt,tkc [lbc bub c[df bltjktmnt,bcfsdbcfw byjc

ufvjytyt,ekb\ uhfajktmnib eylf ofhvjlutybkb byjc bctsb [fhbc[bc

cnf,bkehb xfyfothb= hjv c[df blbjktmnt,vf itc.kjy fv xfyfothib fqvjfxbyjy

cojhtl vfssdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb thstekt,b\ uhfajktmnb eylf byjc bvltyfl

thsudfhjdfyb= hjv vbcb cfiefkt,bs itcf.kt,tkb uf[ltc c[dflfc[df cf[bc

cfvtnydtkj xdtdt,bc fqyec[df\

8\2\2\ cnfylhnekb jhsjuhfabf ufhrdtekfl lfvjerblt,tkbf rjyrhtnekb

cfvtnydtkj xdtdt,bcfufy\ fvbnjv jhsjuhfabbc itcofdkbc lhjc jh ghj,ktvfc

dfoylt,bs| f\ ufyc[dfdt,f othfcf lf vtnydtkt,fc ijhbc= ,\ ufyc[dfdt,fc

blbjktmncf lf vbc xfyfothc ijhbc\ tc erfyfcrytkb f[ltyc ufdktyfc tyj,hbd

wdkbkt,fpt= hfw othbkj,bsb tybc vjmvtlt,bs [lt,f - flfvbfyb rbs[ekj,c

xfothbk ntmcnc lf fv lhjc bmvyt,f cojhtl othbkj,bsb ntmcnbctekb

vtnydtkt,f\ hjltcfw jhsjuhfabf vskbfyfl ajytnbrehbf= vfiby bmvyt,f

ufvjsmvbc vtnb thsudfhjdyt,f blbjktmnt,ib (fctd mfhsekib lf= vfufkbsfl=

uthvfyekib eahj vtnfl dblht byukbcehib)\

9\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbcfsdbc vybidytkjdfybf= fuhtsdt= tyj,hbdb cnbkbc

ghj,ktvf\ tc ghj,ktvf vzblhjl erfdibhlt,f othbkj,bsb lf ptgbhb

vtn'dtkt,bc thsvfytsbcfufy ufhxtdfc= vfuhfv bub fhct,h,jlf othbkj,bsb tybc

itmvyfvltw\ vfufkbsfl= fvthbrtkb bylbtkt,bc tyt,bc vrdktdfht,b wfkrt

ufvjyjalyty cnbkc= hjvtkcfw eojlt,lyty fhf - yjdtklqbehc (non-casual)= fy

ajhvfkehc (t\]feutyb)\ fctdt ufyc[dfdlt,f elfvothkj,j tyt,ib cnbkt,b=

hjvkt,bw rfyjybc= hbnefkbc lf tgjcbc cathjt,c ufytresdyt,f\ fctsb cnbkb

yjdtklqbehb cnbkbcfufy ufyc[dfdlt,f vtnb vybidytkjdyj,bs= cbvrdtshbs lf

f\i\ fv cnbkbc ntmcnt,b @f,fhbf# vjcfvfhsktc= cfcekbthj gbhc= gjtnc (,fhlc)=

hjvkt,bw nhflbwbbc lfvwdtkt,bw fhbfy lf= fvfdt lhjc tyj,hbdb byjdfwbt,bc

(cbf[ktt,bc) itvjvnfyybw\

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

17

9\2\ eahj vrdtshb [lt,f ufyc[dfdt,f ajhvfkehcf lf yjdtklqbeh cnbkt,c

ijhbc ohbkj,bsb cbcntvt,bc itvjqt,bc itvltu= hflufyfw lfvothkj,f phlbc

vt[cbtht,bc vjwekj,fc lf vbcb cbpecnbc [fhbc[c\

tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf egbhdtktcfl t[t,f jabwbfkeh= othbkj,bs cnbkc\

tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc evsfdhtcb vbpfybf othbkj,bsb ajhvt,bs ufdktybc vj[ltyf

