96219127 7mo Informe de Laboratorio Los Halogenos

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    LOS HALOGENOS

    ADA LUZ PALACIO HERNANDEZMARIA JOSE BERMEJO PEÑATE

      PRESENTADO A:FELIX PEREZ SERRANOQuímico Farmacu!ico"

    UNNIVERSIDAD DEL ATLANTICOBARRANQUILLA – ATLANTICO

    PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGIA

    21 DE ABRIL DEL 2010

    TABLA DE CONTENIDO#

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    Pág.INTRODUCCION

    OBJETIVOS

    RESUMEN

    MARCO TEORICO

    MATERIALES Y METODO

    RESULTADO

    NOMENCLATURA

    IMPORTANCIA BIOLOGICA

    DISCUSION

    ANEXOS

    CONCLUSION

    BIBLIOGRAIA

    INTRODUCCIONL!" #$%&g'(!"

    $

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    Lo% #$%&g'(!" &'() *ri(*o+ formador de sales, %o- )o% ()(m(-!o% .u( /orma-() g)*+! 1, &a-!(riorm(-!( *ru0o 1IIA, '( )a !a2)a 0(ri3'ica"

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    (>i%!(- u-a ca-!i'a' (-orm( '( c)oruro < 2romuro (- )a% a*ua% '( )o%oca-o%" La Fi*ura # mu(%!ra u- 'ia*rama co- )a% ca-!i'a'(% r()a!i5a% '((%!o% ()(m(-!o%"

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    Fi*ura #" A2u-'a-cia '( )o% @a)uro%

    E) ;4or (% m7% a2u-'a-!( (- )a cor!(?a !(rr(%!r( &K"K6, .u( () c)oro&K"K66,+ ocu0a-'o () # )u*ar (- or'(- '( a2u-'a-cia (- )a mi%ma" E) ;4or%( 0r(%(-!a (- )a -a!ura)(?a (- /orma com2i-a'a como ;uori!a &CaF$,+ crio)i!a&NaA)F, < ;uora0a!i!a &Ca6&PO,F,"

    La ;uori!a+ '( )a .u( %( '(ri5a *(-(ra)m(-!( )a mai%!(- 0oco% i%!(-r(%(r5a% i-*(-!(% '( c)oro (- () oca-o+ co- u- " (- 0(%o '( %a)(%+ '( )a%cua)(%+ () #" %o- %a)(% '( io-(% c)oruro%"

    E) 2romo (% %u%!a-cia)m(-!( m(-o% a2u-'a-!( .u( () c)oro o () ;4or (- )acor!(?a !(rr(%!r(" Como () c)oro+ )a ma

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    E)

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    MATERIALES Y REACTIVOS

    MATERIALES Tu2o% '( (-%a

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    PROCEDIMIENTO#" S( A*r(*o (- !r(% !u2o% '( (-%a

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    RESULTADOS

    1. A) mom(-!o '( m(?c)ar a*ua '( c)oro CC) < a*i!ar )a mu(%!ra (%!a%( !or-o i-co)ora < co- u-a 0ar!( *()a!i-o%a (- () /o-'o '( co)or amari))o

    0o))i!o

    • A) mom(-!oo '( m(?c)ar a*ua '( 2romo CC)  < a*i!ar )a mu(%!ra %(!or-o '( ari2a '( co)or amari))o 0o))i!o < co- u-a 0ar!( *()a!i-o%a (- ()/o-'o '( co)or %a)mo-"

      D(%0u(% '( m(%c)ar ()

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    2. A) mm(-!o '( m(?c)ar NaBr CC) )a mu(%!ra+ %( !or-o arri2a i-co)ora <(- () /o-'o u-a 0ar!( *()a!i-o%a como 2)a-cu%ca < a) mom(-!o '(a*r(*ar)( a*ua '( c)oro < a*i!ar )a mu(%!ra %( !or-o arri2a i-co)oro < (-() /o-'o u-a0ar!( *()a!i-o%a amari))o) 0o))i!o"

     

    A) a*r(*ar I CC) C)H$K )a m(?c)a %( !or-a '( u- c)or mari))o co- u-0r(ci0i!a'o -ara-=a+ 0(ro a) )a'iar () !u2o '( (-%a

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    .• A) m(%c)ar NaC) CC) A*ua '( 2romo+ (- () !u2o '( (-%a

