DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGYTechnology Overview

Oregon Round Table – July 2014

DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGY Electricity Grid Basics

Community Scale July 2014

The Electricity Grid (Overview)Generation Transmission Distribution

13,200 volts

345,000 volts

Generating Station

Transmission Substation

Transmission Lines

Subtransmission

Transmission Substation

Industrial Customer Distribution

Substation

Commercial/Residential Customers

69,000 volts 13,200 volts

120/240volts480

volts

Generator Transformer

Transmission Line

Breaker

Loads

Loads

Distribution LineSubtranmission Line

DistributionSubstation

Transformer

Electrical One-Line Diagram

DistributionTransformer

3

Source: Diagram courtesy of Ben Kroposki

Major Components of the Grid

4

Source: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/transmission_lines.html

Transmission Systems:345 kV Transmission Lines: High-Voltage transmission lines transport power over long distances efficiently.

Above Ground Distribution System

Substations or Sub-transmission: Convert high voltage power to low voltage power and vice versa.

Conventional (Dispatchable) Generators: : Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear, and Hydro

Underground Distribution is 3 to 10x higher cost but O&M is low, and safety and aesthetics pay off well.

U.S. Electricity Generation

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), May 29, 2012

5

Power (MW) vs. Energy (MWh)

Source: California ISO (http://www.caiso.com/Pages/TodaysOutlook.aspx)

EnergyArea Under

theCurve

Power Capacity

Peak Demand

6

Dispatchable vs. Non-Dispatchable Generation• Dispatchable

– Conventional generation sources

– Energy is inherently stored within source of fuel

– Use when needed

• Non-Dispatchable– Renewable energy

resources (wind and solar)

– Characterized by variability and uncertainty

– Energy source must be used when available

Source: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/index.html

7

Key Knowledge Takeaways

• Fundamental understanding of the major components comprising large, interconnected electrical power systems– Conventional (Dispatchable)

Generators – Transmission Systems– Substations– Distribution Systems

Source: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/index.html

8

Policy: Regulatory Bodies for the Electricity Grid• Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)• North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)

– Regional Reliability Councils• Utility commissions and districts regulate privately and

publicly owned electricity providers– Utilities Commission– Utility Regulatory Commission– Public Utilities Commission– Public Service Commission (may be civil service oversight body

rather than utility regulator)– Public Utility District (tribal, state, or government owned utility,

consumer owned and operated, small investor owned)– Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities– Cooperative utilities are owned by the customers they serve

(farmers and rural communities)

9

Tribal Utilities • Western Area Power Administration (WAPA or Western)

– Fulfilling requirements for open access transmission service, reliable operations, and transmission development for renewable energy

– DOE and Western include Tribes and stakeholders as playing a central role to the electricity system in the future of the country

• Electric Tribal Utilities– Eight tribal electric utilities– One natural gas utility: Southern Ute in Colorado

• Handbook by Leonard S. Gold: Establishing a Tribal Utility Authority, 2012 Edition– 56-page guide to evaluate the feasibility of forming a tribal

utility

10

Useful Resources• U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA):

http://www.eia.gov/electricity/• Paper: Case Studies: The Conversion of On-Reservation

Electric Utilities to Tribal Ownership and Operation by Western Area Power Administration; Sept, 2010: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/pdfs/tribal_authority.pdf

• Handbook: Establishing a Tribal Utility Authority; by Leonard S. Gold, President, Utility Strategies Consulting Group, LLC: http://www.utility-strategies.com/downloads/Web-TUA%20Formation%20Handbook.pdf

RESOURCE

• Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) offers reliable grid information: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/

• Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) electric grid expansion in collaboration with Tribes and other stakeholders focused on Western states: http://ww2.wapa.gov/sites/Western/Pages/default.aspx

TECHNOLOGY

• American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy: http://www.aceee.org/topics/utility-regulation-and-policy

• Western Electric Coordinating Council has two Tribal reps for policy deliberations: http://www.wecc.biz/Pages/Default.aspx

• Inter-Tribal Council on Utility Policy: http://www.intertribalcoup.org/

POLICY

DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGYSolar Photovoltaics (PV)

Community Scale July 2014

Photovoltaic Technology• High reliability, warranties of

20 years or more• PV modules are wired in

series and parallel to meet voltage and current requirements

• The economic viability of solar PV is more of a reality today than ever before.

