Chapter 27: Nationalism and Revolution Around the World

1.

2. Revised constitution – Stripped military of its power – ordered the church to sell unused land to peasants (LAND & Religion)

3. Built railroads, Increased foreign trade,

Mining expanded

Section 1: Struggles in Latin America

• In the early 1900’s, Latin American nations did very well for themselves as agricultural nations.

• However, foreign investors controlled much of the natural resources in the area.

I. The Mexican RevolutionA. Porfirio Diaz

1. Had ruled Mexico for close to 35 years.2. Welcomed foreign investors 3. What appeared as a good situation was a façade – the tiny ruling class benefitted most

* Same old same old..the rich were few and far between and the lower class demanded change.

* Most were peasants who worked on haciendas – huge plantations owned by the elite of society.

* Diaz was ousted in a free election in 1911.

B. Francisco Madero – defeated Diaz in 1911 election only to be assassinated by Victoriano Huerta two years later

C. Victoriano Huerta – Set up a strict dictatorship

D. Alliance of Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza to overthrow Huerta was successful

E. Carranza turned on Villa and Zapata and seized control of Mexico in 1917.

1. Created a new constitution,

2. The new reforms that he promised to supporters were very slow to materialize.

II. Revolution Leads to Change

* Carranza reluctantly agreed to some amendments to the constitution that included land and labor reforms.

A. Constitution of 1917

1. Land, religion, and labor were the three biggest areas of concern among citizens.

2. strengthened government control over the economy.

3. nationalization (government takeover) of natural resources

4. Set minimum wage and workers rights to strike.

5. All of these reforms did not take place immediately

B. The PRI Controls Mexico

1. Carranza was overthrown in 1920

2. Government organized into the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

3. Brought stabilization to Mexico as it oppressed opponents and gave supporters what they wanted.

4. The PRI ruled Mexico into early 2000.

C. Reforms Materialize

1. Once order was restored, the government began carrying out reforms.

2. Land was given to peasants, labor unions were created, schools and libraries were set up.

3. Mexico became the 1st Latin American nation to pursue social and economic reforms.

End of Mexico Notes

• Read p. 852-855

• Complete graphic organizer and

Groups Unhappy:

What was each group’s interest in the Revolution?

Peasants Better wages and living conditions

Urban middle class

Wanted free elections

Elites End to foreign investment in Mexico

Indian groups Land returned

Good (Benefits) Bad (Costs)

Goals of the Revolution

-set a minimum wage -redistributed land to peasants

-PRI held most of the power-wealthy stayed wealthy

Importance of Stability

-met the goals of groups to keep people happy-provided education & a sense of nationalism

-kept power in their own hands -oppressed opponents

Location of Power

-PRI maintained power-nationalized oil resources

-political dissent or discussion wasn’t possible-gov’t strictly controlled economy

Other: You choose You choose

III. Nationalism at Work in Latin America

A. Economic Nationalism

1. Latin American nations had grown dependant on imports from other nations.

2. Economic Nationalism – Emphasis on home control of the economy.

3. Latin American nations were committed to developing their own industries and resources

4. Local Mexican entrepreneurs opened their own businesses and industries

5. Governments began to directly invest into many of these new industries.

6. Other Latin American nations followed Mexico’s lead in this area.

B. Political Nationalism

1. The economic problems of the Depression era caused many to completely lose faith in their nations governments.

2. The governing styles of European nations was not working in Mexico

3. In the midst of all the economic issues of the era, many Latin American nations began to embrace stronger, authoritarian forms of government.

C. Cultural Nationalism

1. Latin writers, artists, and thinkers began to reject European culture as superior to their own.

2. cultural nationalism – Pride in one’s own culture.

3. This led to a major revival of Mexican art, music, and writing.

4. The struggles of the Mexican people often found it’s way onto the artists canvas..whatever that was.

Diego Rivera – “The Flower Carrier”

Jose’ Clemente Orozco – “Gods of the Modern World”

D. The Good Neighbor Policy

• The U.S. had invested millions in Latin American nations’

• The U.S. began making a habit of stepping in when we thought our $$ was at risk due to revolutions etc..

• A war of sorts was fought between Pancho Villa and U.S. Army.

• 1930’s - The U.S. pledged to withdraw troops from nearby regions, and to lessen it’s affairs in Latin America.

Section 2: Nationalism in the Middle East and Africa

• In the early 1900’s nearly every African land was ruled by a European nation.

• The Africans and their lands were exploited.• Africans were forced off their long held lands

and many forced to work on plantations.• Many were unjustly taxed and forced to carry ID

cards.• Many Africans fought with their rulers in WWI

hoping for freedom that never came.