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    .•   A) m(%c)ar NaC) CC) A*ua '( Yo'o+ )a /ac( )i.ui'a %( !or-a5a

    -ara-=a < )a /ac( co)oi'a) 5io)(!a + 0(ro a) )a'iar)a < (%!a /(c( !ra%)ucir%(%( -o!a '( u- co)or mora'o"

    • A) m(%c)ar NaBr CC) A*ua '( Yo'o+ )a /ac( )i.ui'a %( !or-a5a -ara-=ao%curo < )a /ac( co)oi'a) %a)mo-+ 0(ro a) )a'iar)a < (%!a /(c( !ra%)ucir%(%( -o!a '( u- co)or mora'o"

    #

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    . NaC) H$ONi!ra!o D( P)a!a+ crau- 0r(ci0i!a'o '( co)or 2)a-co .u( 5a'(%(-'i(-'o '( a 0oco+ < )u(*o '( 0a%ar 0or () 0a0a() )!ro %( o2%(r5a+(%!( 0r(ci0i!a'o (- () 0a0()

      Aci'o Ni!rico aci'o Su)/urico () 0a0()%( rom0io (- (%!( 0u-!o

    F $-!($/!

    NOMENCLATURAS

    NOMENCLATURATRADICIONAL

    NOMENCLATURASTOC

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    IMPORTANCIA BIOLOGICA DE LOS RECCATIVOS

     Y!*)! ' +!$"!

    E- m('ici-a 0ara () !ra!ami(-!o '() r(uma < '( )a ac!i5i'a' (>c(%i5a '()

    !iroi'(%" E- micro2io)o*ía+ (% u- com0o-(-!( '() Lu*o)" E% u- irri!a-!( )(5(+'(2( %(r ma-i0u)a'o co- *ua-!(%" U-a %o2r((>0o%ici3- cr3-ica 0u('( %(r0(r=u'icia) 0ara )a *)7-'u)a !iroi'(%" I (% '( u%o /r(cu(-!( como /u(-!( '(

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    D'g)$$3%$: E%!( 0ro'uc!o (% u-a %a) i-or*7-ica+ )a cua) %( 'i%ocia!o!a)m(-!( (- () m('io acu7!ico (- io-(% 2romuro < 0o!a%io" Tam2i- %('(*ra'a (- %u()o% a io-(% '( 2romuro"E/!!@/$: LC6K V rai-2o] !rou! V 6 'ía% $KK m*V)9 EC6K V Da0@-iaMa*-a V @ ^ #KK m*V)9LD6K V orMu< u!i)i?a'o (- () %i*)o XIX como a-!ico-5u)%i5o+ @o< %3)o %( (m0)(aco- (%!( u%o (- 5(!(ri-aria" Ti(-( a0)icacio-(% !am2i- (- )a i-'u%!ria/o!o*r7ca co- )a ac)aracio- .u( 0or %u (%!ruc!ura io-ica 0u('( oca%io-arca-c(r"a) V co'or-i? com4- ^ $6KK m*V*9 LC6K co'or-i? com4- KKK 00m"

    E) 2romuro '() 0o!a%io %( u!i)i?a 0ara !ra!ar (0i)(0%ia (- 0(rro%+ como!ra!ami(-!o r%!8)i-( o a'(m7% '() 0@(-o2ar2i!a) cua-'o )o% a%imi(-!o% -o %(

    co-!ro)a- a'(cua'am(-!( co- () 0@(-o2ar2i!a) %o)o" E) u%o '() 2romuro (-*a!o% (% )imi!a'o 0or.u( ))(5a u- ri(%*o %u2%!a-cia) '( cau%ar )a i-;amaci3-'() 0u)m3- &0-(umo-i!i%, (- (%!a (%0(ci("

    A(-!(!

