Spring Benchmark Review - KEY

Term Definition

Aerobic Respiration Transfer of energy from food molecules to ATP in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration Transfer of energy from food molecules to ATP without the presence of oxygen

Biodiversity The number and variety of different organisms found within an area

Cancer A disease caused by uncontrolled cell division

Cell Differentiation Process by which a cell changes from one cell type to another

Classification of Organisms

When scientists put organisms into groups when they have things in common

Commensalism A relationship between species where one species benefits and the other is not effected

DNA Replication Process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule

Enzymes Protein the increases the efficiency of chemical reactions within an organism

Evolve / Evolution Change in genetic inheritance in a species over time

Gametes Sex cells of an organism; eggs and sperm

Gene Pool All of the genes contained within a population

Genetic Drift Changes in allele frequencies in small populations

Genetic Variation Refers to diversity in gene frequencies

Heterozygous Describes the alleles from each parent as different, one is dominant while the other is recessive

Homozygous Describes the alleles from each parents as the same; either both dominant or both recessive

MeiosisProcess that involves two cycles of cell division reducing the diploid number of chromosomes in new cells by half; process that creates sex cells

Mitosis Process that involves one cycle of cell division creating genetically identical cells

Monomer Smallest unit or building block of a larger, more complex molecule

Mutations A change in the DNA sequence

Mutualism Ecological relationship between organisms where both organisms benefit

Nucleotide The building block of nucleic acids; made up of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Parasitism Ecological relationship between organisms where one organism benefits while harming the other

PhotosynthesisIs a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organism’s activities

Polymer Large organic molecule made up of smaller units called monomers

Populations The number of individuals of the same species in a community or ecosystem

Predation Interaction where an organism hunts, captures, and eats another organism

Resistance / Immunity Having the ability to defend against disease and illness

Seed Dispersal Movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant

Sexual SelectionA mode of natural selection in which some individuals out-reproduce others of a populations because they are better at securing mates

Speciation Formation of a new species

SuccessionAppearance of life on land; primary–volcano,etc.–rock breaks down to soil – see lichen, moss, eventually grasses, bushes & finally trees; secondary–fire, flood–soil already present so life returns quickly

Susceptibility The state of being likely to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing

Transcription Process where a selection of DNA is copied into mRNA

Translation Process where mRNA’s message is decoded by tRNA and a protein is produced

Xylem Type of vascular tissue that transports water from the roots of a plant to all other cells within a plant

PhloemType of vascular tissue that transports foods such as sugars from the leaves of a plant to all other cells within a plant

Protein SynthesisProcess that synthesizes or makes proteins from messenger RNA with the organelle called a ribosome

Match the following classifications with the correct qualities.

C 1. Domain

A 2. Kingdom

E 3. Phylum

D 4. Genus

B 5. Species

a. Includes Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria

b. Most specific level of organization; begins with a lower case letter and is italicized

c. Highest level of classification; divided into three groups: archaea, bacteria, eukaryote

d. Begins with a capital letter and is italicized

e. Besides domain, the level that is most closely related to kingdom

Use the word banks provided to label the following diagrams.

Mitosis

Meiosis I

2 Haploid cells

Meiosis II

Biomolecules

1. Identify the following biomolecule structures.

Four Haploid cells

2. What are enzymes and how do they affect chemical reactions? Protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst for (speed up) a specific reaction.

3. What are factors that affect the reactivity of enzymes? Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration

Body Systems - Fill in the table below to describe the interactions between each system.

Nucleic Acid Protein

1. How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis?The nervous system is responsible for sending, relaying and gathering electrical messages from the brain (control center) to the body. The nervous system interacts with all the other 11 animal systems in order to keep an organism’s bodily/chemical reaction functions in homeostasis. An example would be your nervous system controlling your heart rate and breathing rate based on your bloodstreams oxygen and carbon dioxides concentrations. If you have too much carbon dioxide in your blood then the nervous system (brain) will send a signal to your heart to pump faster and to your lungs to inhale/exhale faster. It will cause your heart rate and breathing rate to increase until you have enough oxygen in your bloodstream. At that point it will slow down both your heart and breathing rate.

