0

Com

mack

High

School HL

Biology

Topic

4A Cell Res

piration

Seven Quest

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2.8 U.2 ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell.

1. List the three main cellular processes that use ATP as a source of energy (Think MR. H GREN)

2.8 U.1 Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.

2. Define cell respiration (Slide 8)

3. Cell respiration is an example of a metabolic process. State the type of molecules that control the process of respiration (Slide 8).

4. Draw and annotate a molecule of ATP to show how it stores and releases energy. (Slide16)

5. How is energy released from ATP molecules? (Slide 17-18)

6. Many reactions in living things can be classified as either oxidation or reduction reactions. These are particularly important in cell respiration and photosynthesis. Complete the table below to compare oxidation and reduction reactions. (Slide 18)

OXIDATION REDUCTION

Electrons are… lost

Oxygen is…

Hydrogen is…

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8.2 U.1 Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers.

7. Describe what an electron carrier is. (slides 21)

8. List the two most common electron carriers used in cell respiration. Give both their oxidized and reduced forms (complete the diagram below): (Slide 21-22)

Oxidized Reduced

FADH2

8.2 U.2 Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable.

9. Define phosphorylation. (Slides 25-26)

10. Outline the four steps to cellular respiration (Slide 24)

8.2 U.3 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. 8.2 U.4 Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen.

11. Draw phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis (Slides 29).

12. Outline the steps of glycolysis after watching the hyperlink on slide 31. (Slide 30-31)

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8.2 U.11 The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs. 8.2 S.2 Annotation of a diagram of a mitochondrion to indicate the adaptations to its function. 12. Complete the table below with the functions of the structures of the mitochondrion. (Slide 36)

Structure: Function:

Outer membrane

Inner membrane(including cristae)

Matrix

Mitochondrial DNA

Inter-membrane space

Ribosome

13. Complete a drawing of the mitochondria. (Slide 36)

8.2 A.1 Electron tomography used to produce images of active mitochondria.

13. Electron tomography is aiding the understanding of mitochondria and cell respiration. State what is meant by the term electron tomography. (Slide 39)

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8.2 U.5 In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound and attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction.

14. Draw a labeled diagram and outline, the link reaction. (Slide 40)Include the following: Pyruvate, CoA, Acetyl CoA, oxidation, decarboxylation

8.2 U.6 In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers, liberating carbon.(slides 42-45)15. In the space below, draw a diagram of the Krebs cycle. (Watch the hyperlink How the Krebs Cycle Works draw

at the 1:49 point in the video) Include the following: Acetyl CoA, 4 carbon compound, 6 carbon compound, 5 carbon compound, rearrangement, oxidation, decarboxylation, substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP formation), NAD+ reduced, FAD reduced, provides electrons to the electron transport chain.

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8.2 U.8 Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping.8.2 U.10 Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water.(slides 46-55)16. Annotate the diagram below with the stages of the electron transport chain.

Include the following: H+, e- (electrons), integral proteins, electron carriers, NADH, FADH2, oxidation, return to Krebs cycle, pumping of H+, high H+ concentration, transfer of electrons, electrochemical concentration gradient, Chemiosmosis by ATP synthase, O2 is the final electron acceptor, production of water.

17. Explain what would happen to the efficiency of the electron transport chain if oxygen did not accept electrons and bind with free protons. (slide 69)

8.2 U.9 In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP.

18. Outline the process of chemiosmosis. (Slides 48)Include the following: ATP synthase, ADP, Pi, ATP, H+, rotation, electrochemical concentration gradient.

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Nature of Science: Paradigm shift—the chemiosmotic theory led to a paradigm shift in the field of bioenergetics. (2.3)

19. Describe what is meant by the term paradigm shift. (Slide 56)

20. In 1961 Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory. (Slide 57)a. Outline what his theory explained better than existing theories.

b. Suggest why his ideas were not immediately accepted despite good evidence supporting his theory.

