CHANGES ON THE CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIERWESTERN FRONTIER

CHAPTER 5:CHAPTER 5:

US HistoryUS History

Mr. BasichMr. Basich

Timeline: What’s Going On?Timeline: What’s Going On?

World:World: 1869 – Suez Canal is 1869 – Suez Canal is

opened.opened. 1900 – Boxer 1900 – Boxer

Rebellion takes place Rebellion takes place in China.in China.

United States:United States: 1881 – James 1881 – James

Garfield is Garfield is assassinated – assassinated – Chester Arthur Chester Arthur becomes President.becomes President.

1890 – Sioux are 1890 – Sioux are massacred at massacred at Wounded Knee.Wounded Knee.

Section 1: ObjectivesSection 1: Objectives

By the end of this lesson I will be able to:By the end of this lesson I will be able to: 1. Contrast the cultures of Native Americans and 1. Contrast the cultures of Native Americans and

white settlers and explain why white settlers white settlers and explain why white settlers moved west.moved west.

2. Identify restrictions imposed by the 2. Identify restrictions imposed by the government on Native Americans and describe government on Native Americans and describe the consequences.the consequences.

3. Identify the government’s policy of 3. Identify the government’s policy of assimilation as well as continuing conflicts assimilation as well as continuing conflicts between Native Americans and settlers.between Native Americans and settlers.

Section 1: Cultures Clash On The PrairieSection 1: Cultures Clash On The Prairie

Main IdeaMain Idea: The cattle : The cattle industry boomed in the industry boomed in the late 1800’s, as the culture late 1800’s, as the culture of the Plains Indians of the Plains Indians declined.declined.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: : Today, ranchers and Today, ranchers and Plains Indians work to Plains Indians work to preserve their cultural preserve their cultural traditions.traditions.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Great PlainsGreat Plains Treaty of Fort LaramieTreaty of Fort Laramie Assimilation Assimilation Dawes ActDawes Act Battle of Wounded KneeBattle of Wounded Knee

Key Terms / Names:Key Terms / Names: Sitting BullSitting Bull George A. CusterGeorge A. Custer

How is everyone feeling today?How is everyone feeling today?

Gre

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Ave

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0% 0% 0%0%0%

1.1. GreatGreat

2.2. GoodGood

3.3. AverageAverage

4.4. Not so goodNot so good

5.5. BadBad

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SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIEON THE PRAIRIE

The Indians had little The Indians had little contact with the “white contact with the “white man”man”

Great PlainsGreat Plains – the – the grassland extending grassland extending through the west-through the west-central portion of the central portion of the US.US.

The Great Plains were The Great Plains were hunting grounds for the hunting grounds for the IndiansIndians

THE GREAT PLAINS

THE BUFFALOTHE BUFFALO

The Spanish had The Spanish had brought buffalo to brought buffalo to AmericaAmerica

The Indians hunted The Indians hunted the buffalothe buffalo

UsesUses:: 1. Food1. Food 2. Clothing2. Clothing 3. Bones for tools and 3. Bones for tools and

weapons weapons BUFFALO WERE USED FOR FOOD,

SHELTER AND CLOTHING

FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINSFAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS

Men were hunters, Men were hunters, while women helped while women helped butcher the game and butcher the game and prepare itprepare it

This is called a This is called a hunter-gatherer hunter-gatherer communitycommunity..

Tribes were very Tribes were very spiritual and no one spiritual and no one “owned” the “owned” the land….Until the “white land….Until the “white man” cameman” came

Why was the buffalo so important to the Why was the buffalo so important to the plains Indians?plains Indians?

0% 0%0%0%

1.1. They were more They were more plentiful than horsesplentiful than horses

2.2. They were faster They were faster than horsesthan horses

3.3. They could be used They could be used for many purposesfor many purposes

4.4. They weren’t that They weren’t that importantimportant

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SETTLERS PUSH SETTLERS PUSH WESTWARDWESTWARD

The white The white settlerssettlers began to push began to push Westward in search of Westward in search of land to start a living land to start a living

Since no one “owned” Since no one “owned” the land – they took it!the land – they took it!

Soon, gold was Soon, gold was discovered in Coloradodiscovered in Colorado

This lead hundreds of This lead hundreds of thousands of settlers thousands of settlers west into the Great west into the Great PlainsPlainsA COVERED WAGON HEADS

WEST

THE GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS THE GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS NATIVESNATIVES

The U.S. government The U.S. government backed the settlers in backed the settlers in disputes with the disputes with the IndiansIndians

Railroad companies Railroad companies began to lay track began to lay track right through Indian right through Indian landslands

The Indians will soon The Indians will soon begin to fight backbegin to fight backRAILROADS GREATLY

IMPACTED NATIVE LIFE

Why did the settlers continue to Why did the settlers continue to pursue land in the West?pursue land in the West?