    E) a-!imo-io (% )i2(ra'o a) am2i(-!( '(%'( /u(-!(% -a!ura)(% ( i-'u%!ria)(%"Pu('( 0(rma-(c(r (- () air( a'@(ri'o a 0ar!ícu)a% mu< 0(.u(a% 0or muc@o%'ía%" La ma0o%ici3- '( )o% @uma-o% a) a-!imo-io0u('( !(-(r )u*ar 0or m('io '( )a r(%0iraci3-+ '() a*ua 0o!a2)( < '( )a comi'a.u( )o co-!(-*a+ 0(ro !am2i- 0or co-!ac!o cu!7-(o co- !i(rra+ a*ua < o!ra%

    %u%!a-cia% .u( )o co-!(-*a-" R(%0irar a-!imo-io (-)a?a'o co- @i'r3*(-o (- )a/a%( *a%(o%a (% )o .u( 0ro'uc( 0ri-ci0a)m(-!( )o% (/(c!o% %o2r( )a %a)u'"La(>0o%ici3- a ca-!i'a'(% r()a!i5am(-!( a)!a% '( a-!imo-io & m*Vm '( air(,'ura-!( u- )ar*o 0(rio'o '( !i(m0o 0u('( 0ro5ocar irri!aci3- '( )o% o=o%+ 0i() <0u)mo-(%"Si )a (>0o%ici3- co-!i-4a %( 0u('(- 0ro'ucir (/(c!o% m7% *ra5(%+!a)(% como (-/(rm('a'(% 0u)mo-ar(%+ 0ro2)(ma% '( cora?3-+ 'iarr(a+ 53mi!o%%(5(ro% < 4)c(ra% (%!omaca)(%"No %( %a2( %i () a-!imo-io 0u('( 0ro5ocarc7-c(r o /a))o% r(0ro'uc!or(%"E) a-!imo-io (% u%a'o como m('ici-a 0ara

    #

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    i-/(ccio-(% 0ara%i!aria%+ 0(ro )a% 0(r%o-a% .u( !oma- '(ma%ia'a m('ici-a o.u( %o- (%0(cia)m(-!( %(-%i2)(% a ())a (>0(rim(-!a- (/(c!o% (- %u %a)u'"E%!o% (/(c!o% %o2r( )a %a)u' -o% @a- @(c@o (%!ar m7% a)(r!a ac(rca '( )o%0()i*ro% '( )a (>0o%ici3- a) a-!imo-io"E) a-!imo-io %( 0u('( (-co-!rar (- )o%%u()o%+ a*ua < air( (- ca-!i'a'(% mu< 0(.u(a%" E) a-!imo-io co-!ami-a0ri-ci0a)m(-!( )o% %u()o%" Pu('( 5ia=ar *ra-'(% 'i%!a-cia% co- )a% a*ua%%u2!(rr7-(a% @acia o!ro% )u*ar(% < a*ua% %u0(rcia)(%"La% 0ru(2a% '()a2ora!orio co- ra!a%+ co-(=o% < co-(=i))o% '( i-'ia% -o% @a- mo%!ra'o .u(-i5()(% r()a!i5am(-!( a)!o% '( a-!imo-io 0u('(- ma!ar a 0(.u(o% a-ima)(%"La% ra!a% 0u('(- (>0(rim(-!ar 'ao% 0u)mo-ar(%+ car'iaco%+ @(07!ico% <r(-a)(% 0r(5io% a )a mu(r!("Lo% a-ima)(% .u( r(%0ira- 2a=o% -i5()(% '(

    a-!imo-io 'ura-!( u- )ar*o 0(rio'o '( !i(m0o 0u('(- (>0(rim(-!ar irri!aci3-ocu)ar+ 0r'i'a '( 0()o < 'ao% 0u)mo-ar(%" Lo% 0(rro% 0u('(- (>0(rim(-!ar0ro2)(ma% car'iaco% i-c)u%o cua-'o %o- (>0u(%!o% a 2a=o% -i5()(% '(a-!imo-io" Lo% a-ima)(% .u( r(%0ira- 2a=o% -i5()(% '( a-!imo-io 'ura-!( u-0ar '( m(%(% !am2i- 0u('(- (>0(rim(-!ar 0ro2)(ma% '( /(r!i)i'a'"To'a5ía -o@a 0o'i'o %(r !o!a)m(-!( (%0(cica'o %i () a-!imo-io 0ro'uc( c7-c(r o -o"

    Ag*$ ' /%!)!