21. Compare the yield of ATP from the different stages of cell respiration. (Slide 59)

Molecules Glycolysis Link Reaction Kreb Cycle ETC Total Produced

CO2

ATP

NADH

FADH2

2.8 U.4 Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose.

22. Label the diagram of aerobic cell respiration below. (Slide 68)

23. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic (Slide 69)

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24. During anaerobic respiration, what are the disadvantages to generating no more FADH2 or NADH? (Slide 69)

25. Describe the term ‘oxygen debt’ and explain why it must be repaid after anaerobic respiration has stopped. (Slide 71)

26. Explain why anaerobic respiration can only be done for short periods of time. (Slide 72)

2.8 A.2 Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions. (slides 70-75))

26. State three activities that require anaerobic respiration.a.

b.

c.

2.8A.1 Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in baking.

27. Describe how and why yeast is used in bread making. (slides 74-75)

2.8.U.3 Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose.

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28. Label the diagram of anaerobic cell respiration below. (slide 78)

29. Complete the table below.(Slide 79)

Aerobic Anaerobic

Glucose (and other hexose sugars) used in both types of respiration

Lipids and amino acids (if in excess) can also

be used

Oxygen in

2 ATP produced

Pyruvate is an intermediate compound in both types of respiration

Yeast Animals

Carbon dioxide produced

Water produced

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Part II of EnergyPhotosynthesis

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2.9 U.1 Photosynthesis is the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy .

30. Define photosynthesis (Slide 89)

31. State the word equation and balanced symbol equation for the metabolic process of photosynthesis. (Slide 91)Word:

Symbol:

32. State uses for the glucose produced in photosynthesis (Think Mr. H Gren)

8.3 U.14 The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis. & 8.3 S.1 Annotation of a diagram to indicate the adaptations of a chloroplast to its function. (Slides 142-145)

33. In the space below, draw and label a diagram of a chloroplast, as seen under a TEM. Include: thylakoid membranes and thylakoid (inner membrane) space, stroma, granum/thylakoid disc, chloroplast envelope. Annotate the diagram with the function of each component and the way it is adapted to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis.

34. Certain features of a chloroplast indicate it’s probable origin as a prokaryote cell. (From your base knowledge)a. State the approximate size of a chloroplast

b. Identify the other key structures that indicate the probable origin of a chloroplast.

c. Explain how the size and structures identified above provide evidence of the chloroplast’s prokaryote origin.

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2.9 U.5 Energy is needed to produce carbohydrates and other carbon compounds from carbon dioxide.

35. With reference to the products of photosynthesis outline why the process of photosynthesis consumes energy. (Slides 98)

2.9 U.2 Visible light has a range of wavelengths with violet the shortest wavelength and red the

longest

36. The process if photosynthesis absorbs light in the blue and red area of the visible light spectrum,

roughly what wavelength would they be? (Slide 93)

2.9 U.3 Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most effectively and reflects green light more than other colors.

37. Chlorophyll a is the most abundant pigment on the Earth. What are a couple of other pigments that plants may have and why would they need them? (Slide 96)

38. Photosynthesis can be broken up into to steps, what are they and in general how do they work? (Slides 99-101)

2.9 U.4 Oxygen is produced in photosynthesis from the photolysis of water .(Slide 102)

39. One use of the energy consumed in photosynthesis is the splitting of water molecules. This essential step releases electrons, which are needed in other parts of the process.

H2O → 4e− + 4H+ + O2

a. State the name of the water splitting process.

b. State the waste product of photosynthesis is produced by this process and explain why this product is considered to be a waste product.(Slide 106)

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8.3 U.1 Light-dependent reactions take place in the intermembrane space of the thylakoids. & 8.3 U.4 Absorption of light by photosystems generates excited electrons. & 8.3.U5 Photolysis of water generates electrons for use in the light-dependent reactions. & 8.3 U.6 Transfer of excited electrons occurs between carriers in thylakoid membranes. & 8.3 U.3 Reduced NADP and ATP are produced in the light-dependent reactions. & 8.3 U.7 Excited electrons from Photosystem II are used to contribute to generate a proton gradient. & 8.3 U.8 ATP synthase in thylakoids generates ATP using the proton gradient. & 8.3 U.9 Excited electrons from Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP.