• Driving this has been the reduction of costs for both modules and the Balance of System (BOS) components such as racking, inverters, combiner boxes, disconnects, and inverters.

Photovoltaics System (Grid Connected)

Illustration by Jim Leyshon, NREL

Common PV Technologies

Single Crystal14 to 23%

Notes: Most efficient. Rigid.

Multi-Crystal13 to 17%

Notes: Efficient. Most Common. Less area per watt. Rigid.

Thin Film Si6 to 11%

Notes: Uses relatively little Silicon. Can be made flexible.

Cadmium Telluride

10% to 11%Notes: Uses no Silicon. Rigid.

CIGS12% to 14%

Notes: Uses no Silicon. Can be made flexible.

15

PV Solar Resource

References/sources go here 16

PV Solar Resource in Southwest Tribal Lands

Priorities: Where to Install Solar• On the “built environment” where unshaded

– On existing building roofs that have an expected life of at least 15 more years and can accept added load - typically 2-4 pounds (lbs)/ft2. Reduces solar load on building

– On ALL new buildings – all new buildings should be “solar ready”

• See http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46078.pdf – Over parking areas, pedestrian paths, etc. – energy

generation and nice amenity• On compromised lands such as landfills and brown fields

– Saves green fields for nature– If installed on green fields, minimize site disturbance;

plant native low height vegetation as needed

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PV Watts PV Watts Photovoltaic Analysis

• Select default values or input customized system parameters for size, electric cost, array type, tilt angle, and azimuth angle

• Typical Meteorological Year weather data for the selected location (TMY files) used to calculate incident solar radiation and PV cell temperature for each hour of the year

Benefits • Easy to use • Very Quick • Useful for users of all technical

levels• Widely accepted tool

Price of PV Modules

20

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Year

Mod

ule

Pric

e ($

/Wat

t)

$0.6

Source: EIA 2005 data

U.S. PV Installations by State (MWDC), Q3 ‘13

Cali-for-nia

455

Arizona169

North

Car-olina69

Next Four State

s*136

Other102

• Other markets opening up could spur demand such as MN, GA, NY (50kW-200 kW systems)

• Cumulative U.S. PV is expected to exceed 10 GW in Q3/Q4 ’13

• Challenges maintaining growth rate in all sectors/states

• Net metering and rate design in CA, CO, AZ, TX

Note: “Next Four States”: MA, NV, NJ, HI.Sources: GTM/SEIA : U.S. Solar Market Insight Q3 2013.

Useful Solar Resources for PV

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• For General Project Development & Finance: http://www.nrel.gov/applying_technologies/financing.html

• Tribal Business Structure Handbook (Nilles, Kathleen, NAFOA): www.nafoa.org

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

& FINANCE “GENERAL”

• NREL Learning About Renewables: http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_photovoltaics.html

• Renewable Energy Atlas: http://maps.nrel.gov/re_atlas • PVWatts: http://www.nrel.gov/rredc/pvwatts/ • System Advisor Model https://sam.nrel.gov

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT “RESOURCES”

• Power Purchase Agreement Checklist: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46668.pdf

• Renewable Portfolio Standards: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/maps/renewable_portfolio_states.cfm

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

“OFF-TAKE”

DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGYHydro Electricity

Community Scale July 2014

Scale of Hydroelectric Power PlantsMacro Hydropower• Although definitions vary, DOE

defines large hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30 megawatts (MW).

Small Hydropower• Although definitions vary, DOE

defines small hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of 100 kilowatts (kW) to 30 MW.

Micro Hydropower• A micro hydropower plant has

a capacity of up to 100 kW. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or village.

Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_plant_types.html

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Traditional Hydroelectric and Siting issues – Impoundment • The most common type of

hydroelectric power plant• Typically a large hydropower

system• Uses a dam to store river water

in a reservoir (impoundment)• Water released from the

reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity

• Water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs; to maintain a constant reservoir level; of for other downstream users

• Significant impacts on fish, land area; potential hazard of dam breaks

• Constraints on siting in seismic areas

• No significant installations in U.S. in past 50 years, other countries such as China and Argentina moving forward with large installations

Graphics Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_plant_types.html25

Technology Overview and Siting – Diversion Hydro

• Typically no storage opportunities as with impoundment, lower capital costs due to lack of dam

• Fewer concerns with fish and less land area impact than with impoundment

Image Sources: Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy

• A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock

• It may not require the use of a dam

Intake

Outlet

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U.S. Electricity Generation 2012

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), May 29, 2012

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This is the breakdown of the “Other Renewables” – 5% of US electricity

Hydro provides 6-8% of US electricity in most years

Primary Fuel Sources for U.S. Net Generation

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Costs• High capital costs for hydroelectric projects in general, but

typically much higher capacity factors resulting in lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE).