2. Give an example of how the endocrine system helps maintains homeostasis. The endocrine system is responsible for sending and receiving chemical messages. The endocrine system controls the insulin production in response to blood glucose levels. When an organism eats and absorbs sugar into their blood a gland in the pancreas produces and releases insulin. The hormone insulin will either promote the excess sugar to be used or for it to be stored. Insulin does this until all the excess sugar is either used or stored. This is why you get a sugar high after eating a whole bunch of sugary food and then you crash. A rush of sugar in your bloodstream – sugar high phase - then insulin removing it from your bloodstream – Crash phase.

Plants

1. What are the 2 types of tissues found in vascular plants and what do they transport?The two types of vascular tissues in plants are xylem and phloem. Xylem – transports water (Trick WXyz) – from the roots to the leafs Phloem – transports food – from the leafs to anywhere a plant needs food

2. What is the purpose of a seed? Describe different types of seed dispersal. Why is seed dispersal important?

A seed is a plant embryo - A plant embryo that is packaged with food and hard coat for protection. Plant embryo’s are packaged and protected because they will only start germinating when they have received enough water, are in the right temperature, the soil is the right pH level. In other words the seed has to be in the optimum habitat to grow.

Seeds disperse to get away from their parent plant so that they do not have compete with their parent for resources – food, water, space, and light. Seed dispersal also allows plants to reach specific habitats that are favorable for survival. Seeds disperse in a couple of ways – by wind, water, and animal dispersal (seeds catch on animal coats and seeds produce fruit to be eaten then transported)

3. Explain what each type of response is and give an example of a positive and a negative responseNegative response- movement/ growth away from the stimulusPositive response – movement/ growth toward the stimulus

a. Gravitropism (geotropism) – movement in response to gravity.i. Positive response – roots growing down ii. Negative response – shoot growing towards the light

b. Phototropism – movement/growth in response to light i. Positive response – shoot/stem growing toward light source ii. Negative response – shoot/stem growing away from a light source

c. Thigmostropism – movement/growth in response to touch

i. Positive response – growth toward touch Ex: vines around and up a fence or another tree

ii. Negative response – growth away from touch Ex: roots have a negative touch response, meaning when they feel an object, they would grow away from the object

4. Which of the following statements is the most accurate? C. Food can travel up or down the stem in the phloem.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

1. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

The process of cellular respiration is to convert glucose into an energy source of ATP that our cells can use. Our cells energy currency/source is ATP not glucose.

There are two types of cellular respiration- aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present. There are 3 steps of aerobic respiration – 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb’s cycle 3. Electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration produces a total of 36-38 ATP more than anaerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration occurs when in the absence of oxygen. There are 2 steps of anaerobic respiration – 1. Glycolysis 2. Fermentation. In the end, only 2 ATP are produced through anaerobic respiration.

2. Write out the equation for cellular respiration.

3. Draw the structure of an ATP molecule and label it, give the full name for ATP as title, AND show where energy is stored and released in the molecule.

4. What type of biomolecule is glucose?Glucose – Biomolecule: Carbohydrate; Monomer: monosaccharide; Made: chloroplast

5. There are two types of cellular respiration aerobic and anaerobic. Compare and contract each type of cellular respiration. Include how much ATP is made through out each process.

6. Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?Aerobic respiration is more efficient. It produces 36-38 ATP compared to anaerobic only producing 2 ATP.

7. What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis converts radiant/solar energy into the chemical energy of glucose. The process produces glucose an energy source that in turn provides life sustaining energy to all organisms in an ecosystem. Producers are responsible for performing photosynthesis in an organelle called the chloroplast.

