Ge Sa1 Notes

8/13/2019 Ge Sa1 Notes

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Geography EOY Exams

REVISION SLIDES


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This POWERPOINT states only the

emphasis of the EOY Examinations

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12


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Chapter 2

Revolution

Rotation

Climatic Patterns


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Revolution

1Revolution takes 365 Days

It is tilted @23.5 degrees

This causes seasons in some parts of the world

as some parts of the world are tilted away/tiltedtowards the sun.


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Northern and Southern Climate

Patterns

Northern

February, March, April-----Spring

May, June, July-----Summer

August(1/2 Summer,1/2 Autumn), September,October------Autumn

November, December, January(1/2 Winter,1/2

Spring)-----Winter


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Rotation

1 Rotation takes 24hrs

It Rotates from west to east

When the Earth Rotates Only selective parts of

the surface comes into contact, therefore thismake Day and Night


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Chapter 3

Case Study on Kalahari Desert .


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Kalahari Desert

In S. Africa, Botswana, Namibia

Largely Physical environment.

Adapted to environment using simple

tools(arrows, sticks, ostrich egg shells(storewater)

Tribe called !Kung Bushmen.

They moved to wherever water was.

They hunted animals for fur(clothes) and food


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Chapter 4 and 5

Map reading


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Map Reading Parts

Title

Grid Lines

Contour Lines

Name of features

North arrow

Scale

Legend Symbols


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Map Reading skills

Measuring distance

Grid reference

Bearing

Contour reading


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Title

Tells what is the area of the map covered.


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Grid Lines

Easting and Northing

Tell us where exactly where an area is.

Need pic


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Contour Lines

Showing which areas which have the sameheight above or below sea level.


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Name of features

Certain buildings, roads which are important


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North arrow

Shows direction each place is facing


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Scale

Ratio or line


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LEGEND

Used to tell us what types of buildings etc. are ata particular place.


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Symbol

A shape which represents something.


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Atlas

Longitudes and Latitudes


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Latitudes

Important parts

Equator(0), Tropic of Cancer(23.5N) and

Capricon(23.5S), Arctic(66.5N) and

Antarctica(66.5S) Circle, North(90N) and South

Pole(90S)


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Longitudes

Important line

GREENWICH MERIDIAN


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Using both

example : 20E 40S


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Time Zones

Divided into 24 time zones..


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Why is the Greenwich meridian so

important and special.

Anything to the left of it -1h, right +1h.


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Chapter 7

Understand the different spheres and how theyaffect each other.


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Types of spheres

Biosphere------organisms

Lithosphere----land

Hydrosphere --water

Atmosphere ---air


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How they affect each other.

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Air POLUTION

EMITION OF CABON monoxide

Harmful gases in Atmosphere

Water pollution

Rain falls and harmful gases dissolveinto water pollutants

They fall into land and water.

Biosphere andLithosphere

Organisms drink water and diem

Soil erosion takes place.


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Chapter 8

Types of Rocks and how they are formed. Layers of Earth

Plates and its movements

Volcanoes Mt Merapi

Weather and Erosion


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Types of Landforms and how

they are formed MountainHigh area of land more than 600m.

Steep Slopes and a narrow peak. Formed

through Convergence. Hill - A small mountain of the height of less than

600m. Typically rounded in shape.

Valleya area between 2 mountains or hills.

Plain - a plain broad piece of land.

PlateauGenerally raised land which has a

large, flat top and steep slopes.


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Layers of the Earth

Core around 5000 degree Celsius also, it is solid. Mantle > 2000 degree Celsius. Semi Molten

state.

Crust 670 km thick are the plates.


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Plate movements

Movement Descriptions Example Result in

Convergence Push against

each other

1)Indo-Australian

Plate & Eurasian

2)Eurasian &

Pacific Plate

Fold Mountains

and Volcanoes

Divergence Move away from

each other

1)N. American &

Eurasian Plate

2)S. American &

African Plate

Undersea ridges

Transformation Sliding 1)Pacific & N.

American

Earthquakes


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Folding

2 plates collide at a strong force that the rocksbuckle,

When it becomes noticeable it is Folding

Usually at the border of 2 plates.


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Vulcanicity

Due to the high temp. Magma sometimesescapes through the cracks of the plates or the

plate boundaries.

Magma that reaches the surface of the Earth is

called Larva

Vulcanicity is when Magma reaches the Earth.


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HOW are volcanoes formed

After Vulcanity occurs for several times, larva andother materials build up and forms a cone shaped

figure called volcano.


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(Pacific) RING OF FIRE

A band of active volcanoes around the PacificPlate make it being known as the RING OF FIRE.


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VOLCANOEs classification

VOLCANOEs

Possibility oferuption

Active-eruptedrecently and is likely

to erupt again.

Dormant-Has noterupted for some

time but may eruptagain

Most Likely neverto erupt

Extinct-Veryunlikely to erupt

again.