    E) c)oro (% u- .uímico im0or!a-!( 0ara )a 0uricaci3- '() a*ua &como (-0)a-!a% '( !ra!ami(-!o '( a*ua,+ (- '(%i-/(c!a-!(%+ < (- )a )(=ía" E) c)oro (-a*ua (% m7% '( !r(% 5(c(% m7% (/(c!i5o como a*(-!( '(%i-/(c!a-!( co-!raEscherichia coli .u( u-a co-c(-!raci3- (.ui5a)(-!( '( 2romo+ < m7% '( %(i%5(c(% m7% (/(c!i5a .u( u-a co-c(-!raci3- (.ui5a)(-!( '( i'o '( %o'io+ o !a2)(!a% %3)i'a% '( i%ocia-ura!o%c)ora'o%" I-c)u%o )o% 0(.u(o% %umi-i%!ro% '( a*ua %o- c)ora'o%ru!i-ariam(-!( a@ora"Su()( %(r im0r7c!ico a)mac(-ar < u%ar () 5(-(-o%o *a%c)oro 0ara () !ra!ami(-!o '( a*ua+ a%í .u( %( u%a- m!o'o% a)!(r-a!i5o% 0ara

    a*r(*ar c)oro" E%!o% i-c)u

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    mo)cu)a+ /orma-'o 7ci'o @i0oc)oro%o &HC)O,+ .u( ac!4a como u- 2ioci'a*(-(ra)+ ma!a-'o *rm(-(%+ microor*a-i%mo%+ a)*a%+ (-!r( o!ro% '( a@í %uim0or!a-cia (- () (m0)(o (- E-'o'o-cia como a*(-!( irri*a-!( '( )o%co-'uc!o% ra'icu)ar(% a2or'a-'o%( como %o)uci3- (- /orma '( @i0oc)ori!o '(%o'io (- 'i%!i-!a% co-c(-!racio-(% %(a K"6 3 K"$ )a% m7% /r(cu(-!(%(m0)(a'a%" E) c)oro !am2i- (% u%a'o como '(!(r*(-!( 0ara 2ac!(ria% como ()2aci))u% r(0ri-'(-!iu% o como () mar!()ia-u% mar!icu%"E) c)oro (% u- *a%a)!am(-!( r(ac!i5o" E% u- ()(m(-!o .u( %( 'a '( /orma -a!ura)" Lo% ma0o%ici3- !u5o )u*ar"La r(%0iraci3- '( 0(.u(a% ca-!i'a'(% '( c)oro 'ura-!(cor!o% 0(rio'o% '( !i(m0o a/(c!a -(*a!i5am(-!( a) %i%!(ma r(%0ira!orio@uma-o" Lo% (/(c!o% 5a- '(%'( !o% < 'o)or 0(c!ora) @a%!a r(!(-ci3- '( a*ua (-)o% 0u)mo-(%" E) c)oro irri!a )a 0i() + )o% o=o% < () %i%!(ma r(%0ira!orio" No (%0ro2a2)( .u( (%!o% (/(c!o% !(-*a- )u*ar a -i5()(% '( c)oro (-co-!ra'o%-orma)m(-!( (- )a -a!ura)(?a"Lo% (/(c!o% (- )a %a)u' @uma-a a%ocia'o% co- )ar(%0iraci3- o () co-%umo '( 0(.u(a% ca-!i'a'(% '( c)oro 'ura-!( 0(rio'o%0ro)o-*a'o% '( !i(m0o -o %o- co-oci'o%" A)*u-o% (%!u'io% mu(%!ra- .u( )o%!ra2a=a'or(% '(%arro))a- (/(c!o% a'5(r%o% a) (%!ar (>0u(%!o% a i-@a)acio-(%r(0(!i'a% '( c)oro+ 0(ro o!ro% -o"E) c)oro %( 'i%u()5( cua-'o %( m(?c)a co- ()a*ua" Tam2i- 0u('( (%ca0ar%( '() a*ua ( i-cor0orar%( a) air( 2a=o ci(r!a%co-'icio-(%" La ma

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    (- () a@ua 0ara /ormar %a)(% '( c)oro+ < co- ma!(ria or*7-ica 0ara /ormarcom0u(%!o% or*7-ico% c)ori-a'o%"D(2i'o a %u r(ac!i5i'a' -o (% 0ro2a2)( .u( ()c)oro %( mu(5a a !ra5% '() %u()o < %( i-cor0or( a )a% a*ua% %u2!(rr7-(a%"La%0)a-!a% < )o% a-ima)(% -o %u()(- a)mac(-ar c)oro" Si- (m2ar*o+ (%!u'io% '()a2ora!orio mu(%!ra- .u( )a (>0o%ici3- r(0(!i'a a c)oro (- () air( 0u('( a/(c!ara) %i%!(ma i-mu-i!ario+ )a %a-*r(+ () cora?3-+ < () %i%!(ma r(%0ira!orio '( )o%a-ima)(%" E) c)oro 0ro5oca 'ao% am2i(-!a)(% a 2a=o% -i5()(%" E) c)oro (%(%0(cia)m(-!( 'ai-o 0ara or*a-i%mo% .u( 5i5(- (- () a*ua < () %u()o"

    Ag*$ ' 3)!-!