Photosynthesis has two steps or reactions- 1. Light dependent reaction 2. Dark reaction known as the Calvin cycle

8. Write the equation for photosynthesis.

Ecology/ Evolution

1. Below are scenarios that describe two organisms relationship with each other. Determine which symbiotic relationship each scenario is describing and explain why.

a. As bison walk through grass, insects become active and are seen and eaten by cowbirds. The relationship neither harms nor benefits the bison. Commensalism

b. A coyote captures, kills, and eats a rabbit.Predation

c. Honey guide birds alert and direct badgers to bee hives. The badgers then expose the hives and feed on the honey first. Next the honey guide birds eat. Both species benefit. Mutualism

d. Orchids grow inside a bromeliad plant. The orchid obtains water and nutrients from the bromeliad, but does not help or harm it.Commensalism

e. Heartworms develop inside a dog’s heart. The worms cause health problems and may result in death.Parasitism

f. A 10-point buck is killed by a hunter.Predation

g. Ostriches and gazelles feed next to each other. They both watch for predators and alert each other to danger. Because the visual abilities of the two species are different, they can identify threats that the other animal would not see as readily.Mutualism

2. Give an example of primary succession.Primary succession occurs in places where no habitat or ecosystem has existed before. Primary succession begins with bare rock. The pioneer species are lichens and mosses. They

break down the bare rock and start forming soil from broken rock and dead lichens/mosses. The newly formed soil will start to support small plant life. Ex: formation of ecosystem on an island, on new lava flow, retreated glacier

3. Give an example of secondary succession. Secondary succession is the regrowth of a new ecosystem on the land where a ecosystem was previously destroyed. Ecosystems can be destroyed by natural disaster events (forest fires, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes…) or by man made events (deforestation, abandoned cities, side walks…). EX: the ecosystem around Mt. St. Helens after the volcanic eruption.

4. What does succession do to species diversity?Succession increases species diversity

5. Last summer, wild forest fires raged through the mountains of California. Over 200,000 acres of forests burned down over a two-week period of time. The loss of vegetation, caused by the forest fires, will most likely cause what to happen to the ecosystem? Secondary succession will occur. Small grasses and plants will start to grow first, then shrubs and finally trees.

6. Briefly explain what is happening in the diagram. Include the number in the description and what type of succession is occurring.A type of ecological succession is occurring – secondary succession. Grasses are the pioneer species that start to grow on soil that previously existed on the land. The previous ecosystem became extinct from a natural or manmade event. After grasses grow, small shrubs and tree saplings will start grow and continue until a climax community is reached.

Evolution

1. Who is Darwin? What organisms did Darwin study? What island did Darwin conduct his studies on? What was the name of the boat that Darwin traveled on? Darwin is the father of evolution. He came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin came up with his theory while traveling in the HMS beagle ship that traveled for 5 years to various islands. Darwin is known for studying finches on the Galapagos islands. Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in a book titled “Origin of species”

2. Compare and contrast Darwin and Lamarck’s ideas.

3. Do organisms evolve or populations? Explain why. Populations evolve. Allele frequencies can change in populations from generation to generation. The alleles an individual is born with does not change through out their life.

4. A group of walking insects was out hunting and gathering food for their family nest. On their way back home a massive fire had started blocking their path back home. The fire continued to grow causing the group of insects to run to safety which was far from home. The group of insects could not go home and were forced to make a new home. The environment they ended up was very different from their original home. Their new home environment was characterized as a dry, dessert with little water and green plants, It was very different from their original home which was a warm, humid tropical environment filled with tons of green plants. What effect will this new environment have on the group of insects? What and how will the new environment do to the insects? The new environment has new selective pressures compared to the insects old home. The new environment will have different adaptations that are considered best fit. The new environment will cause the population of insects to evolve by natural selection. Those who have the best fit adaptations will survive and pass on their genes to the next generation while those who have the “weaker” adaptations will die. As a result the next generation will contain more of the best fit adaptation.

a. The above phenomenon is a type of evolution pattern. Genetic drift - founder effect.

5. What can fossil records tell scientist about evolution? Where are the oldest fossils located? Scientists can track how population of organisms has changed over time and how environments have changed based on the population’ s traits. The fossil record is just a snapshot and is not 100% accurate. The oldest fossil is located at the bottom.

