NATIONALISM & SECTIONALISM 1812-1820  THE  WAR  OF  1812:  

�   Thomas  Jefferson’s  Embargo  of  1807  failed  to  force  the  European  powers  to  respect  our  rights,  and  severely  harmed  our  own  economy,  throwing  thousands  of  merchants,  shippers  and  sailors  out  of  work.      

�   In  the  Election  of  1808,  James  Madison,  a  Republican,  easily  won.  While  Federalists  gained  seats  in  both  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  Congress  remained  controlled  by  Republicans.    

�   When  JAMES  MADISON  entered  office  in  1809,  he  found  himself  facing  the  same  problem  Jefferson  had  with  the  British.    In  1812,  Madison  asked  Congress  to  declare  war  on  Great  Britain.  

 CAUSES  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1812  US  Neutrality  is  threatened    §   Napoleonic  War  heats  up  in  Europe  and  US  shipping  is  targeted  by  the  British  and  French  

§   US  freedom  of  the  seas  and  neutrality  is  not  being  respected  (impressment)  

 Indian  Agitation  in  the  West  §   As  Americans  move  further  west,  more  conflicts  occur  between  Americans  and  Indians  

§   Tecumseh  and  The  Prophet  -­  rallies  Indians  to  resist  American  encroachment  into  Ohio  

o   Battle  of  Tippecanoe  (1811)  –  General  William  Henry  Harrison  destroys  Tecumseh’s  village  and  breaks  Indian  unity    

§   American  settlers  blame  the  British  for  antagonizing  the  Indians    

   

Supporters  of  the  War:  §   Land  hunger:  westerners  had  eyes  on  Florida  and  Canada  

§   War  Hawks:  group  of  pro-­war  Congressmen  from  the  West  who  called  for  war  against  Britain  to  defend  America’s  honor    

 

Opposition  to  the  War:  §   Federalists  claimed  war  with  Britain  would  hurt  New  England  economy  and  help  re-­elect  Madison  

§   Realists  believed  US  was  unprepared  to  take  on  the  British  navy  

§   Britain  is  not  considered  an  immediate  threat,  just  a  nuisance  

 Treaty  of  Ghent  (1814)  o   Status  quo  ante  bellum:  both  sides  agree  to  stop  fighting  and  restore  conquered  territory  (neither  side  wins  or  loses)  

o   News  of  the  treaty  does  not  reach  America  for  several  weeks  (Andrew  Jackson  –  War  Hero  New  Orleans)  

 Hartford  Convention  

§   Secret  meeting  of  New  England  Federalists  §   Federalists  fear  a  loss  of  power  by  an  expanding  nation  §   Threaten  to  form  a  New  England  confederacy  and  secede  from  the  US  §   Goal:  revise  the  Constitution  to  protect  the  interests  of  New  England  and  the  Federalists  

o   News  of  Treaty  of  Ghent  and  American  victory  at  New  Orleans  discredits  the  Federalists  o   Fewer  and  fewer  Americans  willing  to  support  the  Federalist  party  o   Republican  ideals  of  democracy  and  equality  spread  throughout  the  country    

Impacts  of  the  WAR  OF  1812  §   Andrew  Jackson  becomes  a  War  hero    

§   The  Second  War  for  Independence:  US  proves  it  could  stand  up  to  the  British  for  a  second  time  

 §   Nationalism  and  patriotism  soars!    §   End  of  the  Federalist  Party          

     JAMES  MADISON  In  1820,  Monroe  is  reelected  with  only  one  electoral  vote  opposed  à  shows  a  symbol  of  national  unity  

§   Federalist  Party  is  dead      ERA  OF  GOOD  FEELING    

§   A  period  in  US  history  characterized  by  economic  growth,  nationalism,  and  westward  expansion    

§   American  are  feeling  good  about  themselves  and  their  nation      

AMERICAN  SYSTEM:  (1)  protective  tariffs  (2)  a  national  bank  (3)  internal  improvements.    

     

     THE  MONROE  DOCTRINE  1823    Historical  circumstances:  The  restoration  of  a  number  of  monarchies  in  Europe  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon  in  1815  produced  a  backlash  against  republican  movements.  Restored  monarchies  in  France,  Austria  and  Prussia,  worked  together  to  suppress  liberal  elements  and  considered  helping  Spain  to  return  to  power  in  South  America,  where  a  number  of  republics  had  declared  their  independence.    US  leaders  declared  an  interest  in  protecting  North  and  South  America  from  possible  aggression  by  a  European  power.    