0%0%0%0%

The government su... The railroads sup...

They found gold All of the above

1.1. The government The government supported themsupported them

2.2. The railroads The railroads supported themsupported them

3.3. They found goldThey found gold

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

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NATIVES AND SETTLERS NATIVES AND SETTLERS CLASHCLASH

Initially, the government Initially, the government set aside land for the set aside land for the IndiansIndians

Then they went back on Then they went back on their decision and had their decision and had their military enforce the their military enforce the lawlaw

Massacre at Sand Massacre at Sand CreekCreek; US military attack ; US military attack killing 150 native women killing 150 native women and children and children

Sand Creek was the first Sand Creek was the first major attack on the major attack on the IndiansIndians

Death On The Bozeman Trail:Death On The Bozeman Trail: Bozeman TrailBozeman Trail – traveling – traveling

trail that ran directly trail that ran directly through Indian hunting through Indian hunting grounds.grounds.

Whites and Indians Whites and Indians fought over this land.fought over this land.

The Treaty of LaramieThe Treaty of Laramie closed the trail and closed the trail and moved the Indians to a moved the Indians to a reservation.reservation.

Sitting BullSitting Bull - the leader of - the leader of the Sioux, didn’t sign the the Sioux, didn’t sign the treaty.treaty.

Lesson One: Objectives (cont.)Lesson One: Objectives (cont.)

By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: 1. Identify restrictions imposed by the 1. Identify restrictions imposed by the

government on Native Americans and government on Native Americans and describe the consequences.describe the consequences.

2. Identify the government’s policy of 2. Identify the government’s policy of assimilation as well as continuing conflicts assimilation as well as continuing conflicts between Native Americans and settlers.between Native Americans and settlers.

Did You Have a Nice Weekend?Did You Have a Nice Weekend?

Yes N

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bad

0% 0%0%

1.1. YesYes

2.2. NoNo

3.3. It wasn’t badIt wasn’t bad

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OTHER CONFLICTS AND OTHER CONFLICTS AND BATTLESBATTLES

Custer’s Last StandCuster’s Last Stand occurred in early 1876 occurred in early 1876 when when Colonel George A. Colonel George A. CusterCuster - leader of the 7 - leader of the 7thth Calvary) reached Little Big Calvary) reached Little Big HornHorn

Led by Led by Crazy Horse and Crazy Horse and Sitting BullSitting Bull, the natives , the natives crushed Custer’s troopscrushed Custer’s troops

They won because they They won because they knew the “lay of the land”knew the “lay of the land”

ONE OF THE FEW NATIVE VICTORIES WAS LITTLE BIG

HORN

What was the best reason why the Indians What was the best reason why the Indians didn’t want to give up their land?didn’t want to give up their land?

0%0%0%0%

Money Hunting Room for m... None of th...

1.1. MoneyMoney

2.2. Hunting Hunting

3.3. Room for more Room for more homeshomes

4.4. None of the aboveNone of the above

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The Battle of Little Big HornThe Battle of Little Big Horn

What was the main reason why What was the main reason why Custer was beat by Sitting Bull?Custer was beat by Sitting Bull?

0%0%0%0%

The Indians had s... Custer’s troops d...

The Indians had a... Custer ran out of...

1.1. The Indians had The Indians had superior weaponrysuperior weaponry

2.2. Custer’s troops Custer’s troops didn’t want to fightdidn’t want to fight

3.3. The Indians had a The Indians had a tactical advantagetactical advantage

4.4. Custer ran out of Custer ran out of ammunitionammunition

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THE DAWES ACT - 1887THE DAWES ACT - 1887 White settlers wanted the White settlers wanted the

Indians to be more like Indians to be more like themthem

AssimilationAssimilation – A plan under – A plan under which Native Americans which Native Americans would give up their beliefs would give up their beliefs and way of life and become and way of life and become a part of the white culture.a part of the white culture.

The Dawes ActThe Dawes Act called for called for the break up of the break up of reservations and the reservations and the introduction of natives into introduction of natives into American lifeAmerican life

Most Indian land would Most Indian land would soon become white landsoon become white land

FAMOUS DEPICTION OF NATIVE STRUGGLE

NATIVE LANDS BY 1894

What was the point of the Dawes What was the point of the Dawes Act?Act?

0%0%0%0%

To get the Indian... To allow the Indi...

To force the Indi... To give the India...

