Avoiding Plagiarism and Citing Sources of

Information

Nov 2013

Objectives of the WorkshopObjectives of the Workshop

By the end of the workshop, you will be able to:

•Define what plagiarism is and identify ways to prevent plagiarism

•Recognize how to document sources properly in APA format

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What is Plagiarism?What is Plagiarism?• Plagiarism is “the action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc.,

and passing it off as one's own; literary theft.”

– Oxford English Dictionary

• Plagiarism is not only mere copying of text; it also refers to using another's ideas as one's own, regardless of the specific words or constructs used to express that idea

• You will commit plagiarism if fail to include quotations or acknowledge the sources in your paper

• Articles increasingly available as electronic text in Internet, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier, imply increasing risk of plagiarism

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Examples of PlagiarismExamples of PlagiarismWord-to-word Copy

• Original

• Your Text:

The concept of identity construction is crucial in second language learning. English learning at the tertiary level is both a process of acquiring language skills, and a process of understanding who the learners are and how they are related to the learning community, the national sociocultural context and the imagined global community.

Plagiarized!

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Using other’s words and ideas without acknowledgment

• Original

• Your Text:

The concept of identity construction is crucial in second language learning. Post-secondary level English learning not only represents a process of acquiring language skills, but also helps the learners to understand own identities and their relationship with the learning community.

Plagiarized!

Examples of PlagiarismExamples of Plagiarism

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More about PlagiarismMore about Plagiarism• Is it plagiarism if I just copy a few words from other’s work?

Yes. The quantity of words being copied is not the main concern. The important point is that you have copied other’s work and made no acknowledgement.

• Is it an act of plagiarism if I copy from an unpublished work?

Yes. It doesn't matter whether the work which is copied has been published or not. The key point is that it was copied from someone else without making acknowledgement.

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• What is the result if you found commit plagiarism?

In academic community, plagiarism is considered unethical and dishonest. For more details about HKIEd, please refer to “Chapter 8 Academic Honesty and Copyright” of Student Handbook 2013/14:

“Any alleged cases of academic misconduct will be handled by the Head of the academic department concerned who shall then establish an investigation committee to conduct a thorough investigation if a a prima facie case for plagiarism exists … ”

http://www.ied.edu.hk/reg/student_handbook/text_en8.html

• Is plagiarism the same as copyright infringement?

They are closely related but not exactly the same. Plagiarism is an act of academic dishonesty while copyright infringement is legal offence.

More about PlagiarismMore about Plagiarism

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ResourcesResourcesAvoiding Plagiarism

• Academic Integrity, Princeton University http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/pages/plagiarism/

• Online Tutorial of HKIEd Library http://www.lib.ied.edu.hk/is/tutorial/Module_Citing_Info/2_1_content.htm

• Purdue Online Writing Lab http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/

Intellectual Property & Copyright

• Intellectual Property in Hong Kong http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/intellectual_property/ip_hk.htm

• Copyright in Hong Kong http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/pub_press/publications/hk.htm

• Copyright and Education in Hong Konghttp://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/intellectual_property/copyright/copy_edu.htm

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How to Avoid Plagiarism?How to Avoid Plagiarism?

• Use Quotations to show clearly the extent of other’s work

1. Direct quotation

When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital resources, Straw warned that:

Preservation and security concerns will also arise in putting together digital partnerships. Proper professional handling of archival, original, fragile, unique, and sometimes rare items during the digitization process should be taken seriously. (Straw, 2009, p.109)

2. Quoting short part of sentence

When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital resources, Straw pointed out the critical issues of “preservation and security concerns”. Safe handling of materials during digitization must be assured among digital partners. (Straw, 2009)

• Paraphrasing (re-writing in your own words)

• Cite & list your sources

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Citing ReferencesCiting References• Allows you to use other people’s work by giving credit to the original

author without plagiarizing

• Provides documentation for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge

• Strengthens your work by lending outside support to your arguments

• Provides the source information for others who wants to find out more about your ideas

• Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a careful researcher

• Out of order/incomplete citations cause inaccurate citation network indexing

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What’s the difference between What’s the difference between reference list and bibliography?reference list and bibliography?

A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a paper, listed alphabetically by author’s surname.

A bibliography may include resources that were consulted but not cited in the text as well as an annotated description of each one.

Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by subject, rather than alphabetically.

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Citation StylesCitation Styles APA Style

Walser, R. D., & Westrup, D. (2009). The mindful couple: How acceptance and mindfulness can lead you to the love you want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.

Chicago StyleWalser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. 2009. The mindful couple: How

acceptance and mindfulness can lead you to the love you want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.

MLA StyleWalser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. The Mindful Couple: How Acceptance

and Mindfulness Can Lead You to the Love You Want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 2009. Print.

Harvard StyleWalser, RD & Westrup, D 2009, The mindful couple: how acceptance and

mindfulness can lead you to the love you want, Oakland, CA, New Harbinger Publications.

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Citations Styles In-text citation Rules

Scholarly Disciplines

APA Stylehttp://www.apastyle.org/ 

Author-date style

Psychology, education and other social sciences

MLA Stylehttp://www.mla.org/style 

Author-page style

Literature, arts and humanities

Oxford Stylehttp://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/Oxford 

Documentary-note style

Philosophy and history

Citation Styles: CharacteristicsCitation Styles: Characteristics

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Citation System of HKIEdCitation System of HKIEd• For more details of the requirement of citation system of HKIEd, please

refer to chapter 14 of the Student Handbook:http://www.ied.edu.hk/reg/student_handbook/main.html

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APA StyleAPA Stylehttp://www.apastyle.org

• Developed by the American Psychological Association

• Widely used in Psychology & Social Sciences journals

• Latest edition (6th ed.) released in July 2009

• Manuscripts submitted to APA journals must conform to the 6th edition

• Students and staff of HKIEd are required to use APA style for their reference list or bibliography, unless otherwise stated

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Library Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)Library Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)

Publication manualAmerican Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of

the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Other references:American Psychological Association. (2010). Concise rules of APA

style. (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Mastering APA style: Instructor’s resource guide (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Mastering APA style: Student’s workbook and training guide (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style guide to electronic references (6th ed.). Retrieved from http://library.ied.edu.hk/record=b1900273~S5

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Online Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)Online Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)

APA Style Home Page http://www.apastyle.org/

• Online Tutorials

• Supplemental Materials

• Sample Papers

Update on APA Style

• APA Style Blog http://blog.apastyle.org/

• Facebook http://www.facebook.com/APAStyle

• Twitter http://twitter.com/APA_Style

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APA Style: Citing References in TextAPA Style: Citing References in Text

• References are cited in text with author-date system and listed alphabetically in the reference list

• Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text

• Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list with the exception of the follow two kinds of works:

1. Classical works: Bible, Qu’ran, Dao De Jing, etc.e.g. (2 Cor. 5:17 New International Version)

(Qur’an 5:3-4)

2. Personal communications (non-recoverable data)e.g. B. H. Philips (personal communication, May 11, 2001)

ExampleExample

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Citing Works by One AuthorCiting Works by One Author

Two common formats to reference citations in text:

• Citation is integrated into the text: “If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative…cite only the year of publication in parentheses” (APA, 2010, p.174).

Salvia (2007) considered inclusive education as…

• Citation is placed in parentheses: If the author’s name is not included in the narrative, cite “both the name and the year separated by a comma, in parentheses” (APA, 2010, p.174).

In a recent study of inclusive education (Salvia, 2007)…

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Citing Works by Multiple AuthorsCiting Works by Multiple Authors• 2 AuthorsCite both authors every time

Smith and Johnson (1998) found that the system …The findings confirmed with previous study (Smith & Johnson, 1998)

• 3-5 AuthorsFirst citation:Cheung, Li, Searle, Chan, and Frazer (1996) reviewed the theory of …

Subsequent citations:Cheung et al. (1996) further developed a measuring system …

• 6 or more AuthorsUse et al. (not italicized) for the first and subsequent citations

Kohn et al. (2007) suggested the possible causes …

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DO NOT use periods with web addresses in text or in the reference list

In text: include URL in parentheses, avoid ending a sentence with a URL

Example:

The APA (http://www.apa.org) has updated the rules of publication style in July

2009, with expanded discussions on ethics …

Horton, M. (2009, September 9). H1N1 prevention tips by Dr. Mark Horton

[Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UT2BGE_XyIY

Writing StyleWriting Style

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Page NumbersPage Numbers

• When paraphrasing, APA style does not require page numbers in the in-text citation.