Source: http://en.openei.org/apps/TCDB/29

Potential Resources• Conventional hydro (low power

to large hydro = 62,300 MW): Capacity gains at large and

small hydro = 4,300 MW New small (<30 MW) and low

(<1 MW) hydro = 58,000 MW New hydro at existing dams

= (16,700 MW included above)

[Efficiency gains (4%) = 3,100 MW]

• Hydrokinetic = 12,800 MW (tidal only assessed for five states, ocean current not assessed)

• Wave Energy = 10,000 to 20,000 MW

• Pump storage not assessed

TOTAL = 85,100 to 95,100 MW

Virtual Hydropower Prospector Region Selectorhttp://hydropower.inel.gov/prospector/index.shtml

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National Hydropower Map

31

Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/pdfs/national_hydropower_map.pdf

DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGYWind Power

Community Scale July 2014

NREL - Outreach & Market Support – All Sizes

Small (100 kW)

HomesTribal BuildingsFarmsRemote

ApplicationsSchoolsBusinessesCommunity Wind

Mid-Sized (100 - 2000 kW)Distributed EnergyTribal CommunitiesVillage PowerBusinessesCommunity Wind

Large >2MWUtility-scaleDistributed EnergyCommunity Wind

Turbine – Sized to Economic Project Goals

Bergey Excel 10kW ~ 1 home

Vestas V47600kW~ 200 homes

GE 1.5sle1.5MW~ 500 homes

Vestas V-903MW~ 1,000 homes

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Lower Turbine Pricing Starting To Show Up In Reported Total Project

Costs

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,00019

8219

8319

8419

8519

8619

8719

8819

8919

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1020

1120

12

Inst

alle

d Pr

ojec

t Cos

t (20

12 $

/kW

) Individual Project Cost (681 projects totaling 49,112 MW) Capacity-Weighted Average Project Cost

Source: LBNL

Source: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/pdfs/workshops/2013_summit/wiser.pdf2012 Wind Technologies Market Report Summary, WPA All-States Summit, May 8, 2013

Project costs bottomed out in 2001-04; rose by $850/kW on average through 2009; held steady in 2010 ($2,160/kW); appear to be dropping in 2013. Source: 2012 Wind Market Report, LBNL.

Wind Resource Assessment1st Step - Maps of Wind ResourcesWind Powering America: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/windmaps/

36

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Wind Resources and Opportunity on Tribal Lands

Native American Anemometer Loan Program

38

Source: http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/anemometerloans/projects.asp

Currently 21 of 70 sites are posted – mostly 20-m data sites – available data may be a good place to start

Wind Performance Characteristics

Affected by:• Temperature• Altitude• Siting

– Terrain– Obstructions

• Roughness – Tower height

Capacity Factor (CF)• Fraction: • Small: 15% - 20%• Medium: 20% -

25%• Large: 30% - 40%

ActualRated x 24 x 365

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Best Uses for Technology (size, installed cost)On-Site Power• Remote (<10 kilowatt [kW], $6-$12/watt [W])

• Water pumping, electrification• Water pump = 1 kW, House = 5 kW, Farm = 10 kW

Grid Connected ($3.50 -$7/W)• Small (1 kW – 50 kW)

• Residence, business, farm/ranch• Mid-Size (100 kW – 1 megawatt [MW])

• Facility, community, industrial• Convenience store = 50 kW, school = 250 kW

Energy for Sale ($2-$3.50/W)• Utility (>1MW)

• Wind farm

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Wind Project Development Process

• Site Selection

• Fatal Flaw Analysis

• Land Agreements

• Wind Assessment

• Environmental Review – sound, visual, etc..

