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Chapter 19U.S. History 2
World War I and Its Aftermath
• 19.1 The United States Enters World War I
• 19.2 The Home Front• 19.3 A World of Conflict• 19.4 The War’s Impact
19.1 The United States Enters World War I
• Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy
• The Outbreak of World War I
• American Neutrality• Moving Toward War
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy• In 1911, a revolution in
Mexico forced its leader, Porfirio Díaz, to flee the country.
• The new leader, Francisco Madero, was a poor administrator.
• General Victoriano Huerta took over in Mexico and presumably had Madero murdered.
General Victoriano Huerta
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy
• Wilson refused to recognize the new government.
• He also prevented weapons from reaching Huerta.
• In 1914, Wilson sent U.S. Marines to seize Veracruz to overthrow Huerta.
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy
• Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico.
• International mediation of the dispute placed Venustiano Carranza as Mexico’s new president.
• Mexican forces opposed to Carranza conducted raids into the United States.
• They were hoping Wilson would intervene. Venustiano Carranza
Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy
• Pancho Villa led a group of guerrillas, an armed group that carries out surprise attacks, into New Mexico killing Americans.
• Wilson sent General John J. Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa.
• Pershing was unsuccessful. • Wilson’s Mexican policy
damaged U.S. foreign relations. John J. Pershing
The Outbreak of World War I
• In the 1860s, Prussia began a series of wars to unite the German states.
• By 1871, Germany was united.
• France and Germany were enemies.
• Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.
The Outbreak of World War I
• Russia and France formed the Franco-Russian Alliance against Germany and Austria-Hungary.
• Great Britain remained neutral until the early 1900s
• It then began an arms race with Germany.
• British became closer with France and Russia.
• The three countries became known as the Triple Entente.
The Outbreak of World War I
• Nationalism, intense pride for one’s homeland, was developing in Europe in the late 1800s.
• Self-determination, the idea that a nation should have its own country and government, was a basic idea of nationalism.
• A crisis in the Balkans began when different groups within the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek independence.
ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand
The Outbreak of World War I
• In June 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was killed by a Bosnian revolutionary.
ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand
The Outbreak of World War I
• On July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia.
• On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia.
• Two days later Germany declared war on France.
• The Allies–France, Russia, Great Britain, and later Italy–fought for the Triple Entente.
ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand
The Outbreak of World War I
• Germany and Austria-Hungary joined the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Powers.
• Germany and France became locked in a stalemate in trench warfare.
• The stalemate lasted three years.
• The Central Powers were winning on the Eastern Front.
Trench warfare
British troops in trenches
Soldiers picking lice from clothes
German trenches preserved
American Neutrality
• Wilson declared the U.S. to be neutral.
• He did not want to be pulled into a foreign war.
• Both sides found support among Americans.
• Most Americans favored the Allied cause.
American Neutrality
• Wilson’s cabinet was pro-British.
• They believed an Allied victory would preserve an international balance of power.
• The British skillfully used propaganda, or information used to influence opinion, to gain American support.
American Neutrality
• American companies had ties to the Allied countries.
• Many American banks gave loans to the Allies.
• The money would only be paid back if the Allies won.
• As a result, American prosperity was tied to the war.
Moving Toward War
• Most Americans did not want to enter the war.
• The British navy blockaded Germany to keep it from getting contraband, or prohibited materials.
• Germany deployed submarines known as U-boats.
• Germany threatened to sink ships around Britain.
Moving Toward War
• Attacking civilians ships without warning violated an international treaty.
• The Germans sunk the Lusitania, a British passenger liner, killing almost 1,200 passengers–including 128 Americans.
• Americans instructed Germany to stop U-boat strikes.
Moving Toward War
• Germany did not want the U.S. to join the war to strengthen the Allies.
• The Sussex Pledge, a promise made by Germany to stop sinking merchant ships, kept the U.S. out of the war for a bit longer.
Moving Toward War
• A German official, Arthur Zimmermann, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany.
• In return, Mexico would regain territory it had earlier lost to the United States.
• The Zimmermann telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and leaked to American newspapers. Arthur Zimmermann
Moving Toward War
• In February 1917, Germany went back to unrestricted submarine warfare and sank six American merchant ships.
• On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany.
19.2 The Home Front
• Building up the Military
• Organizing Industry• Mobilizing the
Workforce• Ensuring Public
Support
Building Up the Military
• The U.S. needed to recruit more soldiers.
• Many thought conscription, or forced military service, violated democratic and principles.
• The U.S. initiated a new system of conscription, called selective service.
Building Up the Military
• Black soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination.
• World War I was the first war in which women officially served.
• The navy enlisted women as clerics, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, photographers, chemists, and torpedo assemblers.
Building Up the Military
• The army did not enlist women.
• It did hire them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions.
• Army nurses were the only women in the military to go overseas during the war.
Organizing Industry
• In 1917, the War Industries Board (WIB) was created to manage the production of war goods.
• In 1918, the WIB was reorganized with Bernard Baruch as its new director.
Organizing Industry
• Herbert Hoover directed the Food Administration.
• He was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption.
• People planted victory gardens to raise their own food to leave more food for the troops.
Organizing Industry
• The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil.
• Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve energy.
• To raise money for the war, the government began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds.
• Buying bonds was a way to loan the government money.
Mobilizing the Workforce
• To prevent strikes, the government created the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in 1918.
• The labor leaders agreed not to strike in exchange for:– wage increases– 8-hour workdays– the right to organize unions
and bargain collectively
Mobilizing the Workforce
• The war increased the need for women in the workforce.
• They took manufacturing jobs that soldiers left behind.
• After the war, women returned to their previous jobs or left the workforce.
Mobilizing the Workforce
• Few immigrants came during the war.