jabwbfkeh cnbkpt\ jabwbfkehb cnbkbc ufdktyf yjdtklqbeh vtnydtkt,fpt

vtjhflbf\

10\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf bm [lt,f cfzbhj= cflfw fhbc cfrjveybrfwbj xfdfhlyf\

rjveybrfwbbc lfhqdtdf itb.kt,f c[dflfc[df pjvbs vj[ltc\ fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs

ufvjyjaty cfvb cf[bc cfrjveybrfwbj cbnefwbfc\

10\1\1\ gbhdtkb nbgbc cfrjveybrfwbj cbnefwbfc mvybc cfvtndtkj rjktmnbdb=

cflfw vjkfgfhfrtt,c ijhbc ufyc[dfdt,f blbjcbyrhtnekbf= fye blbjktmnehb

(vfufkbsfl= fctf bckfylbfib)\ fctsb itvs[dtdt,bcfsdbc tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf

ptlvtnbf= hfvltyflfw bylbdblefkeh ufyc[dfdt,fsf vj[cyf [lt,f eiefkjl

cfrjveybrfwbj ehsbthsj,t,bc lhjc= hjltcfw t\o\ @[vfehb rjlib# lfydfybkbf

vbybvevpt\

10\1\2\ vtjht nbgbc cfrjveybrfwbj cbnefwbf ctvtnydtkj rjktmnbdb= cflfw

[lt,f yfobkj,hbdb ufut,f (fctsb dbsfht,ff= vfufkbsfl= byukbcib)\ fctsb

dbsfht,bc lhjc tyj,hbd rjktmnbdib cfae.dtkb bmvyt,f thjdyekb tybc

itmvybcfsdbc\

10\1\3\ vtcfvt nbgbc dbsfht,ff cfvtnydtkj rjktmnbdib= cflfw fh [lt,f

ehsbthsufut,f lf cfzbhjf sfh/bvfyb (hjujhw tc [lt,f idtbwfhbfib)\ fcts

cbnefwbfib bmvyt,f cfae.dtkb cfthsfijhbcj fy lfv[vfht tybc itvjnfybcfsdbc\

vtjht lf vtcfvt itvs[dtdt,ib cfzbhjf tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf| jhbdt itvs[dtdfib

cfzbhjf cfthsj rjlbc itvjnfyf= lfv[vfht tybc itvjnfyf= hjvtkbw rjveybrfwbbc

ufy[jhwbtkt,bc cfiefkt,fc vbcwtvc ydtkf vcehdtkc\

ÈÀÅÉ ***

18

11\1\ tyj,hbdb rjveybrfwbbc vbpfyb thsb it[tldbs fhbc byajhvfwbbc cohfab lf

bjkb uflfwtvf\ vfuhfv h\bfrj,cjybcf lf c[dfsf ufvjrdktdt,vf w[flyj= hjv

rjveybrfwbf fh ybiyfdc v[jkjl byajhvfwbbc htathtywbek uflfwtvfc\ fhct,j,c

gbhjdyt,bc (ego-c) ufvj[fndbc aeymwbf= hjvtkcfw h\bfrj,cjyb eojlt,c

tvjnbehc= fuhtsdt vcvtytkbcflvb vbvfhsdbc aeymwbf= hjvtkcfw bc eojlt,c

rjyfnbeh aeymwbfc\ fctdt fqbybiyt,f rjveybrfwbbc yfrkt, vybidytkjdfyb

aeymwbt,b| afnbrehb= vtnftyj,hbdb lf gjtnehb\

11\2\ cjwbfkehb cfrjveybrfwbj ehsbthsj,f vjbwfdc vjkfgfhfrbcf lf

vcvtytkbc hsek ehsbthsvbvfhst,fc\ tyf v[jkjl cfpjuljt,hbdb ehsbthsj,bc

cfiefkt,f rb fh fhbc= fhfvtl bylbdblefkehb sdbsufvj[fndbcfw\ hjujhw

cfpjufljt,hbdb ehsbthsj,bc cfiefkt,f bub rjlbc thsudfhjdyt,fc

ufyfgbhj,t,c= hjujhw bylbdblbc ufvj[fndbc cfiefkt,f - rjlbc

vhfdfkathjdyt,fc\

12\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc vbpfyb dth bmyt,f f,cjkenehfl thsudfhjdfyb rjlbc