40. Annotate the diagram A-I below to explain the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. (Slide 117)

41. Explain what happens to an electron when it is excited by photons of light.(Slide 106)

42. . Identify the two products of the light-dependent reactions which are carried through to the light- independent reactions.(Slide 122)

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8.3 U.2 Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. & 8.3 U.10 In the light-independent reactions a carboxylase catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate. & 8.3 U.11 Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate using reduced NADP and ATP. & 8.3 U.12 Triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP and produce carbohydrates. & 8.3 U.13 Ribulose bisphosphate is reformed using ATP.

43. In the space below, draw a diagram to explain the cycle of reactions that occur in the light-independent stages of photosynthesis. Include: carboxylation of RuBP to glycerate-3-phosphate by rubisco, reduction to triose phosphate, formation of glucose phosphate and reformation of RuBP. (Slide 124)

44. State the name of the 5-carbon compound present in the Calvin cycle. (Slide 126)

45. State the name of the highly abundant enzyme responsible for fixing CO2. (Slide 126)

46. Define carboxylation. (Slide 127)

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8.3 A.1 Calvin’s experiment to elucidate the carboxylation of RuBP. Nature of Science: developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus - sources of   14C and autoradiography enabled Calvin to elucidate the pathways of carbon fixation. (1.8)

47. Outline the method used by Calvin to discover the carboxylation of RuBP. (Slides 129-134)

48. Explain, briefly, how the separation of the carbon compounds allowed Calvin to discover the carboxylation of RuBP.(Slide 132)

49. Is Calvin’s technique a reduction or emergent properties discovery.

2.9 S.3 Separation of photosynthetic pigments by chromatograph.

50. In the absence of equipment you can use the virtual lab and complete the self-test quiz:

a. Virtual lab: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab4/pigsep.html

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2.9 U.2 Visible light has a range of wavelengths with violet the shortest wavelength and red the longest. 2.9 U.3 Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most effectively and reflects green light more than other colors.2.9 S.1 Drawing an absorption spectrum for chlorophyll and an action spectrum for photosynthesis.

51. Light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths (colors). The range of wavelengths of visible light occupies is 400 to 700 nm.

a. Outline the properties of these wavelengths of light (action spectrum): (Slide 134)

b. In the space below, draw (and label) a graph showing the absorption spectra for chlorophyll. (Slide 133)

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c. Distinguish between action and absorption spectra for photosynthesis.

d. State the name of the main photosynthetic pigment and where in (typical) plant cells it is found.(Slides 92-96)

Name: Location:

e. Explain why the leaves of most plants appear green to us.

2.9 U.6 Temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are possible limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis.

52. Outline the effects of the following variables on the rate of photosynthesis. Sketch and annotate a graph for each one.

Light intensity (Slide 139)

Note: light intensity is not the same as wavelength or frequency. Light intensity refers to the amount of light of a given wavelength which is available to the plant. Light intensity is high at the equator, in the summer or at midday.

Temperature(Slide 140)

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Carbon dioxide concentration (Slide 141)

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2.9 S.2 Design of experiments to investigate the effect of limiting factors on photosynthesis .(Slides 146-151)

53. Define rate, with regard to reactions.

54. Explain how the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly and indirectly.

Direct Measurement 1 Uptake:

Explanation:

Direct Measurement 2 Product:

Explanation:

Indirect Measurement Product:

Explanation:

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55. When designing an investigation into the effect of limiting factors on photosynthesis suggest what considerations maybe needed to be taken into account for each variable.

a. The independent variable:

b. The dependent variable:

c. Control variables:

2.9 A.1 Changes to the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and rock deposition due to photosynthesis . (Slides 152-158)

56. Describe the Earth’s atmosphere before the process of photosynthesis evolved.57.

58. State the type of organism that first carried out photosynthesis and how long ago it arose.

59. Photosynthetic organisms have caused many changes to the Earth. Outline how these organisms have affected each of the following.

a. The atmosphere:

b. The oceans:

c. Rock deposition: