Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System and Physiology II/Lectures... · • Note Effect of CO2 on pH CO2 + H2O à H2CO3 à H+ + HCO3 - Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System

Page 1

The Respiratory System

1. Introduction

• “Respiration” – Definitions

A. Cellular Respiration

B. External Respiration

C. Internal Respiration

D. Ventilation (Breathing)

i. Inspiration ii. Expiration

2. Primary Functions

A. Gas Exchange

3. Secondary Functions A. Sound Production B. Air Pumps C. Emotional Expression D. pH Regulation

The respiratory exam may be divided into two smaller exams, if time permits.If it divided, part #1 will be up through “alveoli”. Part #2 will be from “lungs” tothe end. This may not be possible but if we can we will do so.


Page 2

4. Respiratory Anatomy

A. Nose (see diagram in text and know locations)

i. Internal and external Nares

ii. Nasal Bones / Cartilage

a. Nasal Bones

b. Frontal Bone

• Frontal Sinus

c. Ethmoid Bone

• Ethmoidal Cells (or Sinuses)

• Cribriform Plate and Olfactory Foramina (See handout)

* Note also Septal Cartilage

• Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid

* Note also Septal Cartilage

• Superior and Middle Nasal Chonchae


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d. Inferior Nasal Chonchae

d. Vomer

e. Sphenoid Bone

• Sphenoid Sinus

f. Maxilla

• Maxillary Sinus

• Palatine process of Maxilla

g. Palatine Bone

• Horizontal Plate of Palatine bone


Page 4

• Hard Palate

iii. Soft Palate

iv. Nasal Mucosa

a. Epithelia of Nasal Mucosa


Page 5

B. Pharynx (see diagram in text and know locations)

i. Nasopharynx

• Eustachian (Auditory) Tube

ii. Oropharynx

• Fauces

iii. Laryngopharynx

iv. Tonsils (see diagram in text and know locations)

a. Lingual Tonsils

b. Palatine Tonsils

c. Pharyngeal Tonsils


Page 6

C. Larynx

i. Structure

a. Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple)

b. Cricoid Cartilage

c. Arytenoid Cartilage

ii. Epiglottis

iii. Vocal Cords

a. Glottis

b. Vocal Cords

iv. Sound Production

D. Trachea

E. The Respiratory Tree

• Conducting Portion

• Respiratory Portion

i. Primary Bronchi

a. Lung

ii. Secondary (or Lobar) Bronchi

a. Lobes of Lung

iii. Tertiary ( or Segmental) Bronchi

a. Bronchopulmonary Segments of Lobes


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iv. Bronchioles

a. Terminal Bronchioles b. Respiratory Bronchioles

v. Alveolar Ducts vi. Alveoli

a. Alvolar Sac

b. Septal Cells (Pull out your handout on “Surfactant”)

• Lung Surfactant

• Alveolar Surface Tension

c. Alveolar Macrophages

F. Lungs: Lobes and Pleurae

i. Location

• Thorax

ii. Anatomy

• Apex and Base

a. Lungs

• Right Lung

* Superior, Middle, and Inferior Lobes

• Left Lung

* Superior and Inferior Lobes

* Cardiac Notch


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b. Lobes

c. Bronchopulmonary Segments

d. Lobules

iii. Pleural Cavity

a. Visceral Pleura

b. Parietal Pleura

• Lubricant

• Lower air pressure

(Pull out your handout on “Lung Inflation”)

c. Collapsed Lung

5. Nerve System

A. Parasympathetic System

B. Sympathetic System

6. Blood Supply

• Right Ventricle

• Left Atrium


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7. Breathing Mechanics

• Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

A. Muscular Control of Breathing

i. Inspiration

a. Diaphragm and External Intercostal

b. Diaphragm Contracts, Lowers Diaphragm

c. Abdominal Muscles

ii. Expiration, Passive

a. External Intercostals & Diaphragm

b. Extrinsic Elastic Recoil

c. Intrinsic Elactic Recoil

iii. Forced Expiration, Active

a. Internal Intercostal Muscles

b. Abdominal Muscles

8. Volumes of Air in the Lungs 9. Factors Affecting Gas Movement and Solubility

A. Partial Pressure (Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure) (See Handout)

10. Gas Exchange Facilitation

A. Partial Pressure


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i. External Respiration

ii. Internal Respiration

B. Surface Area

C. Membrane Thickness

D. Solubility and Size of the Molecules

11. Transport of Oxygen in the Blood

• Hemoglobin (Hg)

• Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

A. Temperature Effect (See graph in text)

B. Increased CO2

and Acid Effect (See graph in text)

• Note Effect of CO2 on pH

CO2 + H2O à H2CO3 à H+ + HCO3-


Page 11

CO

2

CO

2

CO

2

Alv

eoli

of L

ungs

Eryt

hroc

yte

Eryt

hroc

yte

10%

D

isso

love

d in

Pla

sma

60%

30%

Atta

ched

to g

obin

as C

arba

min

ohem

oglo

bin

30%

Atta

ched

to g

lobi

nas

Car

bam

inoh

emog

lobi

n

10%

Dis

solo

ved

in P

lasm

a

CO

2 +

H2O

H2C

O3

H2C

O3

H

2O +

CO

2

H+ +

HC

O3-

HC

O3-

Cl-

Chl

orid

eSh

iftH

CO

3-C

l-C

hlor

ide

Shift

HC

O3- +

H+

Inte

rstit

ial T

issu

esge

nera

te C

O2.

whi

chis

tran

spor

ted

in th

e bl

ood

to lu

ngs.

CO

2 in

crea

selo

wer

s the

pH

(blo

od is

aci

difie

d)

CO

2 de

crea

se ra

ises

the

pH

(blo

od b

ecom

es m

ore

alka

line)

O2

mov

es d

own

its p

ress

ure

grad

ient

as

the

carr

ying

cap

acity

of

hem

oglo

bin

incr

ease

s due

to m

ore

alka

line

envi

ronm

ent

and

tem

pera

ture

issu

es

O2

mov

es d

own

its p

ress

ure

grad

ient

as

the

carr

ying

cap

acity

of

hem

oglo

bin

decr

ease

s due

to le

ss a

lkal

ine

envi

ronm

ent

and

tem

pera

ture

incr

ease

s

From

the

bloo

d, C

O2

diffu

ses i

nto

air s

pace

s of

the

lung

.

Gas

Tra

nspo

rt (C

O2

& O

2) in

Blo

od

Inte

rstit

ium

O2

O2


Page 12

12. Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood (See handout)

A. Plasma

B. Carbaminohemoglobin

C. Bicarbonate Ion

i. Chloride Shift

13. Carbon Monoxide

14. Control of Ventilation

• Eupnea

A. Medullary Rhythmicity Area (See downloadable handout !! )

i. Inspiratory Area

ii. Expiratory Area

C. Chemical Control

i. Auto-regulation of Alveoli

ii. Carotid and Aortic Bodies

iii. Sensors and reflexes

iv. Pulmonary Stretch receptors

15. Other Activities of the Respiratory System

A. Coughing Reflex C. Hiccup

B. Sneeze D. Snoring


Page 13

Respiratory System “Short Stories”

Here is a list of “Short Stories” that are fun to learn and to share with others. Don’t forget about all the anatomy: there was quite a bit and there will be one or more surprise anatomy diagram(s) on your exam!

Note: This list DOES NOT replace your lecture outline. The lecture outline, as usual, is the exam outline. The list below is merely to help you identify the “short stories” for efficient study and preparation.

List of “Short Stories”

SET #1:

• Olfactory Epithelium • Eustachian (auditory) tube and pressure equalization • Anatomy and function of the larynx. Sound production. • Surfactant and Alveoli Structure

SET #2: • Partial pressure and gas movement • Environmental effects on hemoglobin carrying capacity (i.e. pH and temperature) • Mechanics of Ventilation (not breathing) • Lung “Inflation” and collapse • CO2 and O2 exchange (see handout from blood lecture)

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Anatomy and Physiology II Student Outline – Respiratory System and Physiology II/Lectures... · • Note Effect of CO2 on pH CO2 + H2O à H2CO3 à H+ + HCO3 - Anatomy and Physiology