6. What will most likely happen to a population if gene frequencies in a given population remain consistent?

7. List the three factors of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. What must be met for natural selection to occur? The organism must survive long enough to reproduce and pass on its genes to the next generation

i. Heritability: traits must be able to be passed on to the next generationii. Variation: There must be variation among organisms

iii. Survival of the fittest: some organisms will have better traits that will help it survive and reproduce than others

8. What is genetic drift? What effect does it have on a population? Genetic drift events are chance/ accidental events that cause a change in allele frequency. There are two types of genetic drift events – founder effect and bottleneck.

Founder effect = When a group of organisms by chance/accident get separate from the original population and cannot go back. They have to then start a new population in a different habitat. Leads to speciation.

Bottleneck = When a few individuals out of the population survive by chance. The majority of the population is killed by a disease or predation.

9. Does a small or large population have a better chance of survival during environmental changes? Why?Large population assuming there is more variation of traits in a large population. The more variations in traits allow a population a greater chance of survival. There are more potential adaptations that would be best fit for different environmental changes. Variation of traits is one of the requirements for natural selection. If a population is undergoing natural selection it is surviving rather than going extinct.

10.What is biodiversity? What benefit does it have on populations?Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on earth. Biodiversity can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. The more variation in traits in a population the better chances of survival for that population. Variation of traits in a population allows it to undergo natural selection (differences in reproductive success- survival of the fittest). Variation allows a population to evolve in response to many different environmental changes.

11.What type of evolution has occurred below? All organisms have different ancestors but have the ability and structures to fly. convergent evolution

12.Give at least one example of the following types of evolution and explain how your example portrays that type of evolution.

a. Convergent evolution – Different ancestors, same or similar trait. Organisms that share analogous traits EX: flying animals - bats, birds, insects, and even fish. However, even though these wing structures serve the same function for these different animals, the

bone structures, wing coverings (feathers, scales, hair, etc.), shapes, and sizes are quite different. Flippers/ fins in dolphins vs. fish.

b. Divergent evolution – same ancestor, different traits- EX: Red Fox and Kit Fox, the Finches Darwin studied, Marsupials in North America vs. Australia

c. Coevolution - Organisms evolve in response to each other. When one organism evolves it causes the other to evolve. A good example is a predator- prey relationship. Other examples include- Flowering plant and pollinator.

Cell Cycle

1. Which list shows the phases of mitosis in the correct order? a. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

2. What is cell differentiation and how does that apply to stem cells?Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually this is because a less specialized type becomes a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Ex: a stem cell developing into a mature heart cell or a liver cell or a skin cell.

Stem cells are what we call undifferentiated cells because they can turn into any mature cell in your body. Stem cells are less specialized cells. An embryo is made up of stem cells. As an embryo develops it’s stem cells will start becoming more and more specialized to form a head or limbs or internal organs. In the end most of the stem cells turn into all the mature cells that make up an organisms (heart, eye, organ cells..). Once developed into a baby an organism has very few stem cells. The organism no longer needs stem cells since it is already developed all its anatomical/physiological structures.

DNA

1. Which base pairs bond together in DNA?The following are the base pair rulings also known as Chargaff’s rule:

DNA RNA

Adenine – Thymine Adenine – Uracil

Cytosine – Guanine Cytosine – Guanine

2. How do DNA and RNA base pairings differ?In DNA – Adenine pairs with Thymine where as in RNA Adenine pairs with Uracil instead.

3. What does the following describe: thymine – guanine – thymine – cytosine?A sequence of bases within a DNA section

4. Human DNA is constructed from nucleotides. The nucleotides from humans are made from deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases. The 4 human nitrogen bases are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. A chocolate Labrador is a dog, what are the nitrogen bases that make up their DNA?Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine

Protein Synthesis

1. Look at the following molecule. Be able to make a complementary DNA strand, a mRNA strand and be able to translate it into a protein.

DNA template strand: 5’ ATT GCG AAA TGG CCA 3’

DNA: TAA CGC TTT ACC GGTmRNA: AUU GCG AAA UGG CCA Amino acids: Ile – Ala – Lys – Trp – Pro

2. Be able to identify the processes of transcription and translation, as well as read a codon chart.