French Revolution (FR): French Revolution (FR): Issues & ConsequencesIssues & Consequences

Europe in 1789Europe in 1789

The Estates SystemThe Estates System

1st EstateClergy

2nd EstateNobility

3rd EstateEveryone else

From civil servants, wealthy businessmen, farmers, poor

FRFR

FR

1. Liberal Stage(1789-1792)

2.Radical Stage(1792-1794)

3.Thermidorean Reaction( 1794-1799)

4. Napoleon: Subverter or Preserver of FR?

3rd Estate elite vs. Arist.

Arist. rev vs. king

Parisian Crowd Uprising The Great Fear

Reign of Terror (ruled by CPS) France as a Republic Execution of Louis XVI

Ended Reign of Terror

Periods of FRPeriods of FR

THREE PERIODSTHREE PERIODS 1. Liberal (1789-1792), which in turn 1. Liberal (1789-1792), which in turn

consists of 4 stages.-i. Aristocrat, 2consists of 4 stages.-i. Aristocrat, 2ndnd. . Privileged elements of 3Privileged elements of 3rdrd estate, 3 estate, 3rdrd Parisian Parisian uprising , 4uprising , 4thth Great Fear. Great Fear.

2. Radical Revolution (1792-4)- i) rule of the 2. Radical Revolution (1792-4)- i) rule of the Convention ii) Reign of Terror (1793-94)Convention ii) Reign of Terror (1793-94)

3. Thermidorean Reaction, 1794-99.3. Thermidorean Reaction, 1794-99.

Sketch by Sketch by Jacques-Louis DavidJacques-Louis David of the of the National Assembly making the Tennis Court National Assembly making the Tennis Court

OathOath. .

The Evolution of the Legislative The Evolution of the Legislative BodyBody

Estates General

National Assembly

National Constituent Assembly

Legislative Ass.

The Convention

The Liberal Period, 1789-1792The Liberal Period, 1789-1792

The Formation of NAThe Formation of NA Storm of BastilleStorm of Bastille Declaration of RightsDeclaration of Rights Establishment of Constitutional MonarchyEstablishment of Constitutional Monarchy

Radicalization, 1792-94Radicalization, 1792-94

Why? i) counter-revolution in FranceWhy? i) counter-revolution in France ii) war against foreign countries-Prussia, ii) war against foreign countries-Prussia,

Austria, GB- every power was taking adv of Austria, GB- every power was taking adv of the chaotic situation, Prussia advanced as the chaotic situation, Prussia advanced as far as Verdun (about over 100 miles from far as Verdun (about over 100 miles from Paris, Toulon taken by GB)Paris, Toulon taken by GB)

Iii) the emergence of sans-culottes (ordinary Iii) the emergence of sans-culottes (ordinary French citizen) demanding reformFrench citizen) demanding reform

Radical PeriodRadical Period

August 1792, feared of the counter-revolutionary August 1792, feared of the counter-revolutionary threat mobs attacked Tuileries.threat mobs attacked Tuileries.

Robespierre saw the need to save the FR, by Robespierre saw the need to save the FR, by leading it during a time of need.leading it during a time of need.

Action: abolished monarchy. France now a Action: abolished monarchy. France now a republicrepublic

1793, Jacobin in collaboration with the sans 1793, Jacobin in collaboration with the sans culottes took over the power through parliament culottes took over the power through parliament coupcoup

CPS ruled 1793-94 CPS ruled 1793-94

Executioner of King Louis XVI shows the head of the King of Executioner of King Louis XVI shows the head of the King of France to crowd.France to crowd.

Louis XVI being executedLouis XVI being executedColored contemporary engraving of the execution of Louis XVI in January Colored contemporary engraving of the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793. He is said to have died with tranquil dignity on the newly invented 1793. He is said to have died with tranquil dignity on the newly invented

guillotineguillotine. .

Significance & impacts of FRSignificance & impacts of FR

Acceleratedsecularization

Transformation ofState system

Dynasty to modern Secular state

Inspired many revolutions

Modern nationalism

New Ideas continue to be relevant today

Significance

Ideas introduced by FRIdeas introduced by FR

Natural rights:Liberty property security Liberty property security resistance to oppressionresistance to oppression

Sovereignty Belongs to nation

as a whole

Law Based on general

will

Due legal processInnocence till proven

Liberty EqualityFraternity (nationalism)

New Ideas