itmvyf cbdhwtcf lf lhjib\ thsflthsb lhjib ewdktkb yjhvbc itmvyf ydtkf

lbfktmnpt vjkfgfhfrbcfsdbc itwljvff\lfutuvdf itb.kt,f ufydb[bkjs hjujhw

vhfdkbc (blbjktmnt,bc) itwdkf thsbs lf= bvfdt lhjc= thsbcf - vhfdkbs\ tc

bvbc ufvj [lt,f= hjv cnfylfhnekb tyf cnf,bkehbf lf wdfkt,flbw\

tc ybiyt,b yjdtkb yjhvbc vf[fcbfst,kt,bf\ cnf,bkehj,f fhbc

thsudfhjdyt,bc lbfmhjybekb rjhtkfnb= wdfkt,flj,f rb - vhfdfkathjdyt,bc

lbfmhjybekb rjhtkfnbf\ wjw[fkb tybc yjhvt,b evtntcfl cnf,bkehb lf

thsudfhjdfybf= vfuhfv vjkfgfhfrbcfsdbc bub vfbyw epheydtkyjac

dfhbfynekj,bc cfrvfjl vfqfk [fhbc[c\

13\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc itpqeldf\ yjhvfnbekb wdkbkt,t,bc itvjnfybc

lhjc fewbkt,tkbf lflubyltc wdkbkt,t,bc cfpqdfhb\ vfufkbsfl= yjhdtubekb

tybc cnfylfhnbpfwbbc lhjc bdfh ffct[vf lfflubyf= hjv fv tybcfsdbc yjhvfc

ofhvjflutyc bc lbfktmnt,b= hjvkt,bw fhct,j,c ufhrdtek cjakt,ib\ tybc

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

19

bltynbabrfwbbcfsdbc fewbkt,tkbf kbyudbcnehb utjuhfabbc= bcnjhbbc=

othbkj,bsb lf ptgbhb nhflbwbt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,f\

13\2\ se tyj,hbdb cnfylfhnb bmvyt,f bctsb tybcfsdbc= hjvtkcfw lfvothkj,f

fhf fmdc= vfiby ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf tyj,hbdb rjktmnbdbc cfvtnydtkj yjhvt,b\

se v[jkjl thsb yjhvf fhct,j,c= vfiby vstkb cbhsekt vlujvfhtj,c

jhsjuhfabbc itmvyfib – tc itlfht,bs vfhnbdb ntmybrehb fvjwfyff\ vfuhfv se

thspt vtnb yjhvf fhct,j,c= vfiby ghj,ktvf hseklt,f lf fewbkt,tkbf

itbmvyfc itafct,bc ufhrdtekb vtsjlb\

13\3\ rbltd eahj hsekbf dbsfht,f= se vjwtvek tyj,hbd rjktmnbdib

fhct,j,c thspt vtnb jhsjuhfabf\ vfiby eylf gbhlfgbh fdbhxbjs hjvtkbvt

vfsufyb fy xfdfcojhjs bub c[dflfc[df vjyfwtvbc vb[tldbs\

13\4\ .dtkb nhflbwbbc vmjyt tyj,hbd rjktmnbdib fhct,j,c vtnydtkt,bcf lf

othbc nhflbwbekb itafct,bc cbcntvf= hjvkbc xfcojht,f itb.kt,f .ytkb

fqvjxyltc\ fvbnjv v[jkjl bv yjhvfkbpfnjhc tmyt,f ofhvfnt,f= hjvtkbw

itc.kt,c sfdbc fvjwfyt,c vbecflfujc cfpjufljl ufdhwtkt,ekb itafct,f lf

it[tlekt,fyb\ eylf fhct,j,ltc j,btmnehb rhbnthbevt,b - vfufkbsfl= uh.tkbf

se vjrkt cbnydf= f[fkbf bub se .dtkb - hjvkt,bw ufbsdfkbcobyt,c

cfrjveybrfwbj fvjwfyt,c= cfvtnydtkj /ueabc sdbslfvrdblht,fcf lf

cnf,bkehj,fc\

14\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc rhbnthbevt,b\ fljka yjhrtyvf yjhvbc itvjnfyfcsfy

