Chapter 7Chapter 7

Nationalism and SectionalismNationalism and Sectionalism

1812 - 18551812 - 1855

1. Industry and Transportation1. Industry and Transportation

• What were some of the key developments in transportation of the early 1800’s?

• Explain/analyze the rise of industry in the U.S. in the early 1800’s.

• Describe some of the leading inventions and industrial developments in the early 1800’s.

• New developments in technology, transportation, manufacturing will set the country on a path of industrialization for decades

TransportationTransportation

• Early travel: carts, wagons, stagecoaches

• Turnpikes built – toll paid but few profited

• Steamboat – Robert Fulton – first steam powered boat in U.S. (coal or wood)

• Named Clermont

• Could now travel upstream

• Revolutionized river and ocean travel

Transportation cont.Transportation cont.

• Growth of canals – mostly in northeast

• Erie Canal – across New York (Hudson River to Lake Erie)

• http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/building-the-erie-canal

• Produce could now be sent to NY quickly which led to NY becoming a major commercial center

RailroadsRailroads

• Most dramatic improvement – developed in GB – appeared in U.S. 1820’s

• First pulled by horses; later used steam

• Could carry much heavier freight

• Cost less to build than canals and could travel faster

George Stephenson’s “ROCKET”

Industrial GrowthIndustrial Growth

• Developments in technology transformed manufacturing

• Known as the Industrial Revolution

• Transformed culture, social life and politics

• Began in Britain late 1700’s

• Used steam or flowing rivers to power machines

• Textile industry first

Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater

• Emigrant from England who knew how steam machinery worked– Was illegal for British citizens to leave the country if

they knew the secrets to the machinery– Secretly left England to start business in America

• Pawtucket, Rhode Island– Set up first successful textile mill in the U.S.– Techniques copied and by 1814, there were about

240 textile mills in America– Family system – all lived together in town owned by

factory owner

Lowell MillsLowell Mills

• Francis Cabot Lowell established first mill at Waltham, MA

• Created/controlled all aspects of production not just thread

• Employed young, single women – “Lowell Girls”

• Strict rules of behavior; had to live in Lowell housing

Slater’s Mill & Spinning FrameSlater’s Mill & Spinning Frame

Lowell Mill and Lowell WomenLowell Mill and Lowell Women

Industry cont.Industry cont.

• Changed workers’ lives as well

• Divided work into small, specific tasks

• Little skill required so little training required

• Less costly to employ unskilled workers

• Downside for workers?

New InventionsNew Inventions

• Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney)

• Products traditionally made by skilled craftsmen and were unique

• Parts are now made identically and interchangeably

• Significance?

Inventions cont.Inventions cont.

• Sewing machine

• Elias Howe – improved by Isaac Singer

• Lowered cost of making

cloth into clothing

CommunicationCommunication

• Samuel F. B. Morse• Telegraph• Electrical pulses over

wires; dots and dashes

• Morse Code• Revolutionized

communication

FarmingFarming

• New developments

• John Deere – steel plow

• Cyrus McCormick - reaper

2. Sectional Differences2. Sectional Differences

• Why did industry take root in the North?

• Describe the impact of industrialization on northern life.

• Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.

Sectional DifferencesSectional Differences

• Embargo of 1807 & War of 1812 had reduced access to British manufactured goods

• Post war – flood of imports, threatened American manufacturers

• Tariff of 1816 – increases prices• Helped industrial Northeast but hurt farmers• Why Northeast? Waterways for power; more

capital to invest; more workers; southern land and climate favored agriculture

Social ChangeSocial Change

• Industry required fewer skills; paid lower wages; skilled artisans lost significance and wages

• Factories – long hours, low pay, tedious tasks, child labor, horrible conditions, urban society – tenements, no sanitation, little fire, police presence; dangerous

• See Venn Diagram (North & South)

Social ChangeSocial Change

• Workers organized labor unions; united to seek better pay, conditions

• Used strikes sometimes

• Middle class emerges – bankers, lawyers, accountants, clerks, brokers, retailers

• Moved away from urban areas; poor couldn’t afford to move so became segregated by class, heritage, etc.

ImmigrationImmigration

• Mid 1800’s workers increasingly made up of immigrants

• Irish potato famine• German political

problems; uprisings• Mainly Catholic, Jewish• New England cities;

factories, docks, domestic servants

Immigration cont.Immigration cont.

• Clustered in urban areas by nationality/background

• Competed for jobs

• Discrimination, hostility, attacks

• Nativists campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Southern AgricultureSouthern Agriculture

• Slavery had died out or been outlawed in North

• In the South the cotton gin spurs expansion of agriculture, slavery

• Removed seeds from cotton

• Invented by Eli Whitney

• By 1860 – 4 million slaves (1.5 mil. 1820)

• Price - $1,800 ($600 in 1820)

Cotton GinCotton Gin

• “King Cotton” became major export in South

• Filled growing demand from northern textile factories

• Cotton/textiles accounted for half of all U.S. exports

Economic ConsequencesEconomic Consequences

• Dependent on one crop – sometimes prices were low so some went bankrupt

• Didn’t encourage industry and entrepreneurship

• Only one major city – New Orleans

• Population grew slowly (didn’t attract immigrants) – this increased political power of the North

Economic Consequences cont.Economic Consequences cont.