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1.1. To get the Indians to act To get the Indians to act more like the settlersmore like the settlers

2.2. To allow the Indians to To allow the Indians to live in peacelive in peace

3.3. To force the Indians to To force the Indians to work for the settlerswork for the settlers

4.4. To give the Indians To give the Indians money for their troublesmoney for their troubles

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THE DESTRUCTION OF THE THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALOBUFFALO

Whites began to hunt Whites began to hunt buffalo for fur and sport buffalo for fur and sport (sometimes from trains) – (sometimes from trains) – they would only take the they would only take the furfur

1800: 65 million buffalo 1800: 65 million buffalo roamed the plainsroamed the plains

1890: less than 1000 1890: less than 1000 remainedremained

Indians saw this as a Indians saw this as a insult and a waste of insult and a waste of resourcesresources

The settlers killing the buffalo was:The settlers killing the buffalo was:

0%0%0%0%

An insult ... Harmful to... A way to c... All of the...

1.1. An insult to the An insult to the IndiansIndians

2.2. Harmful to the Harmful to the Indians food Indians food supplysupply

3.3. A way to control A way to control the Indiansthe Indians

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

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BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEEBATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE The Seventh Cavalry The Seventh Cavalry

(Custer’s old regiment) (Custer’s old regiment) rounded up 350 Sioux rounded up 350 Sioux and took them to and took them to Wounded Knee, S.D.Wounded Knee, S.D.

A shot was fired – within A shot was fired – within minutes the Seventh minutes the Seventh Cavalry Cavalry slaughtered 300slaughtered 300 unarmed Nativesunarmed Natives

This became known as This became known as the the Battle of Wounded Battle of Wounded Knee. Knee.

HUNDREDS OF CORPSES WERE LEFT TO FREEZE ON THE GROUND

Did We Meet Our Objectives?Did We Meet Our Objectives? Can You:Can You: 1. Contrast the cultures of 1. Contrast the cultures of

Native Americans and white Native Americans and white settlers and explain why white settlers and explain why white settlers moved west.settlers moved west.

2. Identify restrictions imposed 2. Identify restrictions imposed by the government on Native by the government on Native Americans and describe the Americans and describe the consequences.consequences.

3. Identify the government’s 3. Identify the government’s policy of assimilation as well policy of assimilation as well as continuing conflicts as continuing conflicts between Native Americans between Native Americans and settlers.and settlers.

Section 2: ObjectivesSection 2: Objectives

By the end of this lesson, By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:I will be able to:

1. Explain the rapid 1. Explain the rapid settlement of the Great settlement of the Great Plains due to Plains due to homesteading.homesteading.

2. Describe how early 2. Describe how early settlers survived on the settlers survived on the plains and transformed plains and transformed them into profitable farm them into profitable farm land.land.

Section 2: Settling On The Great PlainsSection 2: Settling On The Great Plains

Main IdeaMain Idea: Settlers on the : Settlers on the Great Plains transformed Great Plains transformed the land despite great the land despite great hardships.hardships.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: The : The Great Plains region Great Plains region remains the breadbasket remains the breadbasket of the United States.of the United States.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Homestead ActHomestead Act ExodusterExoduster

Key Terms:Key Terms: Morrill ActMorrill Act Bonanza FarmBonanza Farm

Spirit Week Makes Me Feel:Spirit Week Makes Me Feel:

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1.1. Extremely HappyExtremely Happy

2.2. HappyHappy

3.3. Nothing at allNothing at all

4.4. UnhappyUnhappy

5.5. Extremely Extremely UnhappyUnhappy

300

32

SECTION 2: SETTLING ON THE SECTION 2: SETTLING ON THE GREAT PLAINSGREAT PLAINS

The West was The West was expanding rapidly – expanding rapidly – the the transcontinental transcontinental railroadrailroad (connected (connected East and West of the East and West of the USA) helped thisUSA) helped this

1862 – Congress 1862 – Congress passed passed Homestead Homestead ActAct which allowed which allowed 160 free acres to any 160 free acres to any “head of household”“head of household”

The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah and laid a

Golden Spike

The Homestead Act’s main goal The Homestead Act’s main goal was to:was to:

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1.1. Provide settlers with Provide settlers with food to livefood to live

2.2. Provide settlers with Provide settlers with enough land to start enough land to start their livestheir lives

3.3. Provide settlers with Provide settlers with nothing.nothing.

4.4. None of the aboveNone of the above

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SETTLERS ENCOUNTER SETTLERS ENCOUNTER HARDSHIPSHARDSHIPS

The frontier settlers The frontier settlers faced faced extreme extreme hardshipshardships – droughts, – droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, floods, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and locust plagues, and banditsbandits

Even so, 50 years later Even so, 50 years later 30% of Americans 30% of Americans lived west of the lived west of the Mississippi River. – Mississippi River. – only 1% in 19=850.only 1% in 19=850.

