Electronics Circuits and Simulation Manual

8/12/2019 Electronics Circuits and Simulation Manual

1/36

ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LABORATORY

L T P

0 0 3

1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers - Frequency response, Input and output

impedance

calculation2. Class B Complementary symmetry poer amplifier

!bser"ation of the output a"e form ith cross o"er #istortion.

$odification of the circuit to a"oid cross o"er distortion.$easurement of ma%imum poer output.

#etermination of efficiency.

Comparison ith calculated "alues.

&. #ifferential amplifier usin' B().Construction of the circuit.

$easurement of #C collector current of indi"idual transistors.

*quali+ation of #C current usin' indi"idual emitter resistance / 1 !hms0

$easurement of C$.. #esi'n of oscillator

C 3hase shift4ein Brid'e !scillator

5artley and Colpitts !scilator.

. Class C )uned 6mplifier.

SIMULATION USING PSPICE / MULTISIM

1. #ifferentiatial amplifier

2. 6cti"e filter7 Butterorth IInd order 83F

&. 6stable, $onostable and Bistable $ulti"ibrator - )ransistor bias. #96 and 69# con"erter Successi"e appro%imation0

. 6nalo' multiplier:. C$!S In"ertors, ;6;# and ;!

Total: 45


2/36

*%periment71 #ate7

S5* F**#B6C? 6$38IFI*


3/36

1.1.AIM:

)o construct a "olta'e shunt feedback amplifier and to find its frequency

response ith and ithout feedback

1.2.APPARATUS REUIRED:

6pparatus Specification @uantity

)ransistor BC1A 1

esistors 1k,1k,22k,::k,k *ach one

Capacitor 1.:f,f 2,13oer supply -&0= 1

C! -20 $h+ 1

6F! -10 $h+ 1

Bread board 1Connectin' ires 6s required

1.3.T!EORY7

If the feed back si'nal applied is in phase ith the input si'nal and thus

increase the input is called as positi"e or re'enerati"e feed back amplifier. )he "olta'e'ain of the feed back is 'reater than open loop 'ain. If the feed back si'nal applied to the

input is out phase ith the input si'nal and thus the input si'nal decrease is knon as

;e'ati"e feed back. )he feedback is obtained throu'h resistor fconnected fromcollector to base .)he input "olta'e =i and the output "olta'e =o is 1 de'ree out of

phase ith each other.

I f D =i/=o0 fDf

o

RV D =o E

4hen E DfR

1

D feed back factor

1.4.PROCEDURE7

Connections are 'i"en as per the circuit dia'ram. By keepin' the output "olta'e constant if the frequency is "aried and

the correspondin' output "olta'e is noted.

)he eadin's are )abulated and the 'ain is con"erted to db usin' the Formula.

)he same procedure is repeted for both ith and ithout feedback.

)he response cur"e is plotted for each case and bandith is calculated.

.

S"#$%&%$at%o'(:


4/36

vvcc 1= ) mAICQ &= ) mVVAhfeSvv TvCEQ 2-,12-,&,1,- ======

1.5 D#(%*' "+o$#,-+#:

Ba(# $-++#'t AI

I CQ

B

1

&

1& &

=

==

Coll#$t#+ R#(%(ta'$#

KI

VAR

CQ

TvC 1

1&

12-12-&

&

=

==

E%tt#+ +#(%(ta'$#

=+++=

+++=

-.::

0111&-011&1

0

:&&

E

E

EBCQCEQCCQCC

R

RK

RIIVRIV

B%a(%'* +#(%(ta'$#

=

+

+

+=

+

+

+=

KR

R

RR

RS

B

B

BE

E

:

-.::

-.::&1

&1

1

1

R#(%(ta'$# R1

A:.2

-.::0111&A.01:11

0

22

A&G.21A:.2

1:1

:&&:

1

&

1

=+++=

+++==

=

==

th

EBCQBEBBth

th

BCC

V

RIIVRIV

KR

V

RVR

R#(%(ta'$# R2


5/36

== =+

==+

+=

KR

RRRR

R

R

RRRR

RR

RRR

B

B

C

2&G.C

:A.&

1:

122

2

2

221

&

2

&

21

21

21

21

=

=

=

2-

1&

12-&

&

&

CQ

Tie

I

Vh

FC

hzwheref

F

hfC

C

c

iec

C

:.1

:

:1.1

2-:2

1

21

==

=

=

=

%to-t ##,a$:

T# %'"-t %"#,a'$# %( *%#'

=+

=

+

=

=

1-

2-&A-

2-&A-

1:

1:

0

i

ie

iefBi

R

IIhKK

KK

parallelhparallelRRR

T# o-t"-t %"#,a'$# %( *%#'

=+=

=

G.GG

11

11

o

fCo

R

KK

KK

IIRRR

%t ##,a$:


6/36

FC

fCX

RX

RX

ceiInputCapac

FfR

C

fCX

RX

ceciOutputCapa

IIRRR

RoR

!anceOutputimpe

RR

RRR

Rit"factore#en#itiv

KRhIIRR

IIRRIIRRhceRTran#re#i#

RancveRInputimpe!

i

i

ci

if

ci

ifci

of

o

co

of

co

cofof

of

iif

mm

f

m

m

iefB

fcfBie

m

iif

1C

2

1

1

tan

&020

1

2

1

1

tan

A.G1&-.-2

1&-.-2

&-.-2&:.1A

G.GG

&G.C:&:.1A

1-

&:.1A011

110

11

1

:&:.1:&2-&A-

0G.GG0&A-&

0

00tan

1

&

==

=

==

==

=+==

===

===

=+=+=

+=

=+

=+

=

=

1

tan

1

1

ECE

ECE

RX

RX

ceciB"pa##capa

=


7/36

=

++

=

=

C.2A1

2

1

1

fe

Bie

EE

E

CE

h

RhIIRR

fcX

FC

R

fc

E

E

E

-C

12

1 1

=

=

1.6 C%+$-%t D%a*+a:

Q 1

R 1

1 k

R 2

2 2 K R 3

1 0 K

R 4

8 k

R 5

6 6 4

C 1

1 . 0 6 1 u f

C 2

5 0 u f

C 3

1 . 0 6 1 u f

0

V 1 CRO O/P

Vo

FO I/P

Vin

Vcc=10v

-

+

BC107

+ -

1.7 Ta-lat%o':

%to-t #,a$: 8%'9


8/36

+#-#'$ %'!; O-t"-t %' olt( Ga%' %' ,B

%t #,a$ : 8%'9

+#-#'$ %'!; O-t"-t %' olt( Ga%' %' ,B

1.< R#(-lt:

)hus the feedback amplifier is desi'ned and bandidth is calculated

Bandith ithout feedbackD

Bandith ith feedbackD

*%periment no72 #ate7


9/36

I;)*>6)!S,#IFF**;)I6)!S, C8I33*S, 6;# C86$3*S

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

H

2.1.AIM:

)o study the Inte'rator, #ifferentiator, )ime constants, Clipper,andClampers and obser"e their a"eforms.

2.2.APPARATUS REUIRED:

63366)


10/36

If =ref, is made ne'ati"e, the entire output a"eform abo"e =ref,ill

'et clipped off.

)hr positi"e clipper can be easily con"erted into ne'ati"e clipper by simply re"erse thediode # and chan'in' the polatity of the reference "olta'e.

CLAMPER: )he clamper is also knon as #C inserter or0 restorer. )he circuit is

used to add a desire le"el to the output "olta'e. In other ords the output is clamped to a

desired #C le"el. If the clamped #C le"el is M"e it is called positi"e clamper. Similarly ifthe clamped #C le"el is /"e, then it is called ne'ati"e clamper. )he circuit clamps the

peak of the input a"eform means it is called peak clamper.

