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Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 1
New Spatial Pattern as an Effect of GlobalisationNew Spatial Pattern as an Effect of Globalisation
Hierarchies, Networks, and MarketsHierarchies, Networks, and Markets
Gerhard O. BraunGerhard O. BraunFreie Universität BerlinFreie Universität Berlin
1. A new pattern of spatial and sectoral growth?1. A new pattern of spatial and sectoral growth?
2. Changes in the organisation of companies2. Changes in the organisation of companies- from production of products to money production - from production of products to money production - from coordinated to liberal capitalism- from coordinated to liberal capitalism- fragmentation and selective growth- fragmentation and selective growth
(3. Changes in the spatial organisation of (3. Changes in the spatial organisation of companies)companies)
4. New spatial pattern at different scales4. New spatial pattern at different scales
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 2
Change in Occupation 1997-2003Change in Occupation 1997-2003
Growth and Decline inOccupation in CloseVicinity is Even MoreSiginificant Than in Demography
decreasedecrease
increaseincrease
Employment Development (Change in %)Employment Development (Change in %)
HamburgHamburg
FrankfurtFrankfurt
MunichMunich
BerlinBerlin
StuttgartStuttgart
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 3
chan
ge
in e
ntr
epre
neu
rial
go
als
Product development
Product market leader
Product identification
Product monopoly, divisional consolidation
pow
er
Product diversification, functional integration
Multiple product leadership
Core business, shake out
Shares on product-clusters
Shareholders, Financial Services
Private Equity Comp.
Hedgefonds
product- vs. money-orientation
Real Estate
Family Operated Companiesmedium scale
Development Paths of Joint Stock CompaniesDevelopment Paths of Joint Stock Companies
Traditional Companiessmall scale
Idea
prod
uct
shar
es
con
trro
l ove
r sp
ace TNCs
MNCs large scale
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 4
Decay of Deutschland AGDecay of Deutschland AG
Source: http://www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de/ak/themen/doks/Deutschland_AG_1996bis2004.pdf
Network of Shares in 1996
Capital Investment FlowsCapital Investment Flows
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 5
Decay of Deutschland AGDecay of Deutschland AG
Source: http://www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de/ak/themen/doks/Deutschland_AG_1996bis2004.pdf
Network of Shares in 2004
Capital Investment FlowsCapital Investment Flows
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 6
Vertical (In-House) Production:Industrialisation
Horicontal (In-Region) Production: Fordism
R&D
In-House
In-Region
Stage I:Stage I:Structural Changes in Production Structural Changes in Production From Vertical, In-House to Horizontal, In-Region Production
backward/ forward linkages
HQ, Management
Production
Engineering
Assembling
Distribution, Logistics
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 7
HQ
s, P
rof.
Se
rciv
es
R&
D
Pilo
t-P
rodu
ctio
n
Pro
duct
ion
Pro
duct
ion
Pro
duct
ion
Markets
Chain Links of TNCs
Stage II: Post-FordismStage II: Post-FordismConcentration and Dispersion of Production Chain-LinksConcentration and Dispersion of Production Chain-Links
Spatial Concentration Dispersion
Ver
tica
l Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
Professional Services
Universities, Research Cluster, Creative Milieus
High Tech Manufacturing, Engineering, Creative Milieus
Networks
Markets
NetworksNetworksRegional Networks
Logistik
Permanent adjustments
ICT
ICT
ICT
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 8
HDC
H/LDC „C“
H/LDC „B“
LDC „A“
Investment,,Technology, InfrastructureProfit, Products,
Economic control
Backwash effects
Spread effects
Information, Management
Research and Development
Know how
Global City, HQs
Growth Pole, R&D, regional HQs
Mega City IRegional HQs
Mega City II
Regional Markets
Globalisation: Hierarchies, Markets, and NetworksGlobalisation: Hierarchies, Markets, and Networks
G. Braun
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 9Source: Deutscher Städtetag [ed.], 2004
HQs/Lobby R&DHQs/Lobby R&D LogisticLogistic Production Production
community tax per capitacommunity tax per capita
Thresholds of Thresholds of population sizepopulation size
Strategic Spatial Pattern of Nestlè Germany
x Berlin
x Bonn
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 10
decreasedecrease
increaseincrease
Employment Development (Change in %)Employment Development (Change in %)
LL
LL
LL
LL Lobby Lobby
R&DR&D Research & Develop. Research & Develop.