Terms/Effects:  The  Monroe  Doctrine  proclaimed  that  Europe  should  not  interfere  in  affairs  within  the  United  States  or  in  the  development  of  other  countries  in  the  Western  Hemisphere.    The  Doctrine  was  the  final  step  towards  American  independence  

It read, “The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” In other words, the US warned Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere and the US agrees not to get involved in European affairs..

Treaties  with  Britain  Rush-­Bagot  Agreement  of  1817:  US  and  Britain  agreed  to  disarm  the  Great  Lakes.      United  States  and  Britain  relations  continued  to  improve  at  the  Anglo-­American  Convention  of  1818.  The  two  countries  agree  to  the  forty-­ninth  parallel  as  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Louisiana  Territory  between  United  States  and  Canada.  They  also  agreed  to  joint  control  of  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  the  United  States  was  granted  fishing  rights  off  the  coast  of  New  Foundland.    Treaties  with  Spain  Adam-­Onis  Treaty  of  1919:  Spain  turned  over  all  of  its  possessions  in  Florida  

US  Steps  Toward  Independence  

o   Declaration  of  Independence  (1776):  begins  the  process  of  separation  o   Treaty  of  Paris  (1783):  American  independence  in  recognized    o   Washington’s  Proclamation  of  Neutrality  (1793):  US  will  look  out  for  its  own  best  interest  o   Jay’s  Treaty  (1795):  removes  the  British  from  the  frontier  o   Louisiana  Purchase  (1803):  gains  control  of  Mississippi  River  o   War  of  1812:  ends  British  hope  of  regaining  control  of  US  o   Latin  American  Revolutions:  decrease  European  influence  in  Western  Hemisphere  o   Adam-­Onis  Treaty  (1819):  clears  path  to  westward  expansion  o   Monroe  Doctrine  (1823):  US  left  to  develop  on  its  own    

 SECTIONALISM:  Strong  sense  of  loyalty  to  a  region  instead  of  to  the  whole  country    

§   The  nation  was  has  always  been  divided  by  its  interests,  attitudes,  and  overall  lifestyles.  As  early  as  the  Revolutionary  era,  Americans  already  perceived  that  the  thirteen  colonies  could  be  classed  into  three  sectional  categories:  Southern,  Middle,  and  New  England    

o   OLD  CAUSES  OF  SECTIONALISM  §   Geography  §   Lack  of  interaction  &  communication  between  regions  §   Economic  differences      

o   NEW  CAUSES  OF  SECTIONALISM  §   Rise  of  political  parties    §   Growing  population  §   Westward  expansion  and  the  sale  of  public  lands  §   Economic  development  and  internal  improvements    

 differences   NORTH   SOUTH  Lifestyle   o   Industry  flourished    

o   Urban  centers  and  cities  o   Immigrant  labor  

o   Cash  crop  agriculture,  large  plantations    

o   Relied  on  cheap  labor  Slavery   o   Mostly  died  out,  replaced  by  

immigrant  labor  in  factories  o   Against  the  extension  of  slavery  into  the  new  territories  

o   Cotton  gin  leads  to  a  greater  demand  for  slave  labor  

o   Slavery  closely  tied  to  southern  economy  and  life  in  the  South  

Protective  Tariff    

o   Support  a  high  tariff  o   Tariffs  support  manufacturing  industry,  protect  the  north  from  British  competition    

o   Revenue  would  be  used  toward  internal  improvements    

o   Against  high  tariff  o   Don’t  want  Europe  to  retaliate  with  a  higher  tariff    

o   End  up  paying  higher  prices  with  the  tariff,  believe  tariff  just  favors  the  north  

    Eli  Whitney’s  Cotton  Gin  makes       Cotton  King  in  the  South              

                                               In  1819,  Missouri  requested  admission  as  a  state  in  which  slavery  would  be  permitted.  At  the  time,  the  United  States  contained  twenty-­two  states,  evenly  divided  between  slave  and  free.    

 ¡   Representative  James  Tallmadge  of  NY  proposes  outlawing  slavery  in  Missouri.    “All  slaves  born  in  Missouri  are  to  be  freed  when  they  reach  age  25.”  This  reignites  the  issue  of  slavery  in  America.    

   

MISSOURI  COMPROMISE  

 1.   Missouri  enters  as  a  slave  state    

2.   Maine  enters  as  a  free  state  

 3.   Slavery  banned  north  of  36°30’  line