Unit 7: Nationalism Around the World

Global Studies IIChapter 25

Mrs. Browne

The Colonized World in 1938

Modernization of Turkey

Turkey

Modernization of Turkey

Colonel Mustafa Kemal

Background Information: The Ottoman Empire had been part of the Central Powers during World War I

During World War I, the Allies tried to get all the different groups who lived under Ottoman rule to revolt.

Mustafa Kemal gained power and popularity during WWI in the military

Modernization of Turkey• The Turkish Republic–The republic was created in 1923

when the Ottoman sultans fled the country.–Mustafa Kemal becomes President of

Turkey–Kemal is also known as Ataturk or

‘Father Turk”–Kemal’s goal is to turn Turkey into a

modern state!

Modernization of Turkey• Political & Economic Reforms–a democratic & secular state was

created– Factories established–Modernized farming–New laws for women (marriage) & the

right to vote granted to women in 1934–Right to convert in religion

guaranteed

Modernization of Turkey• Cultural Reforms–Turkish language now uses

Roman alphabet–Public education introduced–Use of family last names

(surnames)–The fez was forbidden for men –The veil was forbidden for women–Separation of church & state

Modernization of TurkeyResults of Reform:

Ataturk’s reforms last… even though some groups in society objected to the changes (religion)

Essential Question #1

• Describe , in detail, at least 3 changes that Ataturk made in an effort to modernize Turkey.

Iran

The Beginnings of Modern Iran:The Qajar Dynasty 1794 - 1925

• Persian royal visit to England in 1902 ~ King Edward VII and Princess of Wales, Victoria

The Pahlavi Dynasty of Iran 1925 - 1979

• 1925 Reza Khan is proclaimed the new leader

• a former military leader• used British help to overthrow the Qajar dynasty (why would British help??)• wanted to modernize Iran• Introduced western education• Forbade the veil• Modernized the government &

economy to be more efficient• Trans-Iranian RR was built

The Pahlavi Dynasty of Iran 1925 - 1979

• 1941 Mohammed Reza Shah replaces his father as leader

•ruled Iran until 1979• Married 3 times• had to deal with economic problems, food shortages and concerns over modernization

The Pahlavi Dynasty of Iran 1925 - 1979

•Caught in between the US & the USSR during the Cold War (1945 – 1991)• By the 1960’s a strong US

ally• Became less of a constitutional monarch (as promised) and more of a dictator as time went on manipulation, fear, secret police…

The Rise of Arab Nationalism

At the end of WWI, the decision by the Allied Powers to keep the Middle East region under their control was considered unjust by most Arabs. They had expected full independence after the fall of the Ottoman empire.

The Rise of Arab NationalismBetrayal at the Paris Peace Conference

After WWI, colonies in the Arab world were promised independence. • Instead they became mandates or territories that were “administered” by the European nations. •Syria and Lebanon were now controlled by France. •Palestine, Jordan and Iraq were controlled by Great Britain.

Promises in PalestineSince being expelled by the Romans, the Jews had dreamed of returning to Palestine.•Theodore Herzl created a movement called Zionism which called for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.•In Palestine, the nationalism of Jews and Arab Muslims came to a head because both groups view the area as their own.

The Rise of Arab NationalismThings became complicated after WWI when the British issued the Balfour Declaration.• The document expressed support for a national home for Jews in Palestine.•The declaration drew many Jews into the area and as a result violence flared between Jewish and Muslim inhabitants!

Creation of Palestine in 1922

British Mandate in PalestineCreatedJuly, 1922

The Holy & Disputed Land• In 1920, there was 1 Jew

to every 10 Arabs in Palestine (1:10).

• By 1947, the ratio was 1 Jew to every 2 Arabs (1:2).

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

Arab NationalismThe 1947 creation of the present day nation of Israel is considered the success of the Zionist dream.

Muslim Arabs known as Palestinians also claim this area as their homeland; it is a legitimate claim as well.

Essential Question #2

• What was the Balfour Declaration and why would it lead to bloodshed in the future that has continued to present day?

The British Empire in the 1920’s

India Seeks Self RuleIndia was still a colony of Britain after WWI. Britain had taken direct control of India after the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857. In 1885, Indians formed the Indian National Congress to work for independence!!