I. Africans resist Colonial Rule

A. Opposing Imperialism1. Many highly educated Africans opposed

imperialism

2. Most felt unable to have any say in how their governments were run or what system they used.

3. Many Africans turned to socialism as a way to regain some control over their lands.

B. Racial Segregation& Nationalism in Africa

1. By 1914 Whites had seized control of most valuable land in S. Africa

2. Whites began to practice racial segregation Legal separation of the races.

3. this was done to ensure white supremacy in S. Africa.

4. new laws restricted better paying jobs to whites only, forced to carry ID cards at all times, forced to live in overcrowded, dry, infertile lands.

5. Apartheid – A policy of rigid segregation laws.

6. Africans did not give in however, they formed nationalist groups committed to regaining their lost rights.

7. African National Congress (ANC) was the most prominent of them all.

• Apartheid Takes Hold (5:50)

II. Nationalism and an “Africa for Africans”

• Pan-Africanism – African nationalist movement that nourished the nationalist movement spirit and strengthened resistance.

• Demanded an end to African colonialism

A. Pan-African Congress Forges Ties

1. W.E.B. Dubois organized the 1st Pan-African Congress in 1919 in Paris

2. Called on Paris peace talks delegates to approve a charter of rights for Africans.

3. They were largely ignored, BUT this event established cooperation among African and Africa-American leaders.

B. The Negritude Movement Shows Pride

1. Negritude Movement – Movement where writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested imperial rule.

2. Through literature, African born writers celebrated Africa’s rich cultural heritage while rejecting the negative views that colonial powers had of Africa and the people who lived there.

C. Egypt Gains Independence

1. Egyptians struggled greatly during WWI

2. After the war there were riots, strikes, and protests that eventually forced England to give Egypt it’s freedom in 1922…but still controlled the Egyptian monarchy

3. Many Egyptians joined the “Muslim Brotherhood” whose goal was to foster Islamic nationalism and reject western culture and corruption.

Turkey and Persia Modernize

• Asia Minor (Turkish Peninsula) was all that remained of the once great Ottoman Empire.

• In this area, the Turks resisted western control and tried to build a modern nation.

A. Ataturk Sets Goals

1. Mustafa Kemal – Renamed himself Ataturk or “Father of the Turks”.

2. Overthrew the Sultan, defeated the Greeks in Turkey, and declared Turkey a Republic.

3. Signed a treaty with Greece that removed 1.3 million Greeks from Turkey and 400k Turks from Greece.

4. Later went on to modernize Turkey in the western style, separated church and state and adopted many western styles of culture.

B. Westernization Reforms Turkey

1. Industrial Expansion:a. Built railroads, set up factories, hired western

consultants to modernize Turkey’s economy.

2. Ataturk ruled with an iron fist who transformed Turkey into a strong, modern power.

3. There was concern about Ataturks separation of state…to this day Turkey remains one of the only Muslim lands that religion does not control politics.

C. Nationalism and Reform at Work in Persia (Iran)

1. Persia followed the lead of Ataturk in terms of modernizing itself after the west.

2. Reza Khan seized control of the government and set up his own dynasty with himself as Shah

a. built factories, RR, strengthened the army.b. FORCED people to wear western clothing,

separated religion and state, encouraged women to become involved in public life.

c. Religious leaders fiercely opposed Reza Khan’s reforms.

d. Worked out a deal with British oil companies to hire more Persians and give more profit back to Persia.

IV. Arab Nationalism in the Middle East

• Oil became THE factor in determining the relationship among western nations and middle eastern lands.

A. Pan Arabism Grows

1. Pan Arabism – Nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs who lived in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to N. Africa.

a. emphasized the common history, language, and religion of people in the area.

b. Sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state.

B. Betrayal at the Peace Conference

1. Paris Peace Conference mandates ENRAGED the Arabs.

2. Arabs helped fight with Allies

3. In return for their help, the Arabs were led to believe that they would gain their independence.

4. Instead, the Allies carved up the Ottoman Empire among themselves.

5. Arabs felt betrayed…and those feelings still exist in todays world.

C. Promises in Palestine

1. Allies promised the Jews their own kingdom

2. 1st they promised the Jews their own kingdoms in the former Ottoman lands.

3. 2nd the Balfour Declaration – The British “favored” the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine…as long as it did not interfere with existing Palestinian (Arab/Muslim) peoples rights to the area.