2.4. PROCEDURE7

* Connect the circuit as per the dia'ram

N Set input si'nal "olta'e ",1k5+0 usin' si'nal 'enerator.

N !bser"e the output a"e form usin' C!.

N Sketch the obser"ed a"e form on the 'raph sheet.

2.5. DESIGN PROCEDURE:

DIERENTIATOR:

For ) D , f D 1k5+, ) Df

1D 1ms, D C D 1%1-&

If C D .1 Jf, then DC

D 1k

For )K , then LC

L 1k

For )L , then K C

K 1k

=D I D C!t

!v D C

!t

!v

INTEGRATOR:

For ) D , f D 1k5+, ) Df

1D 1ms, D C D 1%1-&

If C D .1 Jf, then DC

D 1k

For )K , then LC

L 1k

For )L , then KC

K 1k

= D Ri!t

C

11

Di!tRC

1


11/36

CLIPPER:

G%#'f D 1kh+

) Df

1D 1%1-&D C

6ssume C D .1 Jf, then D 1k

CLAMPER:

G%#'f D 1kh+

) Df

1D 1%1-&D C

6ssume C D .1 Jf, then D 1k

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DIERENTIATOR:

0

V 2

+

O/PVo

_

freq=1khz

Vi=5vR 1

1 0 k

C 1

0 . 1 u

Mo,#l G+a":

D 1k

D 1k


12/36

5v

5v

RC!

!i"e#$ec%

!i"e#$ec%

!i"e#$ec%

o

o

i

5vRC&&!

INTEGRATOR:

R 1

1 0 k

C 1

0 . 1 u

0

V 2

+

O/PVo

_

freq=1khz

Vi=5v

Mo,#l G+a":


13/36

5v

5v

RC!

!i"e#$ec%

!i"e#$ec%

!i"e#$ec%

o

o

i

5v RC&&!

CLIPPER:

0

+

O/PVo

_

V 1

F R E Q = 1 k h z

V A M P L = 8 v

V O F F = 0 v

R 1

1 0 k

D 1

V 2

1 v


14/36

Mo,#l G+a":

CLAMPER:POSITI8E CLAMPER:

0

+

O/PVo

_

V 1

F R E Q = 1 k h z

V A M P L = 5 v

V O F F = 0 v

D 1

R 1

1 0 k

C 1

0 . 1 u

Mo,#l G+a":

NEGATI8E CLAMPER:


15/36

0

+

O/PVo

_

V 1

F R E Q = 1 k h z

V A M P L = 8 v

V O F F = 0 v

D 1

R 1

1 0 k

C 1

0 . 1 u

Mo,#l G+a":

2.6.TABULATION:

3articular =olts9di" $ultiplier 6mplitude )ime9di" $ultiplier )ime inms0

#ifferentiator

Inte'rator

Clipper

Clamper

2.7.RESULT:

)hus #ifferentiator ,Inte'rator, Clipper, Clamper

Circuits ere desi'ned and tested.


16/36

*%periment no 7& Dat#:

R.C.P!ASE S!IT OSCILLATOR

3.1AIM:

)o desi'n and construct the C phase shift oscillator and to compare the theoretical and

practical frequency of the oscillator.

3.2APPARATUS REUIRED:

63366)


17/36

3.5 DESIGN PROCEDURE:

=ccD1", IC@D1m6, =ce@D",ED1,SD1,6"D2G,=tD2m",hieD1.1k

FoD RRcRC

:2

1

+

Choose CD.1Jf,foD1k5+

FoD

( )

2

1

A.:1.2

1

+ RK

RF

D

R

*Ffo

A.:01.2

1

+

DR

*A.:

1-G1-

+

)akin' square on both sides

2R D

( )

R

K A.:

1-G1-2

+

2:MR

*A.0 D 1G102

:2M1.?D 1G102

:2M1.?-1G102D

1.k 01-G1-.,:0C.1C, 2

*

D HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH D .Ak

2 P:0


18/36

D.Ak

&D-hie

D .Ak -1.1k

& D &.:k

=cc D =CM =C*M =* = *D=C*for min symmetric output

= *D1

CCV D.1=CC

=CC D2 =C M =*

2 =C D =CC- =*

=C D 2G. CCV

D. =CC

=CD ICC . % 1 D 1m6 % C

=* D .1 =CC D .1%1 D 1=

I** D 1= Q IC I*

* D*I

=1D

mA

V

1

1D 1?