India Seeks Self-RuleMohandas Gandhi becomes the leader of the independence movement in India.• his methods are based on civil

disobedience which is the refusal to obey laws considered unjust.

India Seeks Self-Rule• The Amristar Massacre of 1919

Video Questions:How does this event help solidify support for

India’s independence? Were the British justified in their actions toward

the Indian colonists?

India Seeks Self-Rule

• In 1935, Britain passes the Government of India Act– Expands the role of Indians in the

government– 5 million Indians are given the right

to vote– In Parliament, 2/3rds of the Indian

representatives were to be elected now

India Seeks Self-Rule• BUT, Reforms are NOT

enough anymore!!!

• Gandhi and his followers continue the policy of civil disobedience

India Seeks Self-Rule

• Gandhi encourages Indians to–NOT pay taxes–NOT send their children to

British schools–NOT buy English made

goods especially cotton cloth and salt

India Seeks Self-Rule• The independence movement did

have problems though…– Jawaharlal Nehru joins the movement– Nehru’s followers want to be modern,

Western & secular

India Seeks Self-Rule

• Hindu - Muslim Conflict

India Seeks Self-Rule

• Islam is the 2nd most practiced religion in India!

• Hindu and Muslim conflict in India becomes a significant issue (and still is!)

• Muslims want a separate state to be created

This area becomes Pakistan … after India gains its independence in 1947!

Today…

Essential Question #3

• Who was Mohandas Gandhi and what actions did he take to help free India from British rule? Be descriptive!!

JAPAN

A Militaristic Japan

• Background:– Japan had modernized during the

MEIJI RESTORATION of the mid 1800’s.• They were modern and industrialized• The military was modernized• Education was expanded for all• Land reforms enacted• Business was promoted

A Militaristic Japan• Economics– The Zaibatsu gain power through $

donations to political leaders– The Great Depression of the 1930’s

results in • Decreased trade (exports dropped)• Increased unemployment• Increased poverty & starvation

A Militaristic Japan• The people turn to the military

to help solve problems• Why?– The military inspired pride &

prestige in Japan– The military was seen as able to

change the way Japan was treated internationally through domination & strength

A Militaristic Japan• Society– Ultra-Nationalism takes hold in Japan• Democracy and socialism are removed

from society• Policies of expansion are pursued

– The Role of the Emperor changes• The emperor becomes a figurehead as

more power transitions to the military leaders• A cult is promoted around the emperor• Schools promote obedience and service

to the emperor

A Militaristic Japan • Japan and China– Historic enemies– Japan begins to increase pressure and

demands upon China to gain control• 1915: Japan issues the 21

Demands to make China a Japanese protectorate; this is rejected.• 1919: Japan is given control of

German possessions in China by the Treaty of Versailles

A Militaristic Japan• Japan begins to increase pressure and demands upon

China to gain control (cont’d)

• 1931: Japanese military officers stage an event in Manchuria (part of China) to give Japan a reason to invade. Japan then seizes Manchuria and sets up a puppet state.

• 1937: Japan invades mainland China• 1939: Japan is at war with China &

World War II begins [with Japan allied with Germany & Italy]

A Militaristic Japan• So….At first, zaibatsu (powerful companies)

influenced politics, but during the 1930’s the government is taken over by the military so that Japan can get raw materials and territory and create an empire. Japanese military forces nationalism/cult/etc.. on the people, and forces the people to get back to traditional or “ancient warrior” values.

A Militaristic Japan

• What are the results of going back to these values ??–Fascism–Obedience–Aggression

A Militaristic Japan: Final Thought

• Why were the Japanese willing to follow military leaders from a democratic government based in a constitution to a military dictatorship?– Power– Economic prosperity (raw materials &

territory)– To denounce racist theories that Asians

were inferior to Europeans

Chaos in China

• China in 1900’s– Still trying to remove foreign powers

from their spheres of influence– Still trying to establish a stable

government after collapse of last dynasty (Qing)

– Still trying to establish itself as a modern nation after the Revolution of 1911

Chaos in China

• Because China was still not stable before World War I began, it remained that way after the war too.–Old ways v. New ways–Warlords v. New Political Parties–Nationalists v. Communists

Chaos in China

• Chiang Kai-shek – Head of the Nationalist Party– Also called the Kuomintang

Chiang saw Japan as a serious threat but believed Communists were more dangerous.