• One in four owned slaves; usually 3-4

• Very few owned 100 slaves or more

• Why did it continue then?

• Farmers hoped to have plantations one day and feared freeing slaves

• Felt racially superior, slavery helped the southern economy

• Claimed it was kinder than industrial life

3. Era of Nationalism3. Era of Nationalism

• Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism on domestic policy during the years following the War of 1812

• Describe the impact of nationalism on the nation’s foreign policy

• Summarize the struggle over the issue of slavery as the nation grew

NationalismNationalism

• Surge in pride and national identity following War of 1812

• “Era of Good Feeling”• Democratic Republicans essentially only party• James Monroe – 5th president• Henry Clay and other D-R’s supported tariffs;

American System – wanted federal government to build roads, canals, to link Atlantic with Midwest – “internal improvements”

Nationalism cont.Nationalism cont.

• Also favored Bank of U.S. • 2nd bank established (1816)• Irony: This is the group who hated federal

power!• Marshall Court

– Expands Court’s power• Marbury v. Madison (JR), McCulloch v. Maryland (Bank),

Gibbons v. Ogden (Int. Commerce)– Federal law over state law – govt. can regulate

interstate commerce, can create Bank• Shift from single businesses or proprietorships

to corporations

Economic PanicsEconomic Panics

• Periodic shocks or downturns in the economy

• Boom or Bust cycles common in capitalism (driven by supply and demand)

• Boom – high demand, high prices, high production

• Bust – goods exceed demand, falling demand, falling prices

• 3 panics 1819, 1837, 1857

Nationalism in Foreign AffairsNationalism in Foreign Affairs

• Adams-Onis Treaty – Gave Florida to the U.S. – Ended Spanish claims to Oregon Territory

• Opened up new areas for expansion• **Monroe Doctrine – warned European

powers to stay out of western affairs• Reflected our desire for power; didn’t have

much to back it up but showed US taking a stand in foreign affairs

Compromise over SlaveryCompromise over Slavery

• Spirit of nationalism failed to suppress growing sectional (regional) differences

• 1820 – Missouri Compromise is reached (Henry Clay)

• Maine admitted as a free state, Missouri as a slave state; kept balance equal

• No slavery permitted North of 36 degrees• Only temporarily solved the issue of

slavery (can you compromise on this?)

Jefferson QuoteJefferson Quote

• “This momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once the death knell of the Union.”

4. Age of Jackson4. Age of Jackson

• 1824 – John Quincy Adams; Jackson loses; “corrupt bargain” (goes to House, Clay gives support to JQA then gets a Cabinet post)

• Election of 1828 campaigned across the country (a new idea)

• National politics growing more democratic (electors chosen by people, property restrictions dropped so more could vote) – see chart page 251; still no women/blacks

Jackson cont.Jackson cont.

• He became the symbol of democracy• Jacksonian Democracy• Celebrated majority rule, common people• Born in a log cabin, orphaned, fought in

American Revolution; but actually became a wealthy attorney in Tennessee; war hero against Indians & New Orleans

• By 1828 – supporters called Democrats• First Democratic President

JacksonJackson

• A return to strong state govt., weak federal power that would not interfere with basic rights (including slavery)

• A return to Jeffersonian Democracy

• Rewarded service with govt. jobs – the “spoils system” – criticized for this

Native American RemovalNative American Removal

• Jackson - Strong political base in the South• 60,000 Native Americans lived here• Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Seminole,

Chickasaw – land seized• Supreme Court rules (Worcester v. GA) that GA

can’t interfere with Indians• Jackson ignored it! (Favored states here)• Executive branch – enforces laws

Native Americans cont.Native Americans cont.

• Indian Removal Act 1830

• Southern tribes would be moved to western territory (Oklahoma)

• Trail of Tears – route traveled by thousands of Indians; starved, frozen, beaten, shot – over 4,000 died

5. Constitutional Crisis & Disputes5. Constitutional Crisis & Disputes

• Tariffs were a long debated issue• North favored (protected business) South

opposed (higher prices)• 1828 – Tariff of Abominations• John Calhoun (SC) violently opposed tariff

(remember he was a War Hawk – strong nationalist – switched to states’ rights)

• Future of slavery depended on states’ rights

CrisisCrisis

• 1832 – SC nullifies (void) tariff and threatened to secede (break away) if the govt. tried to enforce

• Jackson, a strong state supporter drew the line here – the Union must be preserved (favors federal law over state law)

• Threatens to send troops (Force Bill)• Daniel Webster defends national unity• Tariff reduced; crisis avoided (for now)

The Bank WarThe Bank War

• Jackson opposed Bank – saw this as elitist, favoring North, industrialists, left out the southern farmers, laborers

• 2nd Bank charter renewed• Jackson vetoed it (rarely used) – Bank

unauthorized by Constitution• Opponents denounced him as a power

hungry tyrant (“King Andrew”) – new party Whigs

WhigsWhigs

• Many of old Federalists – wanted strong national govt., broad (loose) interpretation of the constitution, protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank

• Renewed two-party politics

• 1832 – Jackson reelected

After JacksonAfter Jackson

• 1836 – Martin Van Buren new Democratic president

• Panic of 1837 – revived Whig party

• 1840 - Whig William Henry Harrison – “Tippecanoe (Indian defeat) and Tyler too” wins; effective campaign

• First Whig victory