4. Set the stage for the Jewish/Palestinian fighting that continues today.

D. A Bitter Struggle Begins

1. Zionist Movement – Jewish Nationalist movement for a Jewish homeland.

2. At first the Arabs welcomed the growth and money that came with Jewish migration.

3. eventually squabbles over growth of the Jewish population and Jewish involvement in politics led to Palestinians resisting additional Jewish settlement into their lands.

4. Jews Vs Muslims for control of Palestinian lands.5. Both sides built their own armies and prepared to

defend themselves from each other. 6. This fight still continues today in modern Israel.

Section 3: India Seeks Self Rule

• Amritsar Massacre – British soldiers fired into a crowd of peaceful protesters killing 400 unarmed Indian men, women, and children.

• Massacre at Amritsar Video (2:59)

• This massacre brought Indians together in their efforts to gain independence from British rule.

I. Calls for Independence

• The British promised the Indians that if they fought with the British in WWI, they would earn their independence….never happened.

• Indian National Congress formed to fight for independence, but most members of this group came from western educated elite and had nothing in common with most Indian people.

• Mohandas Gandhi emerged as the leader of the Indian nationalist movement.

• Gandhi fought for 20 yrs in S. Africa for the rights of Indians living in S. Africa.

II. The Power of Non-Violence

A. Gandhi’s Ideas1. Preached Ahimsa – Non-violence or reverence for life.

2. By using the power of love one could convert even the most evil wrongdoer.

3. advocated the use of non-violent tactics to end the rule of the British.

4. Civil Disobedience – The refusal to obey unjust laws.

5. urged equal rights for all.

6. Worked hard to end the harsh treatment of untouchables or the members of the lowest social class in India.

B. Gandhi Sets an Example

1. Between th 1920’s – 1930’s Gandhi launched a series of nonviolent acts against the British

2. boycott of British manufactured goods including cotton textiles.

3. He spun his own thread and made his own fabric for clothing.

III. Gandhi Takes a Stand: T he Salt March

The British held a monopoly on the making of Salt and it was a specific symbol of British dominance.

A. Breaking the Law

1. Gandhi went on a 240 mile march to the sea where he planned to make his own salt (illegally) and draw attention to India’s plight.

2. thousands fell in with the march to the sea. Gandhi was arrested after collecting chunks of salt from the sea.

3. tens of thousands were arrested nationwide as they too began to rebel agains unjust English laws.

B. Steps Toward Freedom

1. All over the world people began to criticize the British and their handling of India.

2. New stories revealed the violence that the Indian people met when protesting.

3. Eventually Gandhi’s efforts led to England turning control of India over to it’s people.

IV. Looking Ahead

• India’s independence was postponed as WWII broke out.

• Protests, strikes, and violence broke out in response

• Millions of Indians assisted England with the war effort.

• After WWII, the freedom of India could be postponed no longer.

Section 4: Upheavals in China

• Some Chinese leaders dreamed of building their nation up and surpassing the west.

I. The Chinese Republic in Trouble

• Sun Yat-Sen (Yixian) hoped to rebuild China on the 3 Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all.

• Little progress was made and Chaos unsued.

A. The Warlord Problem

1. Sun Yixian stepped down to allow Yuan Shikai (army general) to lead the nation rather than having a civil war for control.

2. Yuan was over ambitious and tried to create his own little dynasty and lost the support of the army

3. All over China, warlords began seizing control of lands and there was no strong centralized government with an army to step in.

4. Famine and hardship spread due to a lack of stability in the land.

B. Foreign Imperialism

1. Foreign traders, merchants, and missionaries dominated Chinese ports

2. Japan presented Yuan with the 21 Demands during WWI.

3. 21 Demands – A list of demands that sought to make China a protectorate of Japan.

4. At the Paris Peace Conference, Japan was given control over Chinese lands that had previously been controlled by Germany…Chinese nationalists were furious.

C. May 4th Movement

1. As a response students protested in the streets of Bejing May 4, 1919. The protests soon spread throughout China.

2. A young teacher named Mao Tse Tung encouraged his students to join in on the protests.

3. The protest officially became called the May Fourth Movement.

4. Women became very involved as well when they took on the issue of traditional footbinding.

5. The students hoped to begin an end to western influence and control over China.

D. The Appeal of Marxism

1. Some Chinese began to gravitate to the teachings of V.I. Lenin and Karl Marx

2. The Soviet Union was happy to train the Chinese military and students to be the leaders of a communist revolution.

II. Struggle for New China

• Sun Yixian lead his Nationalist Party government or Guomindang

• His plan was to raise up an army and defeat the warlords

• He accepted help from the communists although he still believed in his 3 principles of people philosophy.

