Digma, Bayan at PagbabagoHow the Filipinos reacted to colonization

Kahulugan (meaning)

• Digmaan, Pakikipaglaban (Revolt, Revolution, Insurrection)

• Bayan – lupang tinubuan

• Nacio- nation, nationalism

• Pagbabago- reforms, propaganda (20th century advertisement)

Economy

• “Baligya”

•monopoly

•Mercantilism, maritime trade• • The Maharlikas were not tax payers during

the Spanish colonial period

19th century Economy

• Galleon trade was abolished in 19th cenury• • Laissez faire• • The Industrial Revolution in Europe brought

about the rise of media clase or middle class in the Philippines.

• The opening of Suez Canal contributed to the entry of the Philippines to world commerce.

Politics

• Relations with Holland, UK and China

• The Dutch also tried to invade the Philippines five times but was repulsed by Spain with the help of the Filipinos.

• -British troops also tried to conquer the Philippines.

• - Spain hated at China; the Spanish colonizers massacred the Chinese.

• Sangley – they came and left

Politics• Challenges to authority (1560-1820s)• Rajah Sulayman, Bambalito, Tondo datus

• -Lapu-lapu, Dagohoy, Bankaw in Visayas

• Rajah Sultan Kudarat in Mindanao

• -Spanish colonial government was challenged by the Portuguese and Dutch

• Portuguese starved Legazpi in Cebu; food blockade as a weapon

Politics• -The longest war waged by Spain in the Philippines happened in

Mindanao

• Spain had not succeeded in colonizing Mindanao

• Lumads are the Filipinos who refused to become Christians nor Muslims• Why were the Muslims not invaded by Spain?

• 1.Spain had low military capacity to break through the Kuta (fort/moog).• 2. Mindanao is far from Manila, center of power and governance• 3. Spain was preoccupied by Dutch, British, Luzon and Visayas uprisings• 4. Islam provided a point of unity among the Muslims.•

Politics

• Revolts that characterized the movements during the Spanish period:

• 1. Agrarian uprisings in 1745 in the Tagalog regions

• 2. Political revolts which took place mainly in the northern Luzon (Magalat, Revolt of the Irrayas, Sumuroy, Maniago, Malong’s Rebellion, Diego Silang’s Revolt, Gabriela Silang’s Revolt, Palaris Revolt, Basi Revolt

• 3. Culturally/religiously controlled uprisings in the Visayas, particularly in Bohol that lasted 80 years (Tamblot, Bankaw, Tapar, Dagohoy, Hermano Pule)

•

Politics• Emergence of the Filipino sense of nationhood was initiated by the

following:

• Opening of the Philippines to world commerce through the Suez Canal

• Rise of the middle class

• Secularization controversy

• Cavite Mutiny of 1872

Politics• Reasons for failure of the revolts:

• Spain possessed superior weapons than the Indios

• Filipinos remained divided (Divide-and-Rule strategy of Spain)

• Giving of positions and privileges to the datus and Spanish authorities weakened unity and prevented birth of leaders who can consolidate the forces. (indulto de comercio, tribute)

• Different ethnoliguistic groups in 7, 107 islands.

Politics

The secularization controversy continued even with the death of the GOMBURZA.• • -The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 had influenced Paciano

Rizal

• -Reason for the Basi Revolt was the prohibition of drinking of basi among Ilocano farmers.

• The Spaniards used the word Indio to indicate the inferiority of the Filipino race.

Politics• Peaceful crusades for reforms which the Filipino intellectuals

started in response to the Spanish regime’s abuses-

•Reform Movement

•Propaganda Movement

Politics• Spain’s counter propaganda

• A friar’s pamphlet that portrayed the Filipino as having low mental ability and fitted only to work in the field and tend a carabao-

• Si Tandang Basyong Macunat

Politics

Politics• The following signaled the beginning of the Propaganda Movement:

• Cavite Mutiny

•Martyrdom of Gomburza

• Filipinization of Philippine parishes

•Opening of the Suez Canal and the world market

Politics• The propagandistas sought this reform for

• -basic human rights for the Filipinos

• -equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law

• -restoration of Filipino representation to the Cortez

Politics• La Solidaridad

• It was the official organ of the Reform Movement

• -It was a vehicle for the expression of the political views of the reformers.

• -It was a forum for discussion of the issues concerning the Philippines.•

Politics• Katipunan was anchored on the political platform of

•Separating the Philippines from Spain

Politics• Reasons for the failure of the Reform Movement-

• petty quarrels among the reformists

• Spain’s preoccupation with its own internal problems

• lack of finances to support propaganda activities

Politics

La Liga Filipina was a reformist society

Politics

• . Rizal was not in favor of the revolution because

• the Katipuneros were unprepared for armed struggle

Politics• The Katipunan was rift apart when-

• The elites elected another elite, Aguinaldo, as President of the Revolutionary Government

• Andres Bonifacio declared the election null and void

• When Bonifacio decided to have the Naic Agreement that did not recognize Aguinaldo’s leadership

• When Aguinaldo signed Bonifacio’s death penalty

Politics• Rizal’s family members were revolutionaries because-

• Paciano Rizal was a general in the Katipunan

• His sisters had put up the Masonry for women

• His sisters and a niece were officials of KKK

• Josephine Bracken joined the Katipunan when Rizal died

Politics• General Antonio Luna’s death triggered the following issues-

• Emilio Aguinaldo had him killed just like Andres Bonifacio

• He was not killed, according to Aguinaldo’s grandson, DOTC Secretary Joseph Emilio Aguinaldo Abaya

• He was killed because the Kawit regimen hated him

• He was killed because he was against the annexation of the Philippines to the US

•

Politics

• The Pact of Biak-na-Bato had not the ended Filipino-Spanish hostilities.

• The Treaty of Paris had ended the Spanish-American War of 1898

• The Battle of Manila Bay was a naval battle that led to the transformation of US into a world power.

Culture• Feudalistic society

• -Metamorphosis of bahay kubo into bahay na bato

• -Hispanization of Filipino surnames

• -Indigenization of Spanish and Chinese cuisine

Culture• Culture was transformed through the-

• Introduction of the Latin alphabet

• Introduction of printing

• Appearance of Theocratic literature

• Persistence of folk art

Culture

• The Filipino concept of beauty changed

• – with aquiline nose, white complexioned

Education

• The Spaniards decided not to teach the Indios the Spanish language because

• They may learn to fight if they understand how the friars run the country

Religion• The transfer of ministries established by the regular clergy to

the Filipino seculars

secularization

Religion

• The babaylans had always been a threat to Spain’s spreading of Christianity in the archipelago.

• The GOMBURZA clamored for the secularization of the parishes.