Definitions used in Anatomy and Physiology

7/29/2019 Definitions used in Anatomy and Physiology

1/25

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

By Mr. Manasseh Mvula

BSc N IV student UNZA


2/25

General objective

At the end of this lecture, astudent should haveknowledge on the languageof Anatomy and Physiology


3/25

Specific Objectives

At the end of this lecture, a student

should be able to;

Define anatomy and physiology

Relate anatomy to physiology


4/25

Specific objectives contd

Explain the approaches tostudying anatomy

Outline important anatomicalterms

Explain the quadrants of theabdomen


5/25

Definition

Anatomy is derived from the

Greek word 'temnein' meaning 'to

cut'. It is the study of the structure of the

body, the parts inside and the

relationships between them (Ross &

Wilson, 2001 pg 4), (Marieb, 2003

pg 2).


6/25

Defn. contd

Physiology is the study of how the

body parts work; how they worktogether and ensure life andhealth of the body (Ross & Wilson,

2001 pg 4), (Marieb, 2003 pg 2).


7/25

R/ship between Anatomy

and Physiology

The body and all of the parts inside

makes a good mechanism, every bodypart inside the body have their own job

to do to ensure that the body functions

as one mechanised thing, the structure

determines what does what, how andwhen (Marieb, 2003 pg 2).


8/25

Approaches to studying

Anatomy and Physiology

Regional Approach, each region of thebody is studied separately and all

aspects of that region are studied at the

same time.

Eg if the Thorax is to be studied, all of itsstructures are examined.


9/25

Approaches contd

In contrast, in a systemic approach,

each system of the body is studied and

followed throughout the entire body.

Eg a study of the cardiovascular system

looks at the heart and all of the blood

vessels in the body.

This approach continues for the whole

body until every system has been

studied.


10/25

Anatomical position

The body is in theanatomical positionwhen standing upright

with feet together,hands by the side andface looking forward.

Anatomical terms


11/25

Anatomical terms contd

The mouth is closed and the facial

expression is neutral.

eyes are 'open' and focused onsomething in the distance.

Palms of the hands face forward with the

fingers straight and together and with the

pad of the thumb turned 90 to the padsof the fingers. The toes point forward.


12/25

Anatomical terms contd

Anatomical planes

Three major groups of planes pass through thebody in the anatomical position.

Coronal planesare oriented vertically and dividethe body into anteriorand posterior parts.

Sagittal planes also are oriented vertically, butare at right angles to the coronal planes anddivide the body intoright and left parts.


13/25

The plane thatpasses through thecentre of the bodydividing it into equalright and left halvesis termed the

median sagittalplane.

Transverse,

horizontal, or axialplanes divide thebody into superiorand inferior parts.


14/25

Terms to describe location

Anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or

dorsal) describe the position of structures

relative to the 'front' and 'back' of the

body. Eg. the nose is an anterior (ventral)

structure whereas the vertebral column isa posterior (dorsal) structure.

Also, the nose is anterior to the ears andthe vertebral column is posterior to thesternum.


15/25

Terms contd

Medial and lateral describe the position

of structures relative to the median

sagittal plane and the sides of the body. Eg. the thumb is lateral to the little finger.

The nose is in the median sagittal plane

and is medial to the eyes, which are inturn medial to the ears.


16/25

Terms contd

Superior and inferior describe structures in

reference to the vertical axis of the body. For

example, the head is superior to the

shoulders and the knee joint is inferior to the

hip joint.

Other terms used to describe positions

include proximal and distal

Proximal and distal are used with referenceto being closer or farther from a structure's

origin, particularly in the limbs. For example,

the hand is distal to the elbow joint.


17/25

Terms contd

These terms are also used to describe the

relative positions of branches along the

course of linear structures, such as airways.

For example, distal branches occur

farther away towards the ends of the

system whereas proximal branches occurcloser and towards the origin of the

system.


18/25

Terms contd

Two other terms used to describe the

position of structures in the body are

superficial and deep.

These terms are used to describe therelative positions of two structures with

respect to the surface of the body.

For example, the sternum is superficial tothe heart and the stomach is deep to the

abdominal wall.


19/25

Stretch time


20/25

Right Upper Quadrant(RUQ): contains the GallBladder and right kidney

Right Lower Quadrant(RLQ): contains theAppendix and right ovary

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ):

contains the Left liver lobe,stomach and the left kidney

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ):contains the Small intestine

and the left ovary.

Quadrants of the Abdomen


21/25

Take home points

'Anatomy' is the study of the structure of

the body, the parts inside and the r/shipsbtn them whereas physiology is the study

of how the body parts work; how they

work together and ensure life and health

of the body.


22/25

Students should get familiar with the

terms used in anatomy such as

anatomical position, anatomical planesand terms used to describe location.

Abdomen has four quadrants which

should be taken into consideration

when studying structures in the

abdomen.

Take home points


23/25

Assignment

Read and write brief notes aboutthe organization of the body


24/25

References

Waugh A, Grant A (2006), Ross and Wilson-

Anatomy and Physiology in Health andIllness, 10th edition, Churchill, Elsevier.

Waugh A, Grant A (2010), Ross and Wilson-Anatomy and Physiology in Health andIllness, 12th edition, Churchill, Elsevier.

Watson R, (2005),Anatomy and Physiologyfor Nurses, 12th edition, Elsevier. UK


25/25

End of the lectureHave a blessed day

Documents

Definitions used in Anatomy and Physiology