Culture and Society in the Age Culture and Society in the Age of the Scientific Revolutionof the Scientific Revolution

Chapter 16Chapter 16

I. Scientific Advance from I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to NewtonCopernicus to Newton

A. Origins of the Scientific RevolutionA. Origins of the Scientific Revolution1. The Importance of Antiquity1. The Importance of Antiquity

Aristotle, Ptolemy, and GalenAristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen ““Natural philosophers”Natural philosophers”

2. The Influence of “Magical” Beliefs2. The Influence of “Magical” Beliefs ParacelsusParacelsus NeoplatonismNeoplatonism CabalaCabala

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I. Scientific Advance from I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to NewtonCopernicus to Newton

A. Origins of the Scientific RevolutionA. Origins of the Scientific Revolution3. Observations, Experiments, and 3. Observations, Experiments, and

InstrumentsInstruments TelescopeTelescope Vacuum pumpVacuum pump ThermometerThermometer BarometerBarometer MicroscopeMicroscope

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I. Scientific Advance from I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to NewtonCopernicus to Newton

B. The BreakthroughsB. The Breakthroughs1. Vesalius1. Vesalius

2. Copernicus2. Copernicus Theory of a sun-centered solar systemTheory of a sun-centered solar system EpicyclesEpicycles Gregorian calendarGregorian calendar

3. Theories in Conflict3. Theories in Conflict Tycho BraheTycho Brahe

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I. Scientific Advance from I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to NewtonCopernicus to Newton

C. Kepler and Galileo Address the C. Kepler and Galileo Address the UncertaintiesUncertainties1. Kepler and the Laws of Planetary Motion1. Kepler and the Laws of Planetary Motion

Confirms heliocentric theoryConfirms heliocentric theory

2. Galileo and a New Physics2. Galileo and a New Physics ObservationObservation Telescope Telescope Inertia Inertia

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I. Scientific Advance from I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to NewtonCopernicus to Newton

C. Kepler and Galileo Address the C. Kepler and Galileo Address the UncertaintiesUncertainties3. A New Astronomy3. A New Astronomy

4. Conflict with the Church4. Conflict with the Church

5. The Book and the Trial5. The Book and the Trial Galileo’s Galileo’s Dialogue on the Two Great World Dialogue on the Two Great World

SystemsSystems

6. Galileo’s Legacy6. Galileo’s Legacy

7. Assurance Spreads7. Assurance Spreads

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I. Scientific Advance from I. Scientific Advance from Copernicus to NewtonCopernicus to Newton

D. The Climax of the Scientific Revolution: D. The Climax of the Scientific Revolution: Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton CalculusCalculus United physics and astronomyUnited physics and astronomy

1. The 1. The PrincipiaPrincipia Three laws of motionThree laws of motion GravityGravity

2. The Influence of Newton2. The Influence of Newton Mechanical view of the universeMechanical view of the universe

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II. The Effects of the DiscoveriesII. The Effects of the Discoveries

A. A New EpistemologyA. A New Epistemology EpistemologyEpistemology

1. Scientific Method1. Scientific Method HypothesisHypothesis ObservationObservation GeneralizationGeneralization Test generalization by experiments/observationTest generalization by experiments/observation

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II. The Effects of the DiscoveriesII. The Effects of the Discoveries

B. The Wider Influence of Scientific ThoughtB. The Wider Influence of Scientific Thought

C. Bacon and DescartesC. Bacon and Descartes

1. Bacon’s Vision of Science1. Bacon’s Vision of Science New AtlantisNew Atlantis

2. Descartes and the Principle of Doubt2. Descartes and the Principle of Doubt

3. The Discourse on Method3. The Discourse on Method

4. The Influence of Descartes4. The Influence of Descartes Principle of doubtPrinciple of doubt Analytic geometryAnalytic geometry

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Map 16.1 Map 16.1 Speed of News Speed of News

Traveling to Traveling to Venice in 1500 Venice in 1500

and 1700and 1700

Although the dramatic advances in communications lay in the future, by 1700 improved roads and canals and more efficient shipping did bring about significant advances in the distance news could travel in two or three weeks. How much faster could news get from Madrid to Venice in 1700 than in 1500? What about fromConstantinople to Venice? Why might communication across western Europe have speeded up more than across eastern Europe?