    E) 2romo %( (-cu(-!ra (- -i5()(% '( !ra?a% (- @uma-o%" E% co-%i'(ra'o u-()(m(-!o .uímico (%(-cia)+ au-.u( -o %( co-oc(- (>ac!am(-!( )a% /u-cio-(%.u( r(a)i?a" A)*u-o% '( %u% com0u(%!o% %( @a- (m0)(a'o (- () !ra!ami(-!oco-!ra )a (0i)(0%ia < como %('a-!(%"

    S( u%a como r(ac!i5o 0ara i'(-!icaci3-+ < como '(co)ora-!( < a-!i%0!ico" Lo%/r(o-(% r(/ri*(ra-!(% @a- %u%!i!ui'o () C) 0or () Br m(-o% r(ac!i5o < 0or !a-!oa)*o m(-o% a*r(%i5o co- )a ca0a '( o?o-o" Lo% 2romuro% ac!4a- m'icam(-!(como %('a-!(%+ < () 2romuro '( 0)a!a %( u!i)i?a como u- ()(m(-!o/u-'am(-!a) (- )a% 0)aca% /o!o*r7ca%" E)

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    -a!ura)(?a %( (-cu(-!ra- a)*u-a% /orma% '( 2romuro% i-or*7-ico%+ 0(ro a0(%ar '( .u( %( 'a- -a!ura)m(-!(+ )o% @uma-o% @a- aa'i'o '(ma%ia'o a )o)ar*o '( )o% ao%" A !ra5% '( )a comi'a < '() a*ua )o% @uma-o% a2%or2(mo%a)!a% 'o%i% '( 2romuro% i-or*7-ico%" E%!o% 2romuro% 0u('(- 0(r=u'icar a)%i%!(ma -(r5io%o < )a *)7-'u)a !iroi'(%"

    Lo% 2romuro% or*7-ico% %o- a m(-u'o a0)ica'o% como a*(-!(% '(%i-/(c!a-!(%< 0ro!(c!or(%+ '(2i'o a %u% (/(c!o% 0(r=u'icia)(% 0ara )o% microor*a-i%mo%"Cua-'o %( a0)ica- (- i-5(r-a'(ro% < (- cam0o% '( cu)!i5o 0u('(- %(rarra%!ra'o% /7ci)m(-!( @a%!a )a% a*ua% %u0(rcia)(%+ )o .u( !i(-( (/(c!o% mu<-(*a!i5o% 0ara )a %a)u' '( )a% 'a0@-ia+ 0(c(%+ )a-*o%!a% < a)*a%"

    Lo% 2romuro% or*7-ico% %o- !am2i- 0(r=u'icia)(% 0ara )o% mamí/(ro%+(%0(cia)m(-!( cua-'o %( acumu)a- (- )o% cu(r0o% '( %u% 0r(%a%" Lo% (/(c!o%m7% im0or!a-!(% %o2r( )o% a-ima)(% %o- 'ao% -(r5io%o% < 'ao% (- () ADN+ )o.u( 0u('( aum(-!ar )a% 0ro2a2i)i'a'(% '( '(%arro))ar c7-c(r"

    La !oma '( 2romuro or*7-ico !i(-( )u*ar a !ra5% '( )a comi'a+ '( )ar(%0iraci3- < a !ra5% '( )a 0i()"

    Lo% 2romuro% or*7-ico% -o %o- mu< 2io'(*ra'a2)(%9 cua-'o %o-'(%com0u(%!o% %( /orma- 2romuro% i-or*7-ico%" _%!o% 0u('(- 'aar ()%i%!(ma -(r5io%o %i %o- a2%or2i'o% (- *ra-'(% 'o%i%" Ha ocurri'o (- () 0a%a'o.u( )o% 2romuro% or*7-ico% !(rmi-aro- (- )a comi'a '() *a-a'o" Mi)(% '(

    5aca% < c(r'o% !u5i(ro- .u( %(r %acrica'o% 0ara 0r(5(-ir () co-!a*io a )o%@uma-o%" E) *a-a'o %u/ri3 '( %í-!oma% !a)(% como 'ao% (- () @í*a'o+ 0r'i'a'( 5i%i3- < 'i%mi-uci3- '() cr(cimi(-!o+ r('ucci3- '( )a i-mu-i'a'+'(cr(cimi(-!o '( )a 0ro'ucci3- '( )(c@( < (%!(ri)i'a' < ma)/ormacio-(% /(!a)(%

    Ag*$ ' !!