“the Communists are a disease of the heart”

Chaos in China• Mao Zedong– Leader of the Communist Party

Mao believed revolution would be successful when supported by the peasants.• 80% of China’s population

were still peasantsMao rose to power during the Long March• Used the time to train,

recruit, and teach followers• Used short phrases that could

be easily memorized

China in Chaos

Nationalists• led by Chaing Kai-shek• "New Life Movement"• combine modern

Western innovations with traditional Confucian values

• RR's, highways, factories

• Education, land reform

Communists• led by Mao Zedong• believed the

peasants were key to successful revolution

• forced on Long March by Chiang

• "down but not out" in the 1920's & 30's

CIVIL WAR !

1927 - 1949

Chaos in China• The Long March

Chaos in China

• The Long March - Part 2 (4 of 4) - YouTube• China's Long March - 28 Sep 09 – YouTube

Video Questions:1. What was the Long March?

~Provide 3 relevant facts to explain its importance

2. How is the Long March viewed (both then and now)? ~Provide 3-5 relevant facts

Chaos in China

• China becomes the People’s Republic of China (PRC) a communist nation in 1949.

Chaos in China The Rise of Mao

• Mao Zedong "One Man's Revolution"

Video Questions:1. Who was Mao Zedong ?

~Provide 3 relevant facts.2. What were his goals ?

~Provide 3-5 relevant facts.

Essential Questions #4 and #5

• #4 – Who was Mao Zedong and what were his goals?

• #5 – Identify and describe 3 of Chiang Kai-shek’s successes in China during the 1930’s.

Nationalism in Latin America

Nationalism in Latin America

• Problems that came with independence–No unity–Caudillos–Poverty–Economic dependence–Geographic barriers–Social hierarchy remained

Nationalism in Latin America

• The Great Depression of 1930’s–Hurt Latin America as well, 50%

decline in exports–However, new, locally owned

industries did begin to develop–Investment ($$) was still a major

obstacle to prosperity

Argentina

Nationalism in Latin America• Argentina–Oligarchy large group of wealthy

landowners controlled the government–1890 the Radical Party was formed–1916 Hipolito Irigoyen, leader of the

Radical Party, was elected but his government also became corrupt and weak to the influence of the landowners

Brazil

Nationalism in Latin America• Brazil–1889 a republic was formed but was

dominated by the wealthy coffee plantation owners

– By 1900, 75% of the world’s coffee was grown in Brazil = Brazilians

– By 1929, the Great Depression caused coffee prices to hit a record low = Brazilians–1930 a military coup put Getulio

Vargas in power

Nationalism in Latin America• Brazil– Getulio Vargas (cont’d)

• Ruled as a dictator from 1930-1945• Did establish an 8 hour work day

& minimum wage • New industries established in

steel & oil • Political parties were outlawed • Secret police used to silence

opposition

Mex

ico

Nationalism in Latin America• Mexico–Revolution of 1910 has left Mexico

somewhere between a democracy & a dictatorship –The Institutional Revolutionary

Party (PRI) controlled all major groups and aspects of Mexico–Lazaro Cardenas ruled as president

from 1934-1940

Nationalism in Latin America• Mexico under Cardenas (cont’d)–Re-distributed over 44 million acres of

land to Mexican peasants = Mexicans–Stood up the US on issues like oil (they

have it, we want it)–Tried to fulfill goals of the 1910

Revolution–Painters like Diego Rivera used their art

to convey political messages during this time.

The art of Diego Rivera…

Essential Question #6

• Explain how Brazil, Mexico and Argentina each became more authoritarian in the 1930’s.

Unit 7 Summary• Imperialism is challenged

throughout the world• European dominance is eroding• Nationalism is on the rise• Ultra-nationalism has led to

authoritarianism in some nations like Japan

• The Great Depression of the 1930’s puts most nations in difficult times