4.2 - Respiration

8/11/2019 4.2 - Respiration

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4.2 RESPIRATION RELEASES CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM ORGANIC MOLECULES

1. Respiration is a series o en!"#e$%ata&"se' rea%tions ()i%) re&ease%)e#i%a& ener*" ro# or*ani% #o&e%+&es in or'er to s"nt)esise ATP.

2. T)e o+r #ain sta*es o t)e ,rea-'o(n o a *&+%ose #o&e%+&e to %ar,on'ioi'e an' (ater are/ Glycolysis; link reaction; Krebs cycle; electron transport chain.

0. G&"%o&"sis is t)e p)osp)or"&ation o *&+%ose t)e sp&ittin* o t)e C )eosep)osp)ate or#e' into t(o 0C triose p)osp)ate #o&e%+&es an' t)e oi'ation o ea%) o t)ese to 0C p"r+3ate (it) a s#a&& "ie&' o ATP an' re'+%e' NA.

Glucose molecule is frst PHOSPHORYLA!" byAP. his then splits into t#o $%AR&O' su(ars.!ach Su(ar is then con)erte* into PYR+,-% A%-"by the remo)al o the phosphate (roup to orm /AP an* 0 'A"H. he &reak*o#n o one molecule o Glucose inGlycolysis pro*uces 0 Pyru)ate molecules1 0'A"H an* 0 AP.

4. G&"%o&"sis ta-es p&a%e in t)e %"top&as# an' 'oes not re5+ire o"*en.Glycolysis only occurs in the %YOPLAS21 an* *oes not nee* O3YG!'.6. T)e &in- rea%tion in3o&3es t)e %on3ersion o p"r+3ate to a%etate as a res+&to t)e &oss o %ar,on 'ioi'e o&&o(e' ," t)e re#o3a& o )"'ro*en ," t)ere'+%tion o NA7 t)e a%et"& *ro+p t)en %o#,ines (it) %o$en!"#e A. T)e &in-rea%tion ta-es p&a%e in t)e #atri o t)e #ito%)on'rion.

he Link Reaction occurs in the 2AR-3 o the

mitochon*ria. -n su4cient A!RO&-% con*itions thePyru)ate enters a mitochon*rion #here it LOS!S amolecule o %O0 an* combines #ith a moleculecalle* %O!'5Y2! A to orm A%!YL%O!'5Y2! A.

. Ea%) a%et"& %o$en!"#e A enters t)e 8re,s %"%&e t)e %o$en!"#e A isre*enerate' an' t)e a%etate ra*#ent is pi%-e' +p ," a 4C a%i' to pro'+%e aC a%i'.Krebs cycle occurs in the 2AR-3 o the 2itochon*ria also. he Acetyl %o A reacts #ith a/% molecule O3ALOA%!A! in the Krebs cycle to orm a 6% compoun*1 %-RA!. his iscon)erte* back to o7aloacetate in a series o reactions.



9. T)e 8re,s %"%&e is a series o 'e%ar,o"&ations :re#o3a& o %ar,on; an''e)"'ro*enations :re#o3a& o )"'ro*en; ()ere t)e a%etate ra*#ent ro# t)e*&+%ose #o&e%+&e is %o#p&ete&" ,ro-en 'o(n an' t)e 4C is re*enerate' 3ia Can' 6C inter#e'iates. #o %O0 molecules are remo)e*1 pairs o H8 are remo)e* 9*ehy*ro(enations: to re*uce$ molecules o 'A"1 molecule o <A" an* molecule o AP.<. T)e +n%tion o t)e 8re,s %"%&e is a #eans o &i,eratin* ener*" ro# %ar,on,on's to pro3i'e ATP an' re'+%e' NA :an' FA; (it) t)e re&ease o %ar,on

'ioi'e.

he Krebs cycle (oes aroun* =-%! > 0 Pyru)atemolecules pro*uce* rom one AP molecule. hepro*ucts o 0 cycles o the Krebs cycle are ?0 AP1 / %O01 6'A"H an* 0 <A"H. he 'A"H an* <A"H are use* to store ener(y.

=. Re'+%e' NA :an' FA; 'e&i3er t)e )"'ro*en to t)e e&e%tron transports"ste# in t)e inner #ito%)on'ria& #e#,rane so a%tin* as tri**ers or t)iss"ste#.-n the !lectron ransport %hain1 'A"H an* <A"H0 *onate an !L!%RO' to the !%1Actin( as a ri((er. he electron passes rom one comple7 to the ne7t1 releasin( smallamounts o ener(y.