lfrfdibht,bs itvjbnfyf cfrvfjl ujybdhekb gbhwbgb| fh fhbc cojhb bc= hfw

ufeut,fhbf= jhfphjdfyb fy .ytkfl ufcfut,b\ fh fhbc cojhb bc= hfw .ytkfl

ofhvjcfsmvtkbf lf .ytkfl lfcfvf[cjdht,tkb+ fh fhbc cojhb bc= hfw uh.tkbf

lf hsekb= fy bctsb cbf[ktf= hfw tyfc fhfathc vfnt,c\ pjuflfl fv

rhbnthbevt,c tatmnehj,bc (itltubfyj,bc) rhbnthbevt,c eojlt,ty\

/th rbltd *^* cfereytib fv,j,lf t\ntuythb= hjv ydtkfpt rfhub tyf bc fhbc=

hjvtkptw fphb fldbkfl uflvjbwtvf lf fldbkfl fqbmvt,f\ fv lt,ekt,bc

vybidytkj,f bvfibf= hjv [fpufcvekbf vjkfgfhfrbc bynthtct,bcf lf vcvtytkbc

ÈÀÅÉ ***

20

bynthtct,bc c[dflfc[dfj,f\ rjveybrfwbf tae.yt,f vjkfgfhfrbc trjyjvbeh

vtnydtkt,fcf lf vcvtytkbc trjyjvbeh fqmvfc ijhbc ojyfcojhj,fc\ tc eahj

fldbkb lfcfwfdbf ptgbhb vtnydtkt,bc lhjc= hflufy bynjyfwbf= ;tcnb lf c[df

cfiefkt,t,b eahj yfstkc [lbc fphc\ othbkj,bs tybc [vfht,bc lhjc

fewbkt,tkbf flhtcfnbc vfmcbvfkehb ufsdfkbcobyt,f lf fvbc ufvj[fndf

tmcgkbwbnehb othbkj,bsb vbybiyt,t,bs\

fldbkfl cfcofdkb lf fldbkfl ufvjcfytyt,tkb ajhvff cojhtl itltubfyb=

vfuhfv fctsb ajhvbc fhxtdf yjdtksdbc fldbkb fh fhbc| dbyw bub bwbc= vbcsdbc

vfhnbdbf= c[dbcsdbc rb cbcntvf itb.kt,f hsekb fqvjxyltc itcfcofdkfl\

vfufkbsfl= dbyw xbyehb bthjukbat,b bwbc= bvfc eahj efldbklt,f fv cbcntvbs

xfothbkb ntmcnt,bc ofrbs[df= dblht bvfdt ntmcnbc ofrbs[df fy,fyehb xtothbs\

fctdt fh fhbc vfhst,ekb= hjv vjrkt cbnydt,b yjdtksdbc eahj itltubfybf=

dblht uh.tkb= lf hjv fyfkbpehb uhfvfnbrf ertstcbf aktmcbehpt\ ztivfhbnb

tyj,hbdb trjyjvbf bc fhbc= ydtkfpt vtnb cb[ibht mjyltc ydtkfpt vjrkt

cbnydt,c\ eahj bidbfsb cbnydt,b= hjvkt,bw xdtekt,hbd itevxytdtkbf

vcvtytkbcfsdbc= eahj uh.tkb eylf byjc lf= itcf,fvbcfl= eahj zfh,b\

14\2\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbcfsdbc vybidytkjdfybf fltrdfnj,bc rhbnthbevb