• According to Section 6.03 of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, for direct quotation of sources, you have to provide the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material respectively in the text.

• ExampleThis idea was recently explored by Palladino and Wade (2010). They noted that "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/03/how-to-cite-direct-quotations.html

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Direct QuotationDirect Quotation

• Quotations fewer than 40 words - quotation is integrated into the text with double quotation marks.

• Quotations more than 40 words - 1. Display it in a freestanding block of text and omit the quotation marks

2. At the end of a block quotation, cite the quoted source and the page or paragraph number in parentheses after the final punctuation mark

3. Indent the block about a half inch from the left margin (in the same position as a new paragraph)http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/06/block-quotations-in-apa-style.html

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FootnotesFootnotes

• When using APA style, you need not use footnotes at the bottom of the page or at the end of your paper for reference citation.

• According to Section 2.12 of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, use of footnotes serve two functions:

1. To provide additional content;

2. To acknowledge copyright permission status.

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Reference ListReference List• Arrange by authors in Alphanumerical Order• Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list (except for classical

works and personal communications)• Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text

Entire Book

Damrosch, D. (2003). What is world literature? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Edited Book

Ercikan, K., & Roth, W.-M. (Eds.). (2009). Generalizing from educational research:

Beyond qualitative and quantitative polarization. New York, NY: Routledge.

Book Chapter

Tian, C. (2009). Development of dialectical materialism in China. In B. Mou (Ed.), History

of Chinese philosophy (pp.512-538). London, England: Routledge.

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Publication PlacePublication Place• Include the state abbreviation (e.g., New York, NY) for all cities of United States

• Include the Country for all locations outside United States

Coles-Ritchie , M. (2009). Inciting change in secondary English language programs:

The case of Cherry High School . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Haughey , J. C. (2009). Where is knowing going?: The horizons of the knowing subject.

Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Hardman, A. E., & Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health: The evidence

explained . (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge.

Aw, T. (2009). Map of the invisible world. Toronto, Canada: McClelland & Stewart.

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Journal ArticlesJournal Articles

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of journal, vol (issue), pp-pp.

• Retain the hyphen if the author’s first name is hyphenated

Hue, M.-T. (2009). Promotion of spiritual development: Exploration of the self and

spiritualism through the practice of Chinese calligraphy. Pastoral Care in Education,

27, 63-76.

• Include the issue no. if the journal is paginated by issue

Bill, M., & Emmy, M. (2008). Writing tutors in the economics classroom: A case study.

The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 38(3), 21-36.

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Publications by Multiple AuthorsPublications by Multiple Authors

• Up to 7 Authors: List all authors

Tiihonen, J., Lönnqvist, J., Wahlbeck, K., Klaukka, T., Niskanen,

L., Tanskanen, A., & Haukka, J. (2009). 11-year follow-up of

mortality in patients with schizophrenia: A population-based cohort

study (FIN11 study). Lancet, 374, 620-627.

• More than 7 Authors1. List the first six authors2. Omit all subsequent authors except the last & replaced with …3. List the last author

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Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha,

T. S., . . . Kessler, R. C. (2009). Cross-National Associations between gender

and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health

Surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 785-795.

List the first 6 and the last author

An article with 21 authors

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Non-English PublicationsNon-English Publications• Give original title, and translate title into English with brackets

Sack, F. (2006). Das offene Haus: für eine neue Architektur [Open house:

towards a new]. Berlin, Germany: Jovis.

Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20 世纪西方人生哲学 [The western

philosophy of life of 20th century]. Beijing, China: Remin Chubanshe.

or

Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20 shiji xifang rensheng zhexue [The

western philosophy of life of 20th century]. Beijing, China: Remin

Chubanshe.