• Economic Modeling

• Interconnection Studies

• Permitting

• Financing

• Sales Agreements•  • Turbine Procurement

• Construction Contracting

• Operations & Maintenance• 3-7 year process• Lots of moving parts

- no guarantee of success

Key Takeaways • Wind energy is a mature, yet

evolving technology• Wind energy comes in many sizes • Utility-scale wind energy is cost

competitive today in many locations throughout the United States

• Wind turbine project development (from 5 kW to 200 MW) has clear impacts to neighbors/neighboring communities that are both positive and negative and therefore requires active stakeholder engagement

42

Useful Resources• http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/nativeam

ericans/

• http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/RESOURCE

• http://www.nrel.gov/wind/• http://www.smallwindcertification.org/TECHNOLOG

Y

• www.dsireusa.orgPOLICY

43

DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGY Geothermal

Community Scale July 2014

Geothermal Resource

45

Source:  http://geoheat.oit.edu/dusys.htm

Community Scale

Direct Use Uses low-temperature resources:• District Heating• Process Heat• Agriculture• Aquaculture

46

Residential Geothermal Heat Pumps

• Highly efficient method of providing heating and cooling

• Work by using ground temperature as a renewable resource for pumping heat in winter and rejecting heat in summer

• Cost effective • Economic and

environmental benefits

47

Hot Water Facility-Scale Geothermal• Can provide all or part

of a facility’s hot water• An auxiliary heat

exchanger uses waste heat from the geothermal compressor (superheated gases) to heat water

• Uses excess heat that would otherwise be expelled to the loop

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Low-Temperature Geothermal Example

• Commissioned in 2006• Off-grid sustainable

geothermal power and heat for multiple applications

• Commercial Power Production: Lowest in the world at 165°F

Chena Hot Springs Resort in Alaska

Photos courtesy of Chena Hot Spring Resort

Case Study: Citizen Potawatomi Geothermal

• Commissioned in 2005, completed in 2007

• Project will offset 50% of HVAC operating costs

• Reduced maintenance costs and recovery of waste heat

Six Part Construction Construction of geothermal pond (a

water source heap pump application) Construction of heat exchanger and

vault header system Piping network connects pond loops

to building Ground source heat pump system for

Cultural Heritage Center

Fire Lake Project in Shawnee, Oklahoma: Two Buildings and Greenhouse

Photo: Geothermal Pond, Courtesy of Citizen Potawatomi Nation

Case Study: Citizen Potawatomi GeothermalGrand Casino completed in August 2007

Photo courtesy of Citizen Potawatomi Nation

Sustainable Business Venture:

• Geothermal plant and the Grand Casino provides community jobs

• Project costs were minimal at $476,130

• Project spawned self funded 2011 and 2012 projects:• Bowling Center • Arena Building • Housing Units (70)

Cost of Geothermal

• Residential (single family)– New Construction $15,000 to $20,000 for heating

and cooling– Remodel $15,000 to $30,000 for heating and cooling

• Community– 107,000 ft2 Middle School (600 students) GSHP built

in 2011 $1.3 million– Community College: $860,000 GSHP– Geothermal Power Plant in Nevada: $4.4 million

• Note that hybrid systems (coupled with a cooling tower or boiler) can make geothermal more cost effective

52

Geothermal Cost Effective? Yes! Electrical Generatio

n

Geo Exchange Systems (Geothermal Heat Pumps)

LCOE = $42 to $60/MWh

Residential Commercial

Schools

Cost/Megawatt

$2,000,000$3,000,000

Building Size 3,000 ft2 7,200 ft2 55,000-

112,000 ft2

Install Cost $15,000 -$20,000 $408,000 $240,000 -

$1,090,000

Annual Savings

$600- $1,500

$ 2,098,000

$20,000- $42,000

Cost/Ton $1,500 $1,500Electrical Generation: Glacier Partners, 2009Geo-Exchange: www.geoexchange.org 53

Geothermal Life Cycle Analysis1

HVAC System

Initial Cost

Annual Payback(Annual Energy Cost Savings)

Payback(Annual Energy Cost + Maintenance)

Energy Maintenance

Roof Top Unit

$114,610 $8,226 $4,476 - -

Ambient Air HP

$139,610

$6,803 $4,069 17.5 years 13.3 years

GHP $160,600 $3,852 $1,899 10.5 years 6.6 years

Electrical Generation: Glacier Partners, 2009Geo-Exchange: www.geoexchange.org 54

1- Typical Office Building AnalysisModified From: Colorado Geothermal Geo Energy & Heat Pump Association: Watts, Craig A, 2012, Earth’s Energy Solution, MKK Consulting Engineers, Inc.