LOCUST SWARM

INCREASED TECHNOLOGY INCREASED TECHNOLOGY HELPS FARMERSHELPS FARMERS

1837 – 1837 – John DeereJohn Deere invented a steel plow that invented a steel plow that could slice through heavy could slice through heavy soilsoil

1847 – 1847 – Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick mass-produced a reaping mass-produced a reaping machinemachine

Other inventions included Other inventions included a grain drill to plant seed, a grain drill to plant seed, barbed wire, and corn barbed wire, and corn binderbinder

JOHN DEERE’S STEEL PLOW HAD TO BE PULLED BY A HORSE OR

MULE

ECONOMIC DISTRESS HITS ECONOMIC DISTRESS HITS FARMERSFARMERS

Between 1867 and 1887 the Between 1867 and 1887 the price of a bushel of wheat fell price of a bushel of wheat fell from $2.00 to 68 centsfrom $2.00 to 68 cents

WHY?WHY? Railroad companies charged Railroad companies charged

the farmers high prices to ship the farmers high prices to ship grain to buyersgrain to buyers

In response, a new type of In response, a new type of farm emerged called a farm emerged called a Bonanza farm.Bonanza farm.

Bonanza FarmBonanza Farm – huge single- – huge single-crop farms of 15,000 – 50,000 crop farms of 15,000 – 50,000 acres.acres.

Did We Meet Our Objectives?Did We Meet Our Objectives?

Can You:Can You: 1. Explain the rapid 1. Explain the rapid

settlement of the settlement of the Great Plains due to Great Plains due to homesteading.homesteading.

2. Describe how early 2. Describe how early settlers survived on settlers survived on the plains and the plains and transformed them into transformed them into profitable farm land.profitable farm land.

Section 3: ObjectivesSection 3: Objectives

By the end of this By the end of this lesson, I will be able lesson, I will be able to:to:

1. Identify the 1. Identify the problems farmers problems farmers faced and their faced and their cooperative efforts to cooperative efforts to solve them.solve them.

2. Explain the rise 2. Explain the rise and fall of the Populist and fall of the Populist Party.Party.

Section 3: Farmers And The Section 3: Farmers And The Populist MovementPopulist Movement

Main IdeaMain Idea: Farmers : Farmers united to address their united to address their economic problems, economic problems, giving rise to the Populist giving rise to the Populist movement.movement.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: Many : Many of the Populist reform of the Populist reform issues, such as income tax issues, such as income tax and legally protected rights and legally protected rights of workers, are now taken of workers, are now taken for granted.for granted.

Key Terms:Key Terms: GrangeGrange Farmers’ AlliancesFarmers’ Alliances PopulismPopulism BimetallismBimetallism Gold StandardGold Standard

Key Names:Key Names: Oliver Hudson KelleyOliver Hudson Kelley William McKinleyWilliam McKinley William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

Lesson Two Review:Lesson Two Review: 1862 – Congress passed 1862 – Congress passed

Homestead ActHomestead Act which allowed which allowed 160 free acres to any “head of 160 free acres to any “head of household”household”

Many flocked to the “open range” Many flocked to the “open range” to start their lives – huge farmsto start their lives – huge farms

Since so many were producing Since so many were producing excess crops, prices fell drasticallyexcess crops, prices fell drastically

Railroads also started to charge Railroads also started to charge extremely high prices for crop extremely high prices for crop transportationtransportation

Farmers couldn’t keep up and fell Farmers couldn’t keep up and fell into great debtinto great debt

In addition, bad weather spells In addition, bad weather spells were wreaking havoc on the cropswere wreaking havoc on the crops

Who will help the farmers? Let’s Who will help the farmers? Let’s find out!find out!

This weekend I am:This weekend I am:

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1.1. Staying homeStaying home

2.2. Going out of townGoing out of town

3.3. Not sureNot sure

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FARMERS ORGANIZE FOR FARMERS ORGANIZE FOR CHANGECHANGE

The GrangeThe Grange was was created to fight the created to fight the railroad abusesrailroad abuses

Soon the Grange Soon the Grange and other and other Farmer Farmer AlliancesAlliances – (Those – (Those who supported the who supported the farmers) numbered farmers) numbered over 4 million over 4 million membersmembers

What issue(s) were the farmers What issue(s) were the farmers facing during this time period?facing during this time period?