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II. The Effects of the DiscoveriesII. The Effects of the Discoveries

D. Pascal’s Protest Against the New ScienceD. Pascal’s Protest Against the New Science

1. The 1. The PenséesPensées

E. Science InstitutionalizedE. Science Institutionalized Marin MersenneMarin Mersenne

1. The Royal Society1. The Royal Society

2. Other Scientific Societies2. Other Scientific Societies French Royal Academy of SciencesFrench Royal Academy of Sciences

3. The Wider Appeal of Science3. The Wider Appeal of Science

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III. The Arts and LiteratureIII. The Arts and Literature

A. Unsettling ArtA. Unsettling Art1. Mannerism1. Mannerism

Artificial and esoteric imagesArtificial and esoteric images

2. El Greco2. El Greco

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III. The Arts and LiteratureIII. The Arts and Literature

B. Unsettling WritersB. Unsettling Writers1. Michel de Montaigne1. Michel de Montaigne

EssaysEssays SkepticismSkepticism

2. Neostoicism2. Neostoicism Justus LipsiusJustus Lipsius

3. Cervantes3. Cervantes Don QuixoteDon Quixote

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III. The Arts and LiteratureIII. The Arts and Literature

B. Unsettling WritersB. Unsettling Writers4. Shakespeare4. Shakespeare

Richard IIRichard II King LearKing Lear HamletHamlet OthelloOthello MacbethMacbeth

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III. The Arts and LiteratureIII. The Arts and Literature

C. The Return of Assurance in the ArtsC. The Return of Assurance in the Arts1. The Baroque1. The Baroque

2. Caravaggio2. Caravaggio

3. Rubens3. Rubens

4. Velázquez4. Velázquez

5. Bernini5. Bernini

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CaravaggioCaravaggio

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RubensRubens

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VelázquezVelázquez

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BerniniBernini

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III. The Arts and LiteratureIII. The Arts and Literature

C. The Return of Assurance in the ArtsC. The Return of Assurance in the Arts6. New Dimensions in Music6. New Dimensions in Music

KeyboardKeyboard Stringed instrumentsStringed instruments Opera Opera Claudio MonteverdiClaudio Monteverdi

OrfeoOrfeo

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Map 16.2 Centers of Music, 1500-1800Map 16.2 Centers of Music, 1500-1800

This map indicates the shifting centers of new ideas in music from Flanders and Italy in the sixteenth century, to Italy in the seventeenth, and on to Germany in the eighteenth. Where, outside of Germany, were other key centers of creativity in music in the eighteenth century?

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III. The Arts and LiteratureIII. The Arts and Literature

D. Stability and Restraint in the ArtsD. Stability and Restraint in the Arts1. Classicism1. Classicism

2. Poussin2. Poussin

3. The Dutch Style3. The Dutch Style

4. Rembrandt4. Rembrandt PortraiturePortraiture

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PoussinPoussin

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RembrandtRembrandt

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III. The Arts and LiteratureIII. The Arts and Literature

D. Stability and Restraint in the ArtsD. Stability and Restraint in the Arts5. Classicism in Drama5. Classicism in Drama

Unity of placeUnity of place Unity of timeUnity of time Unity of actionUnity of action

6. Corneille6. Corneille Le CidLe Cid Jean RacineJean Racine

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IV. Social Patterns and IV. Social Patterns and Popular CulturePopular Culture

A. Population TrendsA. Population Trends

B. Social StatusB. Social Status WealthWealth EducationEducation Family backgroundFamily background ““New” aristocratsNew” aristocrats

1. Contradictions in the Status of Women1. Contradictions in the Status of Women

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IV. Social Patterns and IV. Social Patterns and Popular CulturePopular Culture

C. Mobility and CrimeC. Mobility and Crime1. The Peasants’ Plight1. The Peasants’ Plight

““Seigneurial reaction”Seigneurial reaction”

2. Crime and Punishment2. Crime and Punishment ConstablesConstables

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IV. Social Patterns and IV. Social Patterns and Popular CulturePopular Culture

D. Changes in the Villages and CitiesD. Changes in the Villages and Cities1. Loss of Village Cohesiveness1. Loss of Village Cohesiveness

2. Forces of Change2. Forces of Change EconomicsEconomics Demography Demography Royal officialsRoyal officials

3. City Life3. City Life

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Map 16.3 The Growth Of Cities, 1500-1800Map 16.3 The Growth Of Cities, 1500-1800

In addition to the remarkable rise in the population of Europe’s cities, particularly after 1550, this map reveals the northward shift in the distribution of the largest cities: in 1500, three of the four largest were in Italy; in 1700, only one. When did London overtake Paris as the largest city in Europe?

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IV. Social Patterns and IV. Social Patterns and Popular CulturePopular Culture

D. Changes in the Villages and CitiesD. Changes in the Villages and Cities4. Popular Culture in the City4. Popular Culture in the City

Increased literacy Increased literacy NewspapersNewspapers CoffeehousesCoffeehouses

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IV. Social Patterns and IV. Social Patterns and Popular CulturePopular Culture

E. Belief in Magic and RitualsE. Belief in Magic and Rituals1. 1. CharivariCharivari

2. Other Magical Remedies2. Other Magical Remedies

3. Witches and Witch-Hunts3. Witches and Witch-Hunts

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IV. Social Patterns and IV. Social Patterns and Popular CulturePopular Culture

F. Forces of RestraintF. Forces of Restraint1. Religious Discipline1. Religious Discipline

Shabtai ZviShabtai Zvi

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