A SUSPENSION BRIDGE (STUDENT COPY) Sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

7/28/2019 A SUSPENSION BRIDGE (STUDENT COPY) Sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

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A SUSPENSION BRIDGEHistory

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck (the load-bearing portion) ishung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. Outside Tibet and Bhutan, wherethe first examples of this type of bridge were built in the 15th century, this type of bridge

dates from the early 19th century. Bridges without vertical suspenders have a long history

in many mountainous parts of the world.

This type of bridge has cables suspended betweentowers, plus verticalsuspender cablesthat carry the weight of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement

allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance.

Early precursor

The Tibetansaint and bridge-builderThangtong Gyalpooriginated the use ofiron chainsin his version of early suspension bridges. In 1433, Gyalpo built eight bridges in eastern

Bhutan. The only surviving chain-linked bridge of Gyalpo's was the Thangtong Gyalpo

Bridge in Duksum enroute to Trashi Yangtse, which was finally washed away in 2004.Gyalpo's iron chain bridges did not include a suspended deck bridge which is the

standard on all modern suspension bridges today. Instead, both the railing and the

walking layer of Gyalpo's bridges used wires. The stress points that carried the screed

were reinforced by the iron chains. Before the use of iron chains it is thought that Gyalpoused ropes from twisted willows or yak skins.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_suspension_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangtong_Gyalpohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangtong_Gyalpohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duksumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trashi_Yangtsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_deck_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_suspension_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangtong_Gyalpohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duksumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trashi_Yangtsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_deck_bridge


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First suspension bridges

The first design for a bridge resembling the modern suspension bridge is attributed toFausto Veranzio, whose 1595 bookMachinae Novae included drawings both for a timber

and rope suspension bridge, and a hybrid suspension and cable-stayed bridge using ironchains .

However, the first suspension bridge actually built was by American engineer andinventorJames Finley at Jacob's Creek, in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, in 1801.[5] Finley's bridge was the first to incorporate all of the necessary components of a

suspension bridge, including a suspended deck bridge which hung by trusses. In 1808,Finley had patented the suspension bridge and by 1810, he published his design in a New

York journal entitled The Port Folio.

Early British chain bridges included the Dryburgh Abbey Bridge(1817) and 137 m

Union Bridge (1820), with spans rapidly increasing to 176 m with theMenai SuspensionBridge (1826). The Clifton Suspension Bridge shown above (designed in 1831,

completed in 1864 with a 214 m central span) is one of the longest of the parabolic arc

chain type.

Detail of "View of the Chain Bridge invented by James Finley Esq." (1810), wood

engraving, William Strickland, delineator. Although not specifically identified, this is

likely the Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill (1808).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Veranziohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Finley_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge#cite_note-4%23cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryburgh_Abbey_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryburgh_Abbey_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Bridge_(Tweed)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strickland_(architect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_Bridge_at_Falls_of_Schuylkillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Veranziohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Finley_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge#cite_note-4%23cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryburgh_Abbey_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Bridge_(Tweed)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strickland_(architect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_Bridge_at_Falls_of_Schuylkill


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Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon in Bristol, England. The bridge was

designed by the great Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

In the United States, the first major wire-cable suspension bridge was the Wire Bridge atFairmount in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed byCharles Ellet, Jr. and completed in

1842, it had a span of 109 m. Ellet'sNiagara Falls Suspension Bridge (184748)

Spring Garden Street Bridge is a bridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, that

crosses the Schuylkill Riverbelow Fairmount Dam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge#2nd_bridge:_Wire_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge#2nd_bridge:_Wire_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ellet,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ellet,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge#2nd_bridge:_Wire_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge#2nd_bridge:_Wire_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ellet,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_River


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Suspension bridges are typically ranked by the length of their main span. These are the

ten bridges with the longest spans, followed by the length of the span and the year the

bridge opened for traffic:

1. Akashi Kaiky Bridge (Japan), 1991 m 1998

2. Xihoumen Bridge (China), 1650 m 20093. Great Belt Bridge (Denmark), 1624 m 1998

4. Yi Sun-sin bridge (South Korea), 1545 m 20125. Runyang Bridge (China), 1490 m 2005

6. Humber Bridge (England, United Kingdom), 1410 m 1981. (The longest span

from 1981 until 1998.)7. Jiangyin Suspension Bridge (China), 1385 m 1997

8. Tsing Ma Bridge (Hong Kong, China), 1377 m 1997 (longest span with both

road and metro)9. Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (USA), 1298 m 1964. (The longest span from 1964

until 1981.)