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30

1.1. Tough weatherTough weather

2.2. Decrease in crop Decrease in crop pricesprices

3.3. Tough legislation Tough legislation from the Railroadsfrom the Railroads

4.4. DebtDebt

5.5. All of the aboveAll of the above

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Why were the farmers fighting the Why were the farmers fighting the Railroads?Railroads?

0%0%0%0%

They weren’t trav... The seats were un...

They were chargin... None of the above

1.1. They weren’t They weren’t traveling to their traveling to their townstowns

2.2. The seats were The seats were uncomfortableuncomfortable

3.3. They were charging They were charging high prices to use high prices to use their services.their services.

4.4. None of the aboveNone of the above

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POPULIST PARTY IS BORNPOPULIST PARTY IS BORN

How do you get How do you get something something changed? – GET changed? – GET POLITICAL!!!POLITICAL!!!

PopulismPopulism – the – the movement of the movement of the peoplepeople

The Populist or The Populist or People’s Party was People’s Party was formedformed THIS POLITICAL CARTOON SHOWS A

POPULIST CLUBBING A RAILROAD CAR

What was the main goal of the What was the main goal of the populist party?populist party?

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30

1.1. To protect the people To protect the people (farmers) from unjust (farmers) from unjust business practicesbusiness practices

2.2. To enhance their own To enhance their own political powerpolitical power

3.3. To try to run the To try to run the Railroad companies out Railroad companies out of businessof business

4.4. To build citiesTo build cities

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POPULIST REFORMSPOPULIST REFORMS What did the What did the Populists want?Populists want?

1. A rise in crop prices1. A rise in crop prices 2. Lower taxes2. Lower taxes 3. Loans for farmers3. Loans for farmers 4. 8-hr. workday4. 8-hr. workday

Political Reforms;Political Reforms; 1. Direct election of 1. Direct election of

senatorssenators 2. Single terms for 2. Single terms for

presidentspresidents

Which reform was NOT a part of Which reform was NOT a part of the populist party’s movement?the populist party’s movement?

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1.1. 8 hour workday8 hour workday

2.2. Direct election of Direct election of senatorssenators

3.3. Lower taxesLower taxes

4.4. More landMore land

5.5. Increase of Increase of money supplymoney supply

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SILVER OR GOLD?SILVER OR GOLD? The central issue of the 1896 The central issue of the 1896

Presidential campaign – how is Presidential campaign – how is our money backed?our money backed?

BimetallismBimetallism - those who favored - those who favored using both gold and silver using both gold and silver

Gold StandardGold Standard – American dollar – American dollar would be backed just by goldwould be backed just by gold

Why did it matter?Why did it matter? People regarded paper money People regarded paper money

as worthless unless it could be as worthless unless it could be exchanged for gold or silver.exchanged for gold or silver.

BRYAN AND THEBRYAN AND THE“CROSS OF GOLD”“CROSS OF GOLD”

RepublicansRepublicans favored the favored the Gold standard and Gold standard and nominated nominated William William McKinleyMcKinley

Democrats Democrats favored favored Bimetallism and Bimetallism and nominated nominated William William Jennings BryanJennings Bryan

Despite Bryan’s stirring Despite Bryan’s stirring words, “You shall not words, “You shall not crucify mankind upon a crucify mankind upon a cross of gold,” cross of gold,” McKinley McKinley won the 1896 electionwon the 1896 election

BRYAN’S CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH

THE END OF POPULISMTHE END OF POPULISM With McKinley’s election With McKinley’s election

victory, victory, Populism collapsedPopulism collapsed, , burying the hopes of the burying the hopes of the farmerfarmer

Populism left two Populism left two important legacies: important legacies:

1) 1) A messageA message that the that the downtrodden can organize downtrodden can organize and be heard and and be heard and

2) An 2) An agenda of reformsagenda of reforms, , many of which would be many of which would be enacted in the 20enacted in the 20thth century century

The People’s Party Ended But Left An Important Legacy Leading to Progressivism

Even though populism failed at this Even though populism failed at this time, why was it important?time, why was it important?

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So the peo... The people... None of th...

30

1.1. So the people So the people knew the knew the government was government was more powerfulmore powerful

2.2. The people The people realized that they realized that they had a voicehad a voice

3.3. None of the aboveNone of the above

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Did We Meet Our Objectives?Did We Meet Our Objectives?

Can You?Can You? 1. Identify the 1. Identify the

problems farmers problems farmers faced and their faced and their cooperative efforts to cooperative efforts to solve them.solve them.

2. Explain the rise 2. Explain the rise and fall of the Populist and fall of the Populist Party.Party.