    E)

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    KK 0ar!(% '( c)oro/ormo (- u- mi))3- '( 0ar!(% '( air( &KK 00m, 'ura-!( u-2r(5( )a0%o '( !i(m0o cau%a /a!i*a+ mar(o% < 'o)or '( ca2(?a" Si u%!(' i-@a)aair(+ com( a)im(-!o% o 2(2( a*ua .u( co-!i(-(- -i5()(% ()(5a'o% '(c)oro/ormo 0or u- 0(rio'o )ar*o '( !i(m0o+ () c)oro/ormo 0u('( 'aar %u@í*a'o < %u% rio-(%" Si %u 0i() (-!ra (- co-!ac!o co- u-a co-c(-!raci3-*ra-'( '( c)oro/ormo )( 0u('(- %a)ir ))a*a%"No %( %i () c)oro/ormo 0(r=u'ica )a ca0aci'a' '( r(0ro'ucci3- '( )a% 0(r%o-a% o%i cau%a '(/(c!o% co-*-i!o%" La% ra!a% < ra!o-(% .u( r(%0iraro- air( co--i5()(% ()(5a'o% '( c)oro/ormo &K a KK 00m, 0r(%(-!aro- a2or!o%(%0o-!7-(o%9 )o mi%mo )(% ocurri3 a )a% ra!a% .u( comi(ro- c)oro/ormo 'ura-!(() (m2ara?o" Lo% ra!o-(% .u( r(%0iraro- air( co- -i5()(% ()(5a'o% '(

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    Lo% r(%u)!a'o% '( )o% (%!u'io% (- 0(r%o-a% .u( 2(2i(ro- a*ua c)ora'amo%!raro- u- 5í-cu)o 0o%i2)( (-!r( () c)oro/ormo '() a*ua c)ora'a < )o% ca%o%'( c7-c(r '( co)o- < '( )a 5(=i*a" S( r(*i%!r3 c7-c(r '( @í*a'o < '( )o% rio-(%(- )a% ra!a% < ra!o-(% .u( comi(ro- o 2(2i(ro- a*ua co- c)oro/ormo (-*ra-'(% ca-!i'a'(% 'ura-!( 0(río'o% 0ro)o-*a'o% '( !i(m0o" No %( %i )a%0(r%o-a% .u( 2(2(- a*ua co- c)oro/ormo 'ura-!( muc@o !i(m0o '(%arro))ar7-

    c7-c(r '( @í*a'o < rio-(%"

    E) D(0ar!am(-!o '( Sa)u' < S(r5icio% Huma-o% &DHHS+ 0or %u% %i*)a% (-i-*)%, @a '(!(rmi-a'o .u( 0u('( a-!ici0ar%( ra?o-a2)(m(-!( .u( ()c)oro/ormo (% u- carci-3*(-o &u-a %u%!a-cia .u( cau%a c7-c(r," La A*(-ciaI-!(r-acio-a) 0ara )a I-5(%!i*aci3- '() C7-c(r &IARC+ 0or %u% %i*)a% (- i-*)%,@a '(!(rmi-a'o .u( () c)oro/ormo (% 0o%i2)(m(-!( carci-o*-ico 0ara )o%%(r(% @uma-o%" La EPA @a '(!(rmi-a'o .u( () c)oro/ormo (% 0ro2a2)(m(-!( u-carci-3*(-o @uma-o"

    C%!)*)! ' "!!

