Energy Systems in Norway

Kjersti ØyenSkjalg Holther

VL Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft

SS 2005TU Berlin

Outline

• Norway in general

• Energy usage and production trends in Norway

• Hydropower

• International trade

• Case study: Power Crisis of 2002

Norway Greatest City of Sweden

• Northwestern Corner of Europe• Constitutional Monarchy• Parliamentarism• Pop: 4.6 mill• GDP p. capita (1992): 20 000 €• Geography: Characterized by

one large mountain chain from north to south, highland plateau far north, open planes south-east.

• Snow 4 months/year in the South, 6 months/year in the north and the mountains

• Area: 323 878km2 ~ Italy• Coastline: 58 000 km

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

NorwayOil exporting country

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

The Energy balance[PJ] Sum Coal Coke Wood,

waste

Crude oil

Petrol Natural gas

Hydro energy

Electricity District heating

Production1 10386,5 81,6 58,5 5 868,6 575,2 3 339,8 462,8

Import 263,6 21,5 25,4 1,4 15,9 144,7 54,8

Export 9236,6 77,0 0,7 0 5 384,0 785,9 2 975,2 13,7

Bunker 22,2 22,2

Stock 14,9 -0,7 0,5 6,4 8,8

Net dom. 1406,4 25,4 25,2 59,8 506,9 -79,4 364,6 462,8 41,4

Convertion 1095,8 0,8 1,6 8,2 532,6 88,7 0,3 462,8 0,9

Production2 1046,8 6,1 598,3 397,5 10,4

Consum. 226,9 4,8 212,4 9,7

Raw mat. 69,9 42,4 27,5

Loss 37,0 37,0 3,0 31,6 2,4

Statistic err. 208,2 2,0 2,4 -25,7 94,9 132,4 0,0

Net d. End 815,3 22,6 25,1 51,6 288,1 23,4 396,4 8,0

Industry 301,1 22,6 25,0 22,7 31,0 22,0 176,5 1,2

Energy ind. 188,8 16,6 19,5 0,2 9,4 19,7 122,9 0,4

Wood 48,8 0,0 0,0 17,4 7,2 0,4 23,6 0,2

Mining 63,5 6,0 5,5 5,0 14,4 1.9 30,0 0,7

Transport 209,3 206,8 0,4 2,1

Transport 305,0 0,1 28,9 50,4 1,0 217,8 6,8

Source: Statistics Norway•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Energy use per capita in OECD

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Electricity production

Electricity production in Norway

Hydropower [98,73%]

Thermal [0,91%]

Wind [0,36%]

Total installed power: 28 GW

Average hydropower capacity: 119TWh/year.

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Energy use per carrier and sector

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Use of electricity in private households

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Heating technologies in private households

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Hydropower consumption world wide:

Source: Hveding, 1992

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Hydropower production

• 99% of electricity production.

• 4000 water systems

• 7 out of 10 waterfalls utilized

• Topography decides how, and in which way one can take advantage of the water:– Short waterfalls and long waterfallsdifferent energy potential and

technology

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Regulating reservoir

• Energy potential stored in lakes, or artificial reservoirs (pools) dimmed up.

• Season regulation

• Short-term regulation, days, weeks

• Reservoir capacity

• Economic profit

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Inflow vs. production•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Hydropower potential •Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Environmental impacts of hydropower.

• Pure electricity production

• BUT; building water systems involves change or destruction of nature. – Area

• Roads• Removing mass, and so on.• Immense alteration of mountain scenery

– Fish population and vegetation

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Power network•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

International Cooperation

• EFTA and EEA• The Baltic see cooperation

(BASREC)• Scandinavian cooperation.• The European energy charter• IEA• EUs water directive• Other EU energy programs.

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Nord Pool

• The Scandinavian Electricity exchange. – Sets the spot price of electricity every

hour in the physical marked .

• Three main trade groups:– Physical market– Financial market– Clearing

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Case study:Winter 2002/03

• The winter of 2002/03 electricity prices in Norway reached an all time high. Later this incidence has been called the “Power Crisis”

• Energy production vary every year, to balance supply and demand production changes must balance import, export and usage

• Northern Europe’s energy system depends on the Inflow.

• Problems started right before the drain off season.– Autumn 2002 low Inflow to reservoirs. – Very cold and long winter.

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Spot-prices 2002-2003•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Inflow from 1931 to 2002•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Inflow 2002/03 in Scandinavia

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Changes in the Northern marked

• Adjustment in the Northern marked, due to the failed rainfall.– the water energy reservoirs has been a

important buffer between production and use

– free thermal production capacity from other northern countries was gradually taken in use

– import of energy from countries outside Northern became greater

– The use of electricity was dimmed, particular by transition to other energy carrier.

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Compensation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Fall2001

Spring2002

Fall2002

Spring2003

TWh

Oil, gas, coal energiprod. Scan.

Import of electricityScan.*

Export from Norway

Import to Norway

*Mostly Russia

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Price changes.

• The Prices varied a lot during the whole of 2002, low in the spring, high in the fall

• During the winter 2002/2 the spot price varied from 50-80 øre/kWh (=6,25-10 cent/kWh)

• It remained higher than normal during the whole spring season.

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

Change in electricity use.

• Fall 2002; 2% Higher energy use in Scandinavia

• First half of 2003; 0,5 Lower energy use in Scandinavia.– Norway decreased their Energy

usage, with 4TWh

• Crises like this happens every 100-200 years. (Source: Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and

Energy)

•Norway

•Energy usage

•Hydropower

•International

•Crisis

References

• Norwegian ministry of Petroleum and Energy 2004: Energi og vassdragsvirksomheten i Norge 2004. OED, Oslo.

• Statistics Norway: Energy statistics 2005 www.ssb.no

• V. Hveding, 1992: Vannkraft i Norge, NTH Institutt for vassbygging, Trondheim.