• This opened wartime jobs for blacks.
• Many blacks left the South to settle in the North during the “Great Migration.”
• Many Mexicans moved north to work on farms and take wartime factory jobs.
Ensuring Public Support• The Committee on Public
Information (CPI) tried to persuade Americans to support the war.
• Espionage is spying to acquire secret government information.
• The Espionage Act of 1917 set up consequences for people who aided the enemy.
Ensuring Public Support
• The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to criticize the president or the government.
• Many distrusted German Americans, labor activists, socialists, pacifists, and others.
• In Schenck v. the United States (1919), the Supreme Court limited freedom of speech if it proved to be a “clear and present danger.”
19.3 A World of Conflict
• Combat in World War I• The Americans and
Victory• A Flawed Peace
Combat in World War I
• Millions of Europeans had died in WWI by 1917.
• Americans believed they could end the war quickly.
• Soldiers dug trenches for protection from modern weapons.
British trenches
Combat in World War I
• “No man’s land” was the space between the opposing trenches.
• Soldiers would charge the enemy by scrambling out of the trenches.
• This made soldiers easy targets. • Both sides lost several hundred
thousand men in major battles.
German trenches
Combat in World War I
• New technologies were created to improve military efficiency.
• The Germans used poison gas, which caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation.
• Tanks were unsuccessfully used.
• Airplanes dropped small bombs on the enemy and engaged in air battles.
The Americans and Victory
• “Doughboys” was a nickname for American soldiers.
• The American soldiers boosted the morale of Allied forces.
• American Admiral William S. Sims proposed convoys, in which merchant ships and troop transports were gathered into groups and brought across the Atlantic by warships.
The Americans and Victory
• The result was a reduction in shipping losses and ensured that troops would get to Europe safely.
• Although Russians supported the war effort, their government was not equipped to handle the major problems of the nation.
• In 1917 Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the government and replaced it with a Communist one. Vladimir Lenin
The Americans and Victory
• Lenin pulled Russia out of the war and agreed with Germany to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
• They agreed to removing German armies from Russian lands in exchange for territory.
• This closed the Eastern Front for Germany. Vladimir Lenin
The Americans and Victory
• In March of 1918, Germany successfully launched a massive attack along the Western Front.
• Americans troops captured the village of Cantigny.
• The U.S. and France blocked the German attack of Paris.
The Americans and Victory
• In September 1918, American General Pershing put together the most massive attack in American history.
• This caused one German position after another to fall to the Americans.
• On November 11, 1918, Germany finally signed an armistice, or cease-fire, that ended the war.
Pershing
A Flawed Peace• In January 1919, the Allied nations
met to resolve the issues caused by the war.
• Woodrow Wilson proposed his plan, called the Fourteen Points.
• The points included:– eliminating the general causes of
the war through free trade and disarmament
– open diplomacy instead of secret agreements
– the right to self-determination.
A Flawed Peace• They required the evacuation of
the Central Powers from all countries invaded during the war.
• The 14th point, known as the League of Nations, called for member nations to help preserve peace and prevent future wars.
• The other Allies felt the plan was too lenient toward Germany.
• The Treaty of Versailles, signed by Germany, weakened Wilson’s proposal.
Wilson at Versailles
A Flawed Peace
• The treaty stripped Germany of its military and made it pay reparations to the Allies.
• The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations were opposed by many U.S. lawmakers.
• Henry Cabot Lodge and the “Reservationists” supported the League but wanted to amend the treaty to preserve the nation’s freedom to act independently.
A Flawed Peace
• Wilson suffered a stroke.• The Senate refused to
ratify the treaty. • Instead, the U.S.
negotiated separate peace treaties with each of the Central Powers.
Read the Time NotebookWar to End All Wars: 1914-1918
Pages 590-591 in The American Vision.
19.4 The War’s Impact
• An Economy in Turmoil
• Racial Unrest• The Red Scare• An End to
Progressivism
An Economy in Turmoil
• Rapid inflation occurred after World War I had ended.
• Inflation increased the cost of living–the cost of food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials people need.
• Workers needed higher wages meet the cost of living.
• Companies wanted to lower wages to reduce operating costs.
An Economy in Turmoil
• Unions became bigger and better organized during the war.
• As a result, the number of strikes increased.• General strikes are strikes that involve all
workers living in a certain location.• The Seattle general strike brought the city to a
halt for five days.• In 1919, 75 percent of the Boston police went
on strike.
An Economy in Turmoil
• The governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, called in the National Guard to stop looting.
• Coolidge fired the police that went on strike.
• A new police force was hired to replace them.
An Economy in Turmoil
• One of the largest strikes took place when 350,000 steelworkers went on strike.
• They wanted higher pay, shorter hours, and recognition of their union.
• Their failure set back the steel industry workers until 1937.
Racial Unrest
• In 1919, race riots in the North were caused by the return of soldiers who needed to find work.
• African Americans were now competing for the same jobs as the soldiers.
• Race riots occurred in Chicago and lasted almost two weeks.
The Red Scare
• The strikes in 1919 made Americans fear that Communists, or “reds,” might take control.
• This led to a nationwide panic known as the Red Scare.
• The postal service intercepted 30 explosive parcels sent to business and political leaders.
• One bomb damaged the home of United States Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.
The Red Scare
• Most people blamed Communists for the explosives.
• Palmer set up the General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover.
• Today, this is known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
• Palmer organized raids on various radical organizations.
• He rounded up many immigrants who were then deported, or expelled from the country.
An End to Progressivism
• Warren G. Harding won the election in 1920 with a campaign that called for a return to “normalcy.”
• Harding won the election by a landslide.
• The American people liked the idea of returning to a simpler time.
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