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References of Electronic ResourcesReferences of Electronic Resources

• Use Digital Object Identifiers (DOI), when available, to replace as persistent and reliable links to locate sources (for both print & electronic sources)

• If DOI unavailable, use home page URL of the journal

• If the item cannot be easily retrieved from the source, use the full document URL (e.g. blog)

• Retrieval dates no longer required unless the source material may change over time (e.g. Wikis)

• Database information not required unless the item is only available in the database

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Digital Object Identifier (DOI)Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

• Unique identification of electronic publication

• An alphanumeric string assigned by registration agency

• Persistent link to its location on the Internet

• Format: 10.xxxx/xxxx (e.g. 10.1080/02607470903220398)

• Links to the document by DOI resolver provided by the registration agency, e.g. CrossRef.org

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DOI

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DOI ResolverDOI Resolver

Locate the electronic publication with DOI resolver

1. Crossref.org http://www.crossref.org

2. Append the doi string to http://dx.doi.org/

e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02607470903220497

3. 中文 DOI http://www.chinadoi.cn/

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Try it outTry it out

Find the article with DOI: 10.1007/s11516-010-0007-0

Steps

1. Go to the Crossref web site http://www.crossref.org

2. Enter the DOI in the DOI Resolver Search Box

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Electronic Journal ArticlesElectronic Journal Articles• Journal article with DOI

Bore, A., & Wright, N. (2009). The wicked and complex in education: Developing a

transdisciplinary perspective for policy formulation, implementation and

professional practice. Journal of Education for Teaching, 35, 241-256.

doi:10.1080/02607470903091286

• Journal article without DOI

Dresser, R. (2007). The effects of teacher inquiry in the bilingual language arts

classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly, 34(3), 53-66. Retrieved from

http://www.teqjournal.org/

• Advance online publication with DOI

Guerra, S. (2009). Colonizing bodies: Corporate power and biotechnology in young

adult science fiction. Journal Children’s Literature in Education . Advance online

publication. doi:10.1007/s10583-009-9086-z

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http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/a-doi-and-url-flowchart.html

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What to Use - The Full Document URL or Home Page URL?What to Use - The Full Document URL or Home Page URL?

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/what-to-usethe-full-document-url-or-home-page-url.html

Homepage URL:

•Subscription wall - If the document is available online only by subscription, the document URL would not be accessible by nonsubscribers. •Unstable document URL - If the publisher is one for which document URLs are subject to change, the home page URL is more likely to be helpful.

Full document URL:

•Publisher website that’s difficult to search•Message posted to a blog or other online forum

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Newspaper ArticlesNewspaper Articles

Author. (Publication year first, followed by month and day). Title of Article. Title of Newspaper, page no(s).

Newspaper article

Cheng, A. (2009, September 23). Education system fails those most in need.

South China Morning Post, p. EDT12.

Online newspaper article

• To avoid nonworking URLs, give the home page URL

Andrew, E. L. (2009, April 19). U.S. may convert banks’ bailouts to equity

share. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

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Web pagesWeb pages

Author. (Year). Title of web page. Retrieved from URL

• Examples

Education Bureau. (2008). Qualifications framework. Retrieved from

http://www.hkqf.gov.hk/guie/home.asp

International Association of Universities. (2008). IAU: For a worldwide higher education

community. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/iau/association/index.html

Hong Kong Institute of Education. (n. d.). Vision & mission. Retrieved from

http://www.ied.edu.hk/web/hkied_vision_and_mission.html

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More Reference List ExamplesMore Reference List ExamplesSee Library Online Tutorials on Citing Informationhttp://www.lib.ied.edu.hk/is/tutorial/Module_Citing_Info/1_1_content.htm

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Cannot find the information needed in the Cannot find the information needed in the APA Manual?APA Manual?

• Refer to the APA Blog for new update

• Some posting on citing references:

• How Do You Cite an E-Book (e.g., Kindle Book)?

• Can You Cite Personal Life Experience?

• How to Cite Wikipedia in APA Style

• How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style

• How to Cite Facebook: Fan Pages, Group Pages, and Profile Information

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Internet Resources about APA Style Internet Resources about APA Style ExercisesExercises

Try the following websites to test your knowledge on APA Style rules and guidelines:

•APA Quiz - Athabasca University

•APA Style and Citation Quiz - ProProfs.com

•APA Style Quiz - Northern Illinois University

•APA Tutorial Test Your Knowledge - The University of Southern Mississippi

•Interactive APA Practice Exercises - Wiley

•Test Your Skills APA Citation Exercises - Benedictine University

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APA 6th edition is supported in major APA 6th edition is supported in major Bibliographic Management Tools like Bibliographic Management Tools like RefWorks and EndNoteRefWorks and EndNote

RefWorksCreate Bibliography > Output Style

Thank YouThank You

Ask your Librarian @

Information Counter Tel: 2948 6653 Email: libinfo@ied.edu.hk

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