A. Jiang Jieshi (Chaing Kai Shek) Leads the Nationalists

1. Jiang Jieshi became leader of the guomindang when Sun died.

2. He USED the communists to help him defeat the warlords and cement his power then turned on them.

3. Sent his army out to kill thousands of communists who he saw as a threat to his power.

4. This became the beginning of a 22 year civil war between the Nationalist Party and Communist Party.

Jiang Jieshi

B. Mao Zedong (Tse-Tung) and the Communists

1. Mao Zedong – Teacher who eventually became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party.

2. He sought to recruit the large masses of Chinese peasants who were in the most need of reform.

C. The Long March

1. The Nationalists were determined to destroy the Communists and began “extermination campaigns” against them.

2. The Communists ran..for a LONG time..in what is now referred to as The Long March

3. Maos forces used hit and run or guerrilla tactics to fight against the army.

4. Along the way peasants joined in on the side of the communists and Mao began to spread his philosophy…and the peasants believed that Mao had a better answer to provide reforms for them.

• Nationalist soldiers leading Communist prisoners captured in fighting along the Jiangxi-Fujian border during Chiang Kai-shek's fifth "extermination campaign" of 1933-34.

III. The Japanese Invasion

• The Japanese invaded Manchuria right in the middle of this civil war.

• Portions of the Guomindang joined forces with the Communists to drive the Japanese out of China.

• The Japanese began a savage attack against the people of China.

• They seized control of Nanjing and killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians and brutalized even more.

• This became historically known as the “Rape of Najing”.• The Guomindang and Communists clashed occasionally,

but had a common enemy in Japan.

IV. Looking Ahead

• U.S. aligned with China once the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor

• U.S. warned the Nationalists that the Communists were growing more and more powerful

• As the corruption of the Nationalist Party grew more and more peasants turned to Mao and the Communist Party.

• Mao and the Communists would eventually impose revolutionary change in China.

Section 5: Conflicting Forces in Japan

• Emperor Hirohito ruled Japan from 1926 – 1989.

I. Japan on the Rise in the 1920’s

• By the 1920’s Japan grew in prestige in the world.

• It had moved into greater prosperity and democracy

• Several conflicts lurked beneath the surface.

A. Growth and Expansion after WWI

• Japan became a serious industrial power.

• Japan expanded it’s influence while the rest of the world was at war.

• Japan seized many German lands during WWI that they used to further cement their position.

B. Liberal Changes in the 1920’s

• Democracy grew – more political parties that were growing stronger, all men allowed to vote, women gained more rights.

• Political Parties were often manipulated by powerful Japanese businessmen called the Zaibatsu.

• Japans economic push often led to strained relations with others.

C. Problems below the Surface

• Rural peasants did not share in the prosperity of the nation…and they were drawn to ideas of communism.

• Youngest generations were drawn to western culture and revolted against tradition.

• tension between the government and the military grew.

• Japan was just recovering from a massive earthquake when the worldwide depression hit.

II. The Nationalist Reaction

• Trade dropped off dramatically, unemployment rose, and rural peasants were on the verge of starvation.

A. Unrest Grows

1. Ultranationalists – Super nationalists that were upset with the governments appeasing foreign demands.

2. Were angry at racial policies in countries like the U.S. who limited Japanese immigration.\

3. Bitterly resented being treated as second class citizens around the world.

4. argued that there were large amounts of natural resources out there…they just needed taken.

5. Manchuria – Chinese region that is rich in natural resources that also had a lot of Japanese investment.

B. The Manchurian Incident

1. The Japanese Army sabotaged it’s own positions and blamed the Chinese and used it as an excuse to invade Manchuria without official government permission

2. they seized control of Manchuria and set up a puppet government ruled by Japan’s previous emperor.

3. The government in Tokyo objected, but the people sided with the Army

4. The League of Nations objected…and the Army ordered the withdraw of Japan from the League of Nations.

5. The Army also ordered all treaties with Western nations broken.

6. The Army was now calling all the shots.

III. Militarists in Power

• Ultranationalists assassinated powerful politicians and businessmen that stood in their way.

• The people began leaning more and more to the ultranationalist side of things.

A. Traditional Values Revived

1. Civilian government survived, but things changed.

2. Cracked down on socialists and communists & suppressed democracy.

3. Revived ancient warrior values and a cult like praise of the Emperor.

4. Used schools to teach absolute obedience and service to the state.

B. More Expansion in China

• Japan took advantage of China’s civil war to seize more territory there.

• WWII broke out before Japan could complete it’s conquest of China.

• Japan aligned itself with Germany as a member of the Axis Powers and began a massive campaign to increase their empire in the Pacific.