R&DR&D
HQHQ Head Quarters Head Quarters
HQHQ
HQHQHQHQ
T Transport, LogisticT Transport, Logistic
P ProductionP Production
TT
TT
TT
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
Fragmented Pattern – Fragmented Pattern – Value Chain Organisation Value Chain Organisation of Nestlè Germanyof Nestlè Germany
TT
TT
TT
TT
PP
PP
PPPP
PPTT
PP
PPPP
PPPP
TT
PP
PP
PPPP
PP
PP
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 11
HQ,Mana-gement, Controlling, Prod.orient.Services
R&DProduct & Process-develop-ment
Engineerng Pilot-Production
Production Logistics, Distribution
Market,Con-sumption
Assem-bling
Upper social
status
Middle social status Middle social status
Lower social s
tatus
Number
Social Groups
Complete (continuous) production chain within an urban region
Urban Region
Contiguous spatial distribution of contiguous social groups
Fordistic Economy and Urban Social OrganisationFordistic Economy and Urban Social Organisation
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 12
Social Groups
Number
Increasing discrete spatial distribution of fragmented (discrete) social groups
Discrete Production Chain Within a Region
Urban Region
Post-Fordistic Economy and Urban Social OrganisationPost-Fordistic Economy and Urban Social Organisation
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 13
Hierarchy Markets Networks
Locations Levels of Central Places
Core – Periphery
Polycentral
Spaces Contiguous Coherent Discrete
Interaction Uneven Disparate Balanced
Change Decline Stagnation Growth
Is the Hierachical Pattern Is the Hierachical Pattern Overlayed, Overruled, or Replaced Overlayed, Overruled, or Replaced by a Market and/ or Network Pattern?by a Market and/ or Network Pattern?
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 14
Is There a New Spatial Pattern as Is There a New Spatial Pattern as an Effect of Globalisation? an Effect of Globalisation?
Yes, there is.Yes, there is.
The system develops more complex.The system develops more complex.
Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 15
Change in Demography 1997-2003Change in Demography 1997-2003
Growth and Decline
in Close Vicinity
decreasedecrease
increaseincrease
Population Development (Change in %)Population Development (Change in %)
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 16
Change in Employment (Trend Analysis)Change in Employment (Trend Analysis)
decreasing
increasing
Trend in Employment Development Trend in Employment Development
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 17
Legend:
Energy
Car Production
Car Parts
Commercial Transportation
Tourism
Source: Metro-Seminar
Spatial Distribution of Head Quarters in Five Spatial Distribution of Head Quarters in Five Interlinked Economic SectorsInterlinked Economic Sectors
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 18
HQ
s, p
rof.
Se
rciv
es
R&
D
Pilo
t-P
rodu
ctio
n
Pro
duct
ion
Pro
duct
ion
Pro
duct
ion
Markets
Logistik
Concentration and Dispersion of Production Chain-LinksConcentration and Dispersion of Production Chain-Links
Spatial Concentration Dispersion
Ver
tical
Con
cent
ratio
n
Chain-Link of TNCs
Stage II : Structural Changes in Production (Post-Fordism)Stage II : Structural Changes in Production (Post-Fordism)
Permanent Adjustment
TNC1TNC1
TNC2TNC2
TNC3TNC3
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 19
„Welt AG“ (joint-stock company)born 1998; dead 2004
ExpansionExpansion
DaimlerChrysler, 2004, Automotive IndustriesEmployees: 384.723
in Germany 185.723Change 1997/2004: -17.8% (Transfer of Shares)
Daimler-Benz: European Market, Technology: luxury cars
Mitsubishi: Asian Markets
Chrysler Group
Commercial Vehicles
Services
Mercedes Car Group
Chrylser: US Market: SUV, Vans, light trucks,merger
European Aeronautics
Mitsubishi Motors Corp.