(t\]feutyb)\ tc rhbnthbevb uekbc[vj,c bvfc= hjv tyfv htfubht,fc f[ltyc

vjkfgfhfrbcf lf vcvtytkbc vjs[jdyt,pt\ tyfib yjdtksdbc vjbgjdt,f

cfiefkt,t,b - ctc[t,f fy iblf htcehct,b - ktmcbrjybc ufphlbcfsdbc= serb fvfc

vjbs[jdc yjdtklqbehb rjynfmnbc cfzbhjt,f (vfu\= fhf,t,bcfsdbc @fmktvbc#

wyt,bc cfzbhjt,fv lf qbht,ekt,fv= [jkj tcrbvjct,bcfdbc @sjdkbc#

qbht,ekt,fv cfrvfjl ufyfdbsfhf itcf,fvbcb tyt,bc ktmcbreh vfhfuib tc

ktmcbrehb thstekt,b)\ vtjht nbgbc tyj,hbd rjktmnbdt,ib fctsb ktmcbrehb

ufafhsjt,bc oyfhj itb.kt,f byjc c[df tht,sfy rjynfmnb lf vfsb tyt,blfy

c[dflfc[df cf[bc kbnthfnehbc sfhuvyf\

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

21

fltrdfnehj,f bphlt,f fhf v[jkjl cfvtwybthj lf abkjcjabehb

nthvbyjkjubbc phlbc [fh/pt= fhfvtl tvjwbehb lf gjtnehb ufvjvcf[dtkj,bc

ufydbsfht,bc [fh/ptw\ fm oyfhjl itb.kt,f ufvjlutc cjakbc lbfktmnb\

fltrdfnehj,bc rhbnthbevb udte,yt,f= hjv vjwtvekb ajhvf eylf

uflvjudwtvltc bv byajhvfwbfc= hjvtkbw cfcehdtkbf vjkfgfhfrtsfsdbc lf bv

cbpecnbsfw= hjvtkbw cfcehdtkbf vfssdbc\

14\3\ vtcfvt rhbnthbevbf @dfhubcbfyj,bc# (приемлемость) rhbnthbevb\ tc fhbc

itafct,bc cjwbjkjubehb rjvgjytynb\ flht fv nthvbybc itcf,fvbcfl [vfhj,lyty

@epecc# fy @[vfht,fc#\

j\tcgthctyb fv,j,lf= hjv fhct,j,c epecbc cfvb nbgb|

1\ ufcfut,b [vfht,f - rjveybrfwbbc vbybvfkehb vjs[jdybc lfrvfyjabkt,f+

2\ rjhtmnekb [vfht,f - tyj,hbdb yjhvt,bc lfwdf+

3\ rfhub [fht,f - cbw[flbcf lf tyj,hbdb cbvidtybthbc vfqfkb cnfylfhnt,bc

lfwdf\

vtjht nbgbc cfvtnydtkj rjktmnbdib= hjvtkbw fh fhbc ]jvjutyehb lf fhw

,jkjvlt ]tnthjutyekbf= itb.kt,f ufvjdyjs tybc vfnfht,tksf mdt/ueab (t\o\

@kbltht,b#)= hjvtksfw vb,f.dty c[df /ueat,b ghtcnb;ekb vtnydtkt,bc

uflvjcfqt,kfl\ tc bodtdc @kbltht,bc# epecbc ufafhsjt,fcf lf ufdhwj,fc\

vfuhfv @tkbnfhekb# lf @ghtcnb;ekb# tyt,bc yjhvt,b yjdtksdbc hjlb

bvfh/dt,c\ vfufkbsfl= lfvgyhj,sf tyt,bcfsdbc obyffqvltuj,bc ufotdbc ufvj

eahj itb.kt,f uf.kbthltc thjdyekb yfwbjyfkbpvb= itbmvyfc cfthsj

thjdyekb cnfylfhnekb tyf= hfw bmwtdf thbc cbv,jkjl\