S D

+

+

BE

E

RR

R

1

1

C D .k

* D 1?


19/36

1 D

+

+BRK

K

1

111

11

B D ( )21

21

RR

RR

+

=thD hieIBM =B*M I **

D 1.1?01

11 &

M .A M 1% 1-&%1 % 1-&

=th D 1.A1

=th D =cc. ( ) ( )12

2

RR

R

+

=th 1 D. =cc. ( ) ( )12

2

RR

R

+1 D =cc.B

1 Dth

Bcc

V

RV.

DA1.1

111

&

D .Ak

1 D .Ak

C%+$-%t D%a*+a:

Q 1

C 1

0 . 0 1 u f

C 2

0 . 0 1 u f

C 3

0 . 0 1 u f

C e

5 0 u f

R 1

4 . k

R 2

5 8 k

R 2

1 2 k

R E

1 k

R 5

4 . k

R 6

4 . kR

3 . 6 k

0

C 4

0 . 0 1 u f

O/PVcc=10v

BC107


20/36

Mo,#l G+a":

3.6 TABULATION

=olts"0 )imems0

=olta'edi"ision

$ultiplie 6mplitude )ime di"ision $ultiplier )ime period

3.7 RESULT 7)hus the C phase shift oscillator is desi'ned and constructed.

3ractical frequency of oscillation D HHHHHHHHHHHH)heoritical frequency of oscillation D HHHHHHHHHHHHHH

)imems0

6mplitude"0


21/36

*%periment no7 #ate 7

D#(%*' a', (%-lat%o' o& D%&+#'t%al A"l%&%#+

4.1 A%:

)o desi'n, simulate and to study the output a"eform of differential amplifier for dual

output balanced output in the common mode and differential mode confi'uration.

4.2 A""a+at-( +#-%+#,

1.!rCad simulation softare

2.6 personal computer

&.3rinter

4.3 Ba(%$ T#o+:

C coupled amplifier cannot be used to amplify "ery hi'h frequency or #C si'nals.)he

differential amplifier is used in applications here response for #C to more number of

frequencies are required.It is also the basic sta'e of an inte'rated amplifier.In the

differential amplifier the difference beteen to si'nals are applied at its input.6n

differential amplifier is shon in fi'ure.

=D6d=s1-=s20 4here 6d is the 'ain of the differential amplifier. *ach si'nal is

measured ith response to 'round.6ny si'nal common to both the inputs ith ha"e no

effect on the input "olta'e.5oe"er in a practical differential amplifier,the output

depends not only upon the differtence si'nal =dD =s1-=s20, but also upon the difference

si'nal le"el called common mode si'nal =CD1R2=s1-=s20 .)hus the output "olta'e =o is

'i"en by =oD6d=d-6s=s here 6c is the common mode 'ain of the amplifier,hen

#IFF**;)I68 6$38IFI*


22/36

bothe the inputs are applied to phase.#ifferential amplifier is characteri+ed by a fi'ure of

merit.)he common mode rteectiion ratio C$ is defined as C$D6dR6c.

For ideal differential amplifier the "alue of C$ should be infinity.

Similarly the differential mode 'ain 6d can be obtained by settin' =s1D=s2D =sR2 and

measurin' the output "olta'e =o1or =o2.)hen 6dD1R2=o1R =o20.

4.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#

6dD1, 6cD.1,hfeD&,I*D1.2m6

#ifferential 'ain by 6dD erRc2

reDeI

mV2:

reD mA2.1

12: &

6dD2:A.21

cR

CD:.?