Cost Analysis Payback

• The Payback is calculated by the differences in cost between the HP initial cost ÷ annual energy savings– Initial Cost Difference

• $160,600 - $114,610 = $ 45,990– Annual energy saving

• $8,226 - $3,852 = $4,374– Annual maintenance cost savings

• $4,476 - $1,899 = $2,577– Payback

• $45,990 ÷ ($4,374 + $2,577) = 6.6 years

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Useful Geothermal Resources

NREL geographic information system (GIS) maps:www.nrel.gov/gis/maps.htmlRESOURCE

Geothermal Resources CouncilTECHNOLOGY

Geothermal Regulatory Roadmap:

http://en.openei.org/wiki/GRRPOLICY

56

Resources & Maps

• NREL Geothermal: http://www.nrel.gov/gis/geothermal.html

• DOE Geothermal Technologies Program: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/faqs.html

• Western Area Power Administration: http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/fctsheet/GHP.pdf

• Colorado Geo Energy & Heat Pump Association: http://www.gogeonow.org/

57

DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGY Building Heat and Hot Water

Community Scale July 2014

Solar Thermal (Hot Water) Which Collector is Best? Depends on

Temperature!

59

Efficiency = % of solar energy captured by collector

Solar Thermal Market Sector Applications

60

• Residential Facility Domestic hot water Space heating and cooling Swimming pool heating

• Facility or Community Service hot water for hotels,

motels, multifamily buildings, hospitals, recreation centers, swimming pools, and casinos.

• Industrial Food or chemical processing

• Water Purification Desalination Pasteurization

Photos top to bottom: NREL/PIX 03971; Andy Walker, NREL; NREL/PIX 08295

Solar Water Heating: Simple Evaluation Procedure• Estimate daily water heating load• Determine solar resource• Calculate solar system size

– Meet load on sunniest day– Undersize rather than oversize

• Calculate annual energy savings• Calculate annual cost savings• Estimate system cost• Calculate savings-to-investment ratio as well as

simple payback period• Analyze in RETScreen www.retscreen.net • Levelized cost of energy (LCOE): 1 kilowatt-hour

(kWh) is $.12 to $.20 (Source: SunShot 2012)

61

Example: Solar Thermal with PV and Efficiency Statistics over 30 Days

Energy Used: 40.4 megawatt-hours

(MWh)($5,246 used)

Energy Generated:8.94 MWh ($1,163 saved)

Net Utility Energy Bought: 31.4 MWh ($4,083.33

spent)

62

Other Efficiency Measures Taken:• Installed variable frequency drives that will adjust circulation automatically to meet

needs versus running 24 hours a day for items like pool pumps and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) fan motors

• Replaced chillers and boilers and added controls that address building comfort levels • Weatherized building with insulation and air sealing• Replaced existing water fixtures with low-flow devices

Photo from Glen Magee

Solar Vent Preheat Resource and Economics

63

Solar Vent Preheat• A preheating air

system• Sunlight strikes

south facing vertical box wall.

• South-facing wall surface is best– 45° of south gives

80%

64

NREL/PIX 09173

NREL/PIX 09355

• Panels are aluminum or steel

• Roll-punch slots with three porosity options

• Corrugated to increase structural rigidity

• High outdoor air ventilation requirement in heating dominated climate

Project Considerations

Solar air collector material. NREL/PIX 09212

NREL/PIX 00599

65

System Components

• Transpired solar collector– Perforated sheet of corrugated metal

• Air distribution– Ductwork, fan, and bypass damper

• Controls– Temperature and time clock, or Energy

Management Control System (EMC)

Source: femp.energy.gov/training66

Solar Vent Preheat Principle

• Sun warms the collector surface

• Heat conducts from collector surface to thermal boundary layer of air (1 millimeter [mm] thick)

• Boundary layer is drawn into perforation by fan pressure before heat can escape by convection

4 - 6 in.

South wallSolar wall

Boundary layer

Source: femp.energy.gov/training67

Advantages of Solar Vent Preheat• Relatively low cost for on-site renewable energy

utilization• Reliability of equipment and system

– Only moving part is the fan– Operates at ambient temperature

• Very low maintenance• High efficiency• No storage

NREL/PIX 178254NREL/PIX 17424

68

Generic Cost Example

69

NREL/PIX 00957

Photo from Rapid City, South Dakota, Recreation Center

Solar Vent Preheat

Building Occupancy

Daytime/7 days/week

Collector Area 30 feet (ft) x 60 ftEnergy Savings 150 kilowatt British

thermal unit (kBtu)/square feet (ft2) x 1800 ft2 = 270 one million British thermal units (MMBtu)