cnfylfhnekb tyf mvybc ufht cfvyfhjcsfy rfdibhbc cfrjveybrfwbj fh[c=

seylfw vjwtvek tyfpt sfhuvybc lhjc\ se fh fhct,j,c c[df tyt,sfy gbhlfgbhb

rjveybrfwbbc cfiefkt,f= sfhuvybc lhjc vfbyw [lt,f c[df reknehfcf lf tyfcsfy

rjynfmnb\ fv lhjc thjdyekb tyf ufybwlbc ufht cfv'fhjc ufdktyfc\ tyf=

thjdyt,bc vcufdcfl= jh cf[bfybf - bub= thsbc v[hbd= tobyffqvltut,f iblf

ufsbidfc= [jkj vtjhtc v[hbd= c[df tybc vbth vbc isfysmvfc\

ÈÀÅÉ ***

22

tyj,hbdb @kblthbc# ghj,ktvf [ibhfl uflfbzht,f hfjltyj,hbdb= eahj

[ibhfl [vfht,bc rhbnthbevt,bs= fy [fhbc[bc - cfertstcj lf ceasf ajhvt,bc

fhxtdbs fy cjwbfkehb cfvfhskbfyj,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs\

dfhubcbfyj,bc rhbnthbevb udte,yt,f= hjv vjwtvekb ajhvf kbltht,bc vbth

vbqt,ekb lf vfssdbc vbcfqt,b eylf byjc\

fvltyfl= tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc cfvb rhbnthbevb ufvjdyfdbs| itltubfyj,f=

dfhubcbfyj,f= fltrdfnj,f\

15\1\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc ufy[jhwbtkt,f - kbyudbcnbc vbth uhfvfnbrekb lf

ktmcbrehb yjhvt,bc itvjnfyf= vj[th[lt,f v[jkjl tybc vfnfht,tksf= vfcj,hbdb

sfy[vj,bs lf v[fjlfzthbs\ tc fhbc tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc ,jkj bycnfywbf\

tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc rth.j gbht,sfy egbhfntcj,f fmdc= fuhtsdt=

vsfdhj,fcfw= hflufy bub frjynhjkt,c cfcrjkj ufyfskt,fc= hjvtkbw

itfvpflt,c vjcf[ktj,fib jhsjuhfabekb xdtdt,bc xfvjyfkb,t,fc\ vfuhfv fmfw

uflfvoydtnbf vjcf[ktj,bc cbnydf| fy,fybc itwdkf fsfsehmbc vbth ofhvfnt,bfyb

fqvjxylf= vfuhfv ktmcbrehb wdkbkt,t,bc vj[ltyf vfy dtqfh vjf[th[f thbc

.kbthb obyffqvltuj,bc ufvj\

serb tyj,hbd lfutuvdfc xfdsdkbs tybc cofdkt,bc ghj,ktvfl= vfiby jhb

cfiefkt,f udtmyt,f [tks|

f\ ptgbhb lf ohbkj,bsb ntmcnt,bc ybveit,bc bvbnfwbf| othbkj,bsb

yjhvt,bc itcfcofdkfl fewbkt,tkbf vothkbc fhct,j,f= [jkj ptgbhb

vtnydtkt,bc yjhvt,c mvybc jhfnjhb\

,\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc vsfdfhbf f[fk yjhvfc vbtybzjc ghtcnb;b lf=