10. Golden Gate Bridge (USA), 1280 m 1937. (The longest span from 1937 until1964.)

11. Yangpu Bridge (China), 1280 m 2007

The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan New York's Brooklyn Bridge

The Golden Gate Bridgein San Francisco Hennepin Avenue Bridge in

Minnesota
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xihoumen_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runyang_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangyin_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsing_Ma_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangpu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_Avenue_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xihoumen_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runyang_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangyin_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsing_Ma_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangpu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_Avenue_Bridge


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PART I (Suspension bridge that can be found in our country)

Pulau Langkawi's Suspended Bridge (Malaysia)

This sky bridge spans around the gorge on Palau Langkawi, which is the largestisland in the Langkawi archipelago, Malaysia. Its suspended at 687 m above sea

level, offering magnificent views of the Andaman Sea and Thailands TarutaoIsland. The view from the bridge is really breathtaking its curves providedifferent perspectives of the landscapes. The Sky Bridge is one of the mostspectacular bridges in the world that delivers quite a pump of adrenaline.
http://www.wayfaring.info/category/countries/malaysia/http://www.wayfaring.info/category/countries/malaysia/


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This unique cable-stayed bridge is suspended by only one support column. This95-yard column held up by 8 load-balancing cables. The curved pedestrianbridge spans 125 m across a spectacular chasm. The bridge is 136 yards longand 2 yards wide. The 1.8 m-wide Sky Bridge had two 3.6 m-wide triangularplatforms that provided a spectacular viewing area for visitors and rememberwhen in the front of the bridge, you are standing 687 m above sea level.


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Monorail Suspension Bridge At Putra Jaya Malaysia

Monorail Suspension Bridge is one of the many bridges in Putrajaya,Malaysia. It was

built to link several important landmarks in the Putrajaya area like thePutrajaya

Convention Centre, Putra Mosque and the Government Administrative Complex in

Parcel E. The bridge's main span has a length of approximately 240m and width of 10m.It is owned by Putrajaya Holding Sdn. Bhd. and was designed by PJS International Sdn.

Bhd.

The project halted in 2004 because the government had not approved further funding.

The stalled project has often been described as the missing link of the public transportsystem designed for the federal administrative capital. The Ministry of the Federal

Territories instructed the Putrajaya Corporation to appoint an independent consultant to

conduct a study on the projects viability.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya_Convention_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya_Convention_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya_Convention_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putra_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Federal_Territories_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Federal_Territories_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya_Convention_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya_Convention_Centrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putra_Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Federal_Territories_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Federal_Territories_(Malaysia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya_Corporation


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Part IIa) State at least two different functions to represent the curved

suspender cables which are parabolic.

Fromthe graphthe value of

The function

1

2

300- 300 0

5

50

f(x)

x

1 2

METHOD 1


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Completing the square

6003000

50

f(x)

x

5

METHOD 2


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Distance between the

two vertical suspender

cables (d metre)

Number of

vertical

suspender cable

( 1 side )

Number of vertical

suspender cable

( 2 side )

10 59 118

15 39 78

20 29 58

25 23 46

30 19 38

b) The distance between the two vertical suspender cables is d metre.

2Find the number of vertical suspender cable is used on both sidesof the bridge as shown in the table below.

Using Arithmetic Progression method

Number of vertical suspender cable =

METHOD 1

METHOD 2

1600

2

d


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Part III(c) (i)

Distance

between the two

vertical

suspender

cables

(d metres)

Types

of

cables

Number of

vertical suspender

cable

(2 sides)

Cost

per

meter

Total cost per meter

10 A 118 RM500 118 RM500 =RM59000

15 B 78 RM750 78RM750 = RM58500

20 C 58 RM1000 58RM1000 =RM58000

25 D 46 RM1200 46RM1200 =RM55200

30 E 38 RM1500 38RM1500 =RM57000

From the table,the minimum cost of the vertical suspender cables is RM55 200, to

construct the bridge.

(c) (ii)

Minimum total cost for the cables = 2(RM1.1million) +RM55 200

= RM2 200 000+RM55 200

= RM2 255 200

(d) The maximum length of each slanting suspender cable :

Cost for 2 slanting cable = RM4 000 000 RM2 255 200

= RM 1 744 800

Cost for each slanting cable = 4008722

8007441RM

RM=

The maximum length of each slanting cable =1200

400872

RM

RM

= 727m


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FURTHER EXPLORATION

Suspension Bridge 3D Skecth with AUTOCAD 2010From Right View


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Entrance View


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From Far View


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A SUSPENSION BRIDGE (STUDENT COPY) Sssssssssssssssssssssssssssss