4 Social Revolutions(1)

8/10/2019 4 Social Revolutions(1)

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Human societies have experiencedseveral major transformations to their

ways of life as a result of new inventionsand technologiesbeing introduced

Major revolutions include:

Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution

Information Revolution


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It is an instrument of social change


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Invention of the printing press in 1440 wasone of the most important technologicalchanges in human history

New technology expanded the processof reading to the masses

Used to be reserved

only for monks


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Over time, every person trained in the skillof reading would have opportunity toread a variety of mass-produced books

Technology brought change and theopportunity for mass-learning

New technology made memorization

and oral repetition obsolete


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People now hadaccess to books likethe Bibleand could

interpret theinformation forthemselves insteadof listening to priestsinterpretation

This eventually ledto the Reformation


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Another important invention: internet

Internet: global system of interconnected

computer networks that serve billions ofusers worldwide

Consists of private,

public, academic,business, andgovernmentnetworks


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Carries an extensive range of informationresources and services

Reshaped traditional communicationsmediatelephone, music, film, television


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Invention andcreation of toolsmake the process

of living easier Method of

communication,invention, or anobject that has apractical use


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New tools/objects that extend humansnatural abilities and alter their socialenvironments

Can have both + andconsequences Any technology, or medium is the

extension of some human quality

A book is an extension of the eyes A wheel is an extension of the foot

A computer is an extension of the

brain and the central nervous system


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1. Primitive Technology Natural things people have adapted

for use to make such items as bows

and arrows, spears, clubs, and ploughspulled by draft animals


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2. Industrial Technology Machines such as the steam engine

and electrical and fuel powered

motors to run machinery


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3. Informational Technology Machines

that use a

microchipor computerto retrieve,store, and

work withinformation


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Cultural change and adaptation are

accompanied by acculturation

Process of adopting cultural traits or socialpatterns of another group

Through incorporation, direct change,

and cultural evolution

Explanation


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Structural-functionalists:

Change occurs

gradually ratherthan

dramatically

because

society thrives

on stability and

equilibrium

Explanation


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As societies interact, a process of cultural

sharing occurs

Often involves sharing of technology,which in turn causes social change

While society thrives on stability, technology

tends to destabilize society

Impact on Technology


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New

technology

forces societyto find a way

to overcome

instability and

create a newequilibrium

Impact on Technology


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The mental states of individuals can

influence social change

Social-Psychological Theory states believes: Change occurs when individuals, driven

by a need for achievement, creates

theories and inventions that improve theability of society to function

Explanation


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The more mental stability is achieved by an

individual, the more that stability is exhibited

in society

Impact of Technology


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Social-Psychological Theory: technology

arises out of the human need to achieve

Innovation is basedon the efforts of

individuals to

leave their mark

on their societies



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Social change arises from the decline of

certain civilizations, from cycles of growth

and decay, and progress Change

occurs as

society

moves in

the

direction

of progress

Explanation


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Factors affecting social change include

survival, conflict, and the quest for progress

Conflict Theory shares this perspective

Explanation


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Civilizations rise and fall based on ability to

create or adapt to new ideas and situations

Technology can be instrumental in the riseor fall of a civilization

Ex. Roman military technology

contributed to its rise and its fall

Despite some periods of regression, society

continually improves

Technology and ideology is instrumental

to social change



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Physical Tools

Can reduce amount of human time and

energy needed to produce goods, and

this saves labour (Ex. Hoes, ploughs)


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Physical Tools

Can allow increase number & variety of

goods to be produced from a given area

of land (Ex. Fertilizer)


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Physical Tools

Can allow people to produce goods that

human labour alone could not provide

(Ex. saw used to cut down large trees)


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Cultural Knowledge

Methods used by people to exploit aresource to its full potential, or to

recognize an object as being a usefulresource

Ex. Spear used to killa wild horse is a

physical technology,while recognizing thehorse as a means oftransportation is

cultural knowledge


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Cultural Knowledge

Change in either type of technologywill influence indigenous approaches to

resource management and land use


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Please sit at one of the tables dependingon which role you would like to take

Historians

Theorists

Anthropologists

Social Psychologists

Philosophers

Maximum 6 people per table


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Work together with your group memberson your assigned task

Use your textbook, p. 163-165 and p.

194-198 and the internet Be prepared to share your work with the

rest of the class before it will bedisplayed

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4 Social Revolutions(1)