1>. Can'i'ates s)o+&' ,e a,&e to 'es%ri,e t)e or#ation o ATP 3ia t)e protonp+#p #e%)anis#. he ener(y release* by the passin( o the electron is use* to P+2P PROO'S into theintermembrane space o the 2itochon*ria. A hi(h concentration o H8 ions in this spacecauses the *i@usion o them back *o#n their concentration (ra*ient )ia SALK!" APSY'H!AS! PAR-%L!S. heory o %H!2-OS2OS-S.11. Can'i'ates s)o+&' ,e a,&e to 'e?ne t)e ter#s aero,i% an' anaero,i%respiration.Aerobic Respiration > O7y(en is presentAnaerobic Respiration > O7y(en is 'O present12. Can'i'ates s)o+&' +n'erstan' t)e ro&e o o"*en as t)e ?na& e&e%tron

a%%eptor o t)e e&e%tron transport %)ain an' ep&ain t)e or#ation o (ater. he last molecule in the !% is O3YG!'1 #hich acts as the <-'AL !L!%RO' A%%!P!R1#hich combines #ith Protons an* !lectrons to orm =ater.10. @it)o+t o"*en t)e re'+%e' NA :an' FA; %annot ,e reoi'ise' an't)ereore #a'e a3ai&a,&e to pi%- +p #ore )"'ro*en so +n'er anaero,i%%on'itions t)e &in- rea%tion an' t)e 8re,s %"%&e %annot ta-e p&a%e."ue to O7y(en bein( the fnal electron acceptor1 this means that O7y(en 2+S bepresent or the Krebs cycle to occur as 'A"H an* <A"H0 cannot be reo7i*ise*.14. Un'er anaero,i% %on'itions *&"%o&"sis %an ta-e p&a%e as t)e NA transerst)e )"'ro*en to p"r+3ate to or# &a%tate in ani#a&s an' et)ano& an' %ar,on'ioi'e in p&ants ,+t t)ere is on&" a 3er" s#a&& "ie&' o ATP.-n the absence o O7y(en1 only GLY%OLYS-S can occur as Pyru)ate becomes theHY"ROG!' accepter1 con)ertin( Pyru)ate to LA%A! in A'-2ALS. his process9Anaerobic Respiration: yiel*s 0 AP in Animals ?0 !ner(y Release. -n Plants1 an*microor(anisms1 Pyru)ate is con)erte* *irectly to !HA'OL an* %O0.



16. Can'i'ates s)o+&' ,e a,&e to state )o( #an" #o&e%+&es o ATP arepro'+%e' in ea%) o t)e o+r sta*es o respiration an' t)ereore t)e tota& ort)e %o#p&ete oi'ation o a *&+%ose #o&e%+&e.+p to $B molecules o AP are pro*uce* rom each molecule o Glucose.Glycolysis pro*uces B AP1 Link Reaction 6 AP an* Krebs %ycle 0/ AP'A"H is #orth $ AP C <A"H0 is #orth 0 APSta(e o Respiration %o !nDyme AP Substrate

Le)elCO7i*ati)ePhosphorylation

GLY%OLYS-S0 'A"H

0 AP6 AP

SO3

L-'K 0 'A"H 6 AP O3

KR!&S %Y%L!$ 'A"H0 <A"H0

0 APB AP/ AP

SO3O3

1. Not a&& t)e ener*" o t)e *&+%ose #o&e%+&e is %apt+re' in ATP an' t)ere is a

&oss o ener*" as )eat ener*".-n the con)ersion o A"P 8 Pi > AP some ener(y is lost as heat ener(y19. Un'er %ertain %ir%+#stan%es ats an' proteins #a" ,e +se' as respirator"s+,strates.

1<. G&"%ero& is %on3erte' to a 0$%ar,on s+*ar ()i%) enters t)e 8re,s %"%&e 3iatriose p)osp)ate.One (ram o <at releases more ener(y that one (ram o %arbohy*rate.1=. Lon* att" a%i' %)ains #o&e%+&es are sp&it into 2C ra*#ents ()i%) entert)e pat)(a"s as a%et"& %o$en!"#e A.,ery lar(e numbers o AP molecules are built up1 the precise number *epen*in( on thelen(th o the hy*rocarbon chain o the atty aci*. his is because the HY"ROG!' -O'SAR! P-%K!" +P &Y 'A" an* e* into the !%.2>. T)e protein is ,ro-en 'o(n into its %onstit+ent a#ino a%i's ()i%) are'ea#inate' (it) t)e re#o3a& o t)e NH2 *ro+p. T)is &ea3es an or*ani% a%i't)at %an ,e e' into t)e 8re,s %"%&e.Protein is only use* #hen the in*i)i*ual is su@erin( rom Star)ation. he amino (rouponce *eaminate* is con)erte* into urea an* e7crete*1 an* the resi*ue is con)erte* toeither A%!YL %oA 1 PYR+,-% A%-"1 or some other Krebs %ycle interme*iate an*O7i*ise*. Protein is only RAR!LY use* up.21. Can'i'ates s)o+&' ,e a,&e to 'es%ri,e si#i&arities in #ito%)on'ria& an'

%)&orop&ast #e#,ranes in ter#s o pro3i'in* a proton *ra'ient/ proton p+#psATP s"nt)etase e&e%tro%)e#i%a& *ra'ient (it) )i*) ener*" e&e%trons +e&&in*t)e p+#ps.



Similarities bet#een 2itochon*ria an* %hloroplasts are present in the !% o2itochon*ria1 an* in the Li(ht "epen*ant Reactions o Photosynthesis. Proton Pumps1AP Synthetase1 !lectrochemical Gra*ients an* hi(h ener(y electrons.

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4.2 - Respiration