MTU Friedrichshafen
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 20
Adidas, 2004, Sport Products
Employees: 17 023in Germany: 2580 (40 nations; 40 employees in production; in 1984: 3.000 in all sectors of employment)
Change 1997/2004: +61.1%
Adidas HQ
RestructuringRestructuring
Product Development: Portland
Design: Tokyo
Marketing: Amsterdam
Buying: Hongkong
Production: Asiapreferably supplier:850 companies, 500 000 employees(small / medium scale businesses)
Product ManagementControlling, Design
Design: New York
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 21
Specialisation, NichesSpecialisation, Niches
ZF, 2004, Engineering Industries, supplier of automotive industries. Sectoral Market Leader.Employees: 54.500
in Germany 34.000Change 1997/2004: + 38.2%
ZF
12 ZF global branches
Regional system of highly specialised suppliers and of creative milieu
High Re-investment into R&D and Production ProcessesMilieu: Innovation, Quality, Cooperation, Interaction, Competition, Rivalry, Proximity to Customers,Trust
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 22
Hoechst, 2004, Chemical Industry
Employees: 15 628 (max. 180.000)in Germany: 8518
Change 1997/2004: -53,7%
Suppression, Buying OutSuppression, Buying Out
Hoechst industrial park Frankfurt: formerly 25.000 Hoechst employees
Merger with Rhone-Poulenc, 1999
Sanofi-Aventis: 2005
Sanofi: 2005
Today: 23.000 employeesin 80 different companies(small/ medium scale)
Pharma: Sanofi
Pesticide: Bayer
Paint:Dupont
Plant Production:Thyssen-Krupp
Chem. Industry:Private Equity C.
Textile paint:Private Equity C.
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 23
Decay of Deutschland AGDecay of Deutschland AG
Source: http://www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de/ak/themen/doks/Deutschland_AG_1996bis2004.pdf
Network of Shares in 2000
Capital Investment FlowsCapital Investment Flows
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 24
Official information flows
Firm A
Firm C
Firm B
Production line
Management
R & D
Network InteractionNetwork Interaction
G. Braun
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 25
Firm A
Firm C
Firm B
Management
R & D
NetworkNetwork Interaction: Interaction: CommunityCommunity Type Type
Informal contacts
neighbourhoods
Production line
G. Braun
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 26
Firm A/B
Firm C
Firm B
Production line
Management
R & D
Network Interaction: Contact SystemNetwork Interaction: Contact System
Firm A
G. Braun
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 27
Firm A
Firm C
Firm B
Production line
Management
R & D
Network Interaction: Lobby SystemNetwork Interaction: Lobby System
Lobby
RegionInfluence on regional politics
G. Braun
Lobby
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 28
Opportunity Inception Growth Maturity Decline Identification
strong
weak
development path 1
development path 4
development path 3
development path 2
Development Paths: Ties and Innovation
G. Braun, 2003Source: Tracey P. & G.L.Clark, 2003
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 29
LobbynetzwerkeLobby – Networks of NestlèLobby – Networks of Nestlè
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 30Quelle: eigene Darstellung nach Deutscher Städtetag [Hrsg.], 2004 und Internetrecherche
HQsHQs R&D R&D LogisticLogistic Production Production
Thresholds of Thresholds of population sizepopulation size
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 31
Vernetzungen im Vorstand I
Quelle: eigene Darstellung nach www.nestle.de
Braun _ AAG Boston 2008 32
Quelle: eigene Darstellung nach www.nestle.de
Vernetzungen im Vorstand II