    E) %o'io (% u- -u!ri(-!( (%(-cia) .u( )a% 0)a-!a% -(c(%i!a- (- mu< 2a=a% 'o%i%"Si- (m2ar*o+ co- 'o%i% u- 0oco a)!a% )a %a) (% !3>ica"

    Ci(r!o% *ru0o% '( 0)a-!a% como )a% 0)a-!a% C o )a CAM -(c(%i!a- 'o%i%mac(%o '( %a)"

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    E%!a %u%!a-cia %( (-cu(-!ra (- )a -a!ura)(?a+ 0or (=(m0)o (- )o% mar(% i!a" E) 7ci'o %u)/4rico '(2( %(r u%a'o+ %i (%0o%i2)( (- circui!o% c(rra'o% '( ca(ría%+ '( mo'o '( r('ucir a) mí-imo )a0o%i2i)i'a' '( co-!ac!o 0or '(rram( acci'(-!a)" No %( '(2( 0(rmi!ir .u( ()7ci'o (-!r( (- a)ca-!ari))a% o /u(-!(% '( a*ua"

    A/! (6)/!

    E) Aci'o Ní!rico (%!7 0r(%(-!( (- a) a!m3%/(ra 0or acci3- @uma-a i-'ir(c!a'o-'( co-!ri2u

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    27%ica% (- () %u()o /orma-'o Ni!ra!o% .u( %o- )u(*o !ra-%/orma'o% i'o% '( Ni!r3*(-o &NO < NO$ 0ri-ci0a)m(-!(, co- O?o-o < @um('a'a!mo%/rico% (- 0r(%(-cia '( %u%!a-cia% ca!a)í!ica% como a(ro%o)(% m(!7)ico% <ra'iacio-(% u)!ra5io)(!a '() %o)" Lo% O>i'o% '( Ni!r3*(-o %( )i2(ra- (- )aa!m3%/(ra como 0ro'uc!o '( )o% *a%(% (mi!i'o% 0or 5(@ícu)o% a mo!or+ )a.u(ma '( Car23-+ ac(i!( o *a% -a!ura)+ (- o0(racio-(% como )a %o)'a'ura co-arco ()c!rico+

    ()(c!ro0)a!(a'o+ )a r(acci3- '() Aci'o Ní!rico co- c()u)o%a o m(!a)(% 0)o%i3- '( 'i-ami!a" La 0r(%(-cia '( O>i'o% '( Ni!r3*(-o (- )a a!m3%/(ra5aría '( )u*ar a )u*ar < co- )a 0oca '() ao"La *(-(raci3- '( Aci'o Ní!rico a 0ar!ir '( %u% 3>i'o% %( (%.u(ma!i?a (- ()%i*ui(-!( (%.u(ma '( r(accio-(%E%!a% r(accio-(% %o- u- 0a%o '( !(rmi-aci3- '(-!ro '( u-a ca'(-a '(r(accio-(% 0or ra'ica)(% )i2r(% < (% mu< r70i'a (- co-'icio-(% '( a!m3%/(ra'(%0(=a'a '( -u2o%i'a'+ 0u'i(-'o 0ro'ucir u-a a)!a ca-!i'a' '( Aci'oNí!rico (- () )a0%o '( 0oca% @ora%" Como r(%u)!a'o -a) '( (%!o% 0roc(%o% %(*(-(ra %mo*# < %( r(!ira- '() air( ra'ica) r(ac!i5o% '( Ni!r3*(-o < '( Hi'ro>i)o&,"Dura-!( )a -oc@( (- )u*ar(% '( a!m3%/(ra% mu< co-!ami-a'a% < co- a)!a

    0r(%(-cia '( o?o-o+ () O>i'o '(Ni!r3*(-o &1, &N$O6, %( !ra-%/orma (- Aci'o Ní!rico 0or acci3- '( u-a r(acci3-@(!(ro*-(a co- a*ua" E%!a r(acci3- (% '(%0r(cia2)( 'ura-!( () 'ía '(2i'o a.u( () Tri3>i'o '( Ni!r3*(-o &NO,+ i-!(rm('iario (- )a *(-(raci3- '( N$O6 %('(%!ru

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    A-!($/!E) amo-íaco (% /7ci)m(-!( 2io'(*ra'a2)(" La% 0)a-!a% )o a2%or2(- co- *ra-/aci)i'a' ()imi-7-'o)o '() m('io+ '( @(c@o (% u- -u!ri(-!( mu< im0or!a-!(0ara %u '(%arro))o"

    Au-.u( co-c(-!racio-(% mu< a)!a% (- () a*ua+ como !o'o -u!ri(-!(+ 0u('(cau%ar *ra5(% 'ao% (- u- río o (%!a-.u(+