Common mode is 'i"en by

6cDEe Rr

Rc

2

2

+

.1DER+

:A.21

01-.:2 &

.1 )( ER2:A.21 + D1&

21.:AM2* D1&2*D12GGA.&&

D:GG.1:

*D:.G?

* : ?

4.5Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%-lat%o' o& ,%&+#'t%al Mo,#:


23/36

Q 3

2 ! 2 2 2 2

Q 4

2 ! 2 2 2 2

R 4

6 4 k

R 5

6 . 5 k

R 6

6 . 5 k

V 4

1 2 v

V 5

1 2 v

0

0

0

V 8

F R E Q = 1 k

V A M P L = 1 0 0 " v

V O F F = 0V #

F R E Q = 1 k

V A M P L = 5 0 " v

V O F F = 0

0

VV

V$V%

Coo' Mo,#:


24/36

Q 1

2 ! 2 2 2 2

Q 2

2 ! 2 2 2 2

R 1

1 k

R 2

6 . 5 k

R 3

6 . 5 k

V 1

1 2 v

V 2

1 2 v

0

0

V 32 v

0

0

V

V$V%

4.6 P+o$#,-+#

1. !pen a T(ew pro+ectU in !rCad 3spice

2. Choose TAnalo, or mi-e! $ro+ectU and 'i"e T(ameU of the circuit and

TChoo#e.Create fol!er an! !irector"U onot #ave in pen!rive#0

&. 3lace components, >round/01 ,roun! onl"0 and supplies and connect the circuit as

shon in fi'ure.

. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profileinherit from none0. Choose T)ime

domain transient0U. In this, un to time should be 1ms,Start sa"in' data after is


25/36

and ma%imum step si+e 1ms.un the simulation usin' the Trun iconU.

.)he output a"eforms are shon belo.

D%&+#'t%al Mo,#:

Input a"eform =1


26/36

Input a"eform =2

!utput a"eform


27/36

Coo' Mo,#:

!utput a"eform

4.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7

6 differential amplifier for common mode and differential mode confi'uration is

desi'ned and simulated in !rCad. )he results are recorded and a report is submitted.


28/36

*%periment no7 #ate 7

D#(%*' a', (%-lat%o' o& =#%' B+%,*# O($%llato+

5.1 A%:

)o desi'n, construct and simulate the 4ein Brid'e !scillator

5.2 A""a+at-( +#-%+#,

1.!rCad simulation softare

2.6 personal computer&.3rinter

5.3 Ba(%$ T#o+:

4ein Brid'e !scillator is one of the most commonly used audio frequency oscillator.In

this ein brid'e circuit is connected beteen amplifier input output terminals.)he brid'e

has a series of C netork in one arm and a parallel C netork in adoinin' arm. In the

remainin' arms of the brid'e resistor 1 and fare connected the phase an'le criterion for

oscillations is that the total phase shift around the circuit must be made +ero or &:o.)his

condition occur only hen the brid'e is balanced i.e at resonant frequency only

frequency of oscillation occur.

FrDRC2

1

5.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#

6s the !p-amp is used in non-in"ertin' mode 'ain is 'i"en by

6D

&

RRR + D&

=ccD V1

6D1M

&

R

RL&


29/36

&

R

RL2 &R L2

Choose D.A?, &DG.?

Choose CD&.&nF,fD1?5+

Frequency of oscillaton fDRC2

1

D&

1&.&112

V1

D.?

Selected "alue KA.

5.5Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%-lat%o'

& 1

u A 4 1

%3

$2

V %

V $4

O & '6

O ( 11

O ( 25

R 1

2 . 2 k

R 2

3 . 3 k

R 4

3 . 3 k

C 1

0 . 1 u f

C 2

0 . 1 u f

0

0

R 5

4 0 k

V 1

1 2 v 0

V 2

1 2 v0

V

5.6 P+o$#,-+#



30/36




shon in fi'ure.

. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profileinherit from none0. Choose T)ime

domain transient0U. In this, un to time should be 1ms,Start sa"in' data after is

1ms and ma%imum step si+e 1ms.un the simulation usin' the Trun iconU.

.)he output a"eforms are shon belo.


31/36

5.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7

)hus the ein brid'e oscillator circuit is desi'ned and constructed usin' pspicetechnique.


32/36

*%periment no7: #ate 7

D#(%*' a', (%-lat%o' o& 2',o+,#+ B-tt#+=o+t Lo= "a(( &%lt#+

6.1 A%:

)o desi'n, simulate and plot the frequency response of a 2ndorder Butterorth 8o pass

filter

6.2 A""a+at-( +#-%+#,

1. !rCad simulation softare

2. 6 personal computer

&. 3rinter

6.3 Ba(%$ T#o+:

*lectronic filters are frequency selecti"e circuits and ha"e many applications. 8o pass

filters allo lo frequency si'nals to pass throu'h and block hi'h frequency si'nals.

Such systems for e%ample can be used in audio processin' systems. )he cutoff frequency

of the filter depends on the and C components and 'ain depends on the opamp 'ain

selection circuits. )he order of the filter is the number of C component pairs used. For

each pair, the 'ain reduction is 2dB9decade and therefore for the 2 ndorder system, the

fall in 'ain is dB9decade.

6.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#

Specification#

Cutoff frequency D 1 ?5+

!rder of the filter D 2

>ain D 1.: dB

SinceCRpi

fcNNN2

1= a##umeC D .1 JF then

CfpiR

c NNN2

1=


33/36

6.5 Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%-lat%o'

0

V ) *

1 V + ,

0 V - ,

V

& 1

u A 4 1

%3

$2

V %

V $4

O & '6

O ( 11

O ( 25

C 1

0 . 1 u f

C 3

0 . 1 u f

0

0

R 5

1 . 6 k

V 6

1 2 v

0

V

1 2 v

0

R

1 . 6 k

R 8

1 0 k

R #

5 . 8 6 k

%*-+# 1.1 : 2',O+,#+ B-tt#+=o+t Lo= Pa(( %lt#+

6.6 P+o$#,-+#





shon in fi'ure :.1

. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profileinherit from none0. Choose T6C

SeepU. In this,#tartin, fre2uenc"should be 'reater than and en! fre2uenc"

can be anythin'. Choose T30 point#U per decade so that the plot ill be lookin'

better.

. un the simulation usin' the Trun 4utton1 shon in fi'ure 'i"en belo.


34/36

:. )he output is in "olta'e and it should be chan'ed to dB scale. So T6dd traceU

refer fi,ure 5670

%*-+# 1.2: A,,%'* T+a$# to a' #>%(t%'* Plot

A. In the trace, clickB89first and then choose V:C3'3;as shon in fi'ure 1.&


35/36

%*-+# 6.3: P+o$#,-+# &o+ a,,%'* ,B a(#, t+a$#

. )he frequency response ill be plotted. )he &dB cutoff frequency is an important

parameter in filters. )he "alue can be measured or shon usin' a 3robe curser.


36/36

%*-+# 6.4: +#-#'$ +#("o'(# a', 3,B $-to&& o& t# &%lt#+ %' o'# *+a"

G. )he Twin!owU icon is selected and Tcop" to clip4oar!U option is chosen. )hen set

the Twin!ow an! 4ac*,roun!U transparent. Chan'e hite to black. 3aste it in $S-

3aint and from there take to $S ord. )his procedure ill sho the "alues of

a%is clearly.

%*-+#6.5: P+o$#,-+# &o+ $o"%'* t# +#(-lt to MS?o+,

6.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7

6 lopass 2nd order Butterorthfilter is desi'ned and simulated in !rCad. )he results are

recorded and a report is submitted.

Documents

Electronics Circuits and Simulation Manual