fvfdt lhjc= bub ydtkfcfsdbc vbcfodljvb uf[ltc\ fvbnjv evsfdhtc cfat[ehc

ofhvjflutyc sfylfsfyj,bsb cfcrjkj htajhvf\

16\1\ t\]feutyb sdkbc= hjv kbyudbcnt,vf itb.kt,f tyj,hbd lfutuvdfib js[b

fcgtmnbs itbnfyjy odkbkb| 1\ hjujhw bcnjhbrjct,vf= 2\ hjujhw

ltcrhbgnbdbcnt,vf= 3\ hjujhw stjhtnbrjct,vf lf 4\ hjujhw tybc

vfcofdkt,kt,vf\

ÓÏÝÉÏËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ

23

16\1\1\ bcnjhbrjc-kbyudbcnvf itb.kt,f ofhvjflubyjc tybc bcnjhbbc fqothf\

fv lhjc itb.kt,f ufbhrdtc hjvtkbvt cfvtn'dtkj /ueabc bcnjhbekb

ofhvjvfdkj,f\ fv lhjc itcf.kt,tkbf yfctc[t,b lf .bhtekb tktvtynt,bc

ufvj'jaf thsvfytsbcfufy\ fvbs cfae.dtkb ittmvyt,f fy gehbabrfwbbc fy

]b,hblbpfwbbc ghjwtct,c lf f\i\

16\1\2\ tyfsvtwybthb-ltcrgbhnbdbcnb ofhvjflutyc hjujhw ptgbhb= bct

othbkj,bsb vtnydtkt,bc pecn fqothfc vjwtvek tyfpt\ kbyudbcnehb

utjhufabbc sdfkcfphbcbs vfc ite.kbf itfuhjdjc byajhvfwbf [fk[ehb

vtnydtkt,bc thsudfhjdyt,bcf se vhfdfkudfhj,bc itcf[t,= lfflubyjc ufhrdtek

ajhvfsf ghtcnb;b\ kbyudbcnc= fuhtsdt= ite.kbf sdfkb vbfltdyjc bv vjdktyt,c=

hjvkt,bw erfdibhlt,f cnfylfhnek tyfc lf lfvothkj,fc\ sfdbcb rdktdbc

itltut,b kbyudbcnc ite.kbf vjfsfdcjc vbc vbthdt itmvybk ktmcbrjyib=

uhfvfnbrfcf lf vfhskothbc cbcntvfib\

16\1\3\ kbyudbcn-stjhtnbrjcc ite.kbf vj[fpjc bc .bhbsflb vf[fcbfst,kt,b=

hjvkt,bw pjuflfl tyfc lff[fcbfst,c\ kbyudbcnehb fyfkbpbc ntmybrbcf lf

nbgkjubeh eybdthcfkbfsf wjlyf vfc cfiefkt,fc f.ktdc ufvjbnfyjc lfcrdyt,b

tybc lfutuvdbc itcf[t,\ kbyudbcnbc vbth vtnydtkt,fcf lf lfvothkj,fc ijhbc

vbvfhst,bc wjlyf cfiefkt,fc f.ktdc vfc bobyfcofhvtnydtkjc vfspt

vfybgekfwbbc itltub\ kbyudbcnvf rfhufl bwbc cnhemnehbc thsbfyj,bc

vybidytkj,f tatmnehb rjveybrfwbbc ofhvjt,bcsdbc lf= fvfdt lhjc= bwbc

bylbdblefkeh vtnydtkt,fib uflf[ht,bc fhct,j,fw\

61\1\4\ hjujhw gtlfujub= kbyudbcnb sdfkc fltdyt,c bv gj,ktvt,c= hjvkt,bw

erfdibhlt,f tybc cofdkt,fc\ ufvjwlbkt,f lf vjvpflt,f rfhyf[j,c vfc= hjvtkb

gtlfujubehb vtsjlbf eahj cfcehdtkb fy vbcfqt,b\ vjcofdktt,sfy veifj,bc

lhjc bub cfrvfj vfcfkfc fuhjdt,c cofdkt,bc vtsjlib rjhtmnbdt,bc itcfnfyfl\

tyj,hbdb lfutuvdbc lhjc kbyudbcnehb stjhbf fewbkt,tkb= vfuhfv

fhfcfrvfhbcb rhbnthbevbf\ tyj,hbdb lfutuvdf ofhvjflutyc tyj,hbdb gjkbnbrbc

thsthsb cf[tc\ tyj,hbdb lfluvdf cfzbhjt,c fyshjgjkjubehb lf

ÈÀÅÉ ***

24

cjwbjkjubehb mwtdbc stjhbfsf v[fhlfzthfcfw\ vbcsdbc vybdiytkjdfybf=

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25

1. William Bright., Introduction: The Dimensions of Sociolinguistics. “Sociolinguistics” – The Hague-Paris, 1966.

2. Hymes, Dell H., The Ethnography of Speaking – “Readigs in the Sociology of Language”, J.A.Fishman (ed.) The Hague-Paris, 1968.

3. Labov W., The Study of language in its Social Context: “Studium Generale”, 23, 1970 p. 30-87.

4. Haugen, Eihar, Linguistics and Language Planning, “Sociolinguistics” – The Hague-Paris, 1966.