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    E) i3- 2romuro (% a-!i(0i)0!ico+ < )a% %a)(% '( 2romuro !o'a5ía %( u%a- co-(%a /u-ci3-+ 0ar!icu)arm(-!( (- m('ici-a 5(!(ri-aria" La 5i'a m('ia '( )o%2romuro% (- @uma-o% $ 'ía%, (% )ar*a (- com0araci3- co- muc@o%/7rmaco%+ @aci(-'o .u( )a 'o%i% %(a 'i/íci) '( a=u%!ar &u-a -u(5a 'o%i% 0u('(r(.u(rir 5ario% m(%(% @a%!a a)ca-?ar () (.ui)i2rio,"

    La% co-c(-!racio-(% '( i3- 2romuro (- () ;ui'o c(r(2ro(%0i-a) %o-a0ro>ima'am(-!( u- K '( )a% (>i%!(-!(% (- %a-*r(+ < (%!7- /u(r!(m(-!(i-;u(-cia'a% 0or )a i-*(%!a '( c)oruro% < () m(!a2o)i%mo"$

    La !o>ici'a' cr3-ica '( )o% 2romuro% 0u('( '(%(-ca'(-ar () 2romi%mo+ u-%í-'rom( co- m4)!i0)(% %í-!oma% -(uro)3*ico%" La !o>ici'a' '( )o% 2romuro%

    !am2i- 0u('( '(%(-ca'(-ar (ru0cio-(% '( 0i()" 1(r 2romuro '( 0o!a%io"

    E) 2romuro '( )i!io %( u%3 como %('a-!( a comi(-?o% '() %i*)o XX+ 0(r3 (-!r3(- '(%u%o (- )a 'ca'a '( )o% K cua-'o a)*u-o% 0aci(-!(% '( cora?3-muri(ro- '(%0u% '( u%ar)o como %u2%!i!u!o '( )a %a) com4-" Como ()car2o-a!o '( )i!io < () c)oruro '( )i!io /u( u%a'o como !ra!ami(-!o '() '(%or'(-2i0o)ar"

     Y!*)! ' "!!

    E)

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    m7% am0)iam(-!( u!i)i?a'o '() c(-!())(o < !i(-( )a %a)i'a )i*(ra m7% a)!a" Lo%cri%!a)(% %( =u-!a- *(-(ra)m(-!( co- a 0@o!omu)!i0)i(r () !u2o+ (- u-a

    a%am2)(a %())a'a @(rm!icam(-!(+ como

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    CONCLUSION

    BIBLIOGRAIA

    • QUIMICA LA CIENCIA CENTRAL+ Bro]- T@(o'or(+ 0a*

    • QUIMICA DE MORTIMER+ C@ar)(% Mor!im(r+ ('i!oria) i2(am(rica-a+ 0a*$#8$

    K

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    • ENCICLOPEDIA ESTUDIANTILTEMATICA+ Larou%%(+ 0a* #8

    • QUIMICA ENERAL+ ui))(rmo ar?3-+ %(*u-'a ('ici3-+ ('i!oria)0r(%(-cia L!'a" Pa* #K#

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    @!!0VV(%"]ii0('ia"or*V]iiVC#ci'ob%u)/CBArico• @!!0VV@!m)"ri-co-'()5a*o"comVaci'o8%u)/uricob"@!m)• @!!0VV(%"]ii0('ia"or*V]iiVC#ci'ob-CAD!rico• @!!0VV(%"]ii0('ia"or*V]iiVAmo-CADaco• @!!0VV@!m)"ri-co-'()5a*o"comVamo-iaco"@!m)• @!!0VV]]]"c@a%'(%(*uri'a'"comV2romurob%o'io"@!m• @!!0VV(%"]ii0('ia"or*V]iiVBromuro• @!!0VV(%"]ii0('ia"or*V]iiVYo'urob'(b%o'io• @!!0VV]]]"]or)')i-*o"comVmaV(-]iiV(%VSo'iumbio'i'(• @!!0VV(%"]ii0('ia"or*V]iiVHa)CB*(-o• @!!0VV]]]"!(>!o%ci(-!ico%"comV.uimicaVi-or*a-icaV@a)o*(-o%• @!!0VV@!m)"ri-co-'()5a*o"comV@a)o*(-o%"@!m)• @!!0VV(%"]ii0('ia"or*V]iiVC)orurob'(bcar2o-ob&I1,• @!!0VV(%"]ii0('ia"or*V]iiVHa)uro• @!!0VV@!m)"ri-co-'()5a*o"comVr(ac!i5i'a'8