Collector Cost $19,800State Tax Credit $6,534 (33%)Federal Tax Credit 10% = $1,980Accelerated Depreciation

Varies 10% up to $2,000

Net Cost $10,000Simple Payback 4 yearsHeating Efficiency 70%

Useful Life of Solar Vent Pre-heat is 30 to 40 years. Source: NREL Energy Analysis Website:

Distributed Generations of Renewable Energy Estimate of Costs 2012, http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_cost_dg.html

Useful Solar Resources for PV and Vent Preheat

• For General Project Development & Finance: http://www.nrel.gov/applying_technologies/financing.html

• Tribal Business Structure Handbook (Nilles, Kathleen, NAFOA): www.nafoa.org

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

& FINANCE “GENERAL”

• NREL Learning About Renewables: http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_photovoltaics.html

• Renewable Energy Atlas: http://maps.nrel.gov/re_atlas • In My Backyard (IMBY): http://www.nrel.gov/eis/imby/ • PVWatts: http://www.nrel.gov/rredc/pvwatts/

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT “RESOURCES”

• Power Purchase Agreement Checklist: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46668.pdf

• Renewable Portfolio Standards: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/maps/renewable_portfolio_states.cfm

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

“OFF-TAKE”

70

Useful Solar Resources for PV and Vent Preheat• Federal Energy Management Program Environmental Siting

Guide: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/derchp_envsiting.html

• http://www1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/guide/permitting_licensing.html.

• http://www1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/guide/regulatory_agencies.html.

PROEJCT DEVELOPMENT “PERMITTNG”

• Tribal Energy and Environmental Information Clearing House: http://teeic.anl.gov/er/index.cfm

• Renewable Energy Resource Assessment: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/guide/assessing_energy_resources.html.

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT “TECHNOLOGY

”

• General Project Development & Finance: http://www.nrel.gov/applying_technologies/financing.html

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

“CAPITAL”

71

DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGY Biomass

Community Scale July 2014

Biomass Siting FactorsProject feasibility depends on: • Availability and cost of each

type of biomass (chips, pellets, or logs)

• Competing fuel cost (e.g. fuel oil, natural gas, etc.)

• Peak and annual thermal load • Building size and type • Space availability • Operation and maintenance

staff availability and experience

• Local emissions regulations

73

Biomass Resource – GIS Map

What’s New?• First biomass power plant in Colorado began operations in

Gypsum/Eagle Valley 2013 and it cost $56 million.– CPR Article:

http://www.cpr.org/news/story/colorados-first-biomass-plant-begins-delivering-electricity

• The beetle kill wood fuel will supply electricity to 10,000 homes.

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Biomass-energy Projects• Model Neighborhood ProjectSubsidizing the cost to transition from oil heating systems to advanced wood pellet boilers for homeowners in Berlin, NH, and Farmington and Wilton, Mainehttp://www.northernforest.org/model_neighborhood_project.html • The Wood to Energy ProjectTwo primary objectives:1. Provide a complete literature review on the state of the

science2. Develop database of wood-to-energy related industries

in the US and Canadahttp://www.wood2energy.org/

79

Useful sites and links• USFS Woody Biomass Utilization SiteThe Woody Biomass Utilization Team is an interdisciplinary team that promotes and facilitates the planning and delivery of an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to the recovery and utilization of woody biomass from ecological restoration and hazardous fuels reduction work.http://www.fs.fed.us/woodybiomass/ • Biomass Energy Resource CenterBERC assists communities, colleges and universities, state and local governments, businesses, utilities, schools, and others in making the most of their local biomass energy resources.http://www.biomasscenter.org/ • Biomass Thermal Energy CouncilBTEC is an association of biomass fuel producers, appliance manufacturers and distributors, supply chain companies and non-profit organizations that view biomass thermal energy as a renewable, responsible, clean and energy-efficient pathway to meeting America’s energy needs. BTEC engages in research, education, and public advocacy for the fast growing biomass thermal energy industry. http://www.biomassthermal.org/ • Pellet Fuels InstituteThe Pellet Fuels Institute is a non-profit association that serves the pellet industry.http://pelletheat.org • Renewable Heat NY New York to Launch Biomass Heating Initiativehttp://biomassmagazine.com/articles/9885/new-york-to-launch-biomass-heating-initiative

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