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Mt Merapi Case Study

Positive and Negative points Governments measures to protect people.


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PositivesArea surrounding are fertile, therefore suitable for

farming as larva contains minerals

The landscape has beautiful scenery therefore

locals can bring them for tours to earn an income.

They can grow crops and sell them thus earning

an income.


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Negatives

Plantation, homes, road etc. will get destroyedafter an eruption.

People might get scalded by the volcano and die.

The ash may cause air pollution which will lead to

breathing problems. It may also lead to acid rain.


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Protecting the people

Early warning system Close monitoring and prediction of when a

volcano will erupt.

A map to teach people how to escape

Arranging transport to evacuate people.


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Weathering and erosion

Weathering is when rocks are progressivelybroken down to fragments where they are.

Erosion is when rocks are broken down into

fragments by wearing down a surface and moving

them from 1 place to another.


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Weathering Large Changes in TemperatureDuring the Day due

to the heat it expands then in the night it contracts.This causes stress on the rocks SURFACE. After1000 over years, the rocks SURFACE will start tobreak down.

Freezing water action When temp is low enoughwater freezes on it. When water freezes, it increasesin mass therefore, causes stress on rocks.

Plant Growthplant growing on cracks can widen

cracks. Plant holds moisture in these cracks.Moisture reacts with rocks causing them to breakdown.

Rain water + CO2 = Weak Acids. Weak Acids breakdown limestone. Water may also react to oxide in

iron causing a rusting effect.


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ErosionAction of running water-Water in streams and rivers

carries a lot of sediments, small particles such as silt,fine salt and mud. As water flows over these rocks, it

wears down the road in its path. The sediments in the

water also acts as sandpaper and scrapes the rocks.

Action of waves-The constant breaking of waves

against the shore together with the grinding effect of

the sands and stones carried in the waves.

Action of Wind-Normally takes place in dry areas. In

deserts, strong winds carry large amounts of sand.

They wear away the surface of stones in their path.

They usually occur on base stones as sand are heavy

and cannot be carried high up.


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How do Landforms effect us?

Location of Homes-For example it is difficult tohave towns and cities on steep slopes and

valleys.

Human activities-People living near volcanoes

farm, skiing in snowy mountains in Switzerlandand South Korea.


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Chapter 9

Types of rocks, properties .

Rock cycle

How are rocks formed


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Types of Rocks

Igneous Sedimentary

Metamorphic


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Igneous

How do they form Magma, the molten rock hardens and cools after

thousand of years.

Made of Tightly interlocked crystals which takes

long time to break down.

E.g. Granite, Basalt, Gattro

Harder than Sedimentary but weaker than

Metamorphic


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Sedimentary

How are they formed: Through Compressed Sandafter layers of Igneous rocks break down and get

compressed.

E.g. Sandstone, clay, chalk, shale and limestone

Weakest among all.


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Metamorphic

How are they formed: Formed when its propertiesand appearances have been changed by higher

temp and pressure.

E.g. Marble and Schist

Too hard and resistant to be broken down into

smaller particles.


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Igneous

Sediments

SedimentaryMetamorphic

Magma

Weathering and erosion(1)

Large and

small

Sediments

pile up and

compress.

(2)

Intense

Heat and

pressure (3)

They are

melted afterbeing buried

to deep

under the

earth. (4)

Magma escapes through

cracks or borders of

plates (5)

3

3

1

1


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Rocks in Singapore

All types of the 3 rocks can found

Igneous rock is in the center part of Singapore in the

Bukit Timah area. The most common Igneous rock

found in Singapore is granite. It is known as the Bukit

Timah Granite Foundation.

There are a few abandoned quarries in Bukit Timah

called Bukit Timah Granite Foundation which have

been converted into Nature Reserves. They are in abundance. Mainly Sandstone and

Conglomerate.

Small area in Pulau Tekong called Sajahat Formation.


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Chapter 10 Distribution of Water on Earth

Hydrologic Cycle

River system

River Features

Rivers effect on People

River Nile Case Study


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Distribution of Water

of surface is water. 97% is salt water from seas.

3% is drinkable.

70% of the drinkable is frozen in glaciers and ice

sheets.

1% of drinkable is in streams, rivers and lakes.

The rest are underground and other means.


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Hydrologic Cycle.

Evaporation: Suns heat causes water to heat upand evaporate changing into water vapor.

Transpiration: Plants give out water vapourthrough leaves as water vapour.

Condensation: Warm air cools as it risestherefore changing into very small water droplets.

Slowly billions of water droplets gather and formclouds.

Rainfall: When these clouds become to heavythey fall as rain

Groundwater: Water absorbed by the ground maybe absorbed by plants or flow into rivers, seas orlakes.


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River System

There would be a .. River source

Tributaries

Distributaries

River Mouth

All of them are part of a Drainage basin.


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River Features

Valleys: Low area between hills and mountains. Waterfalls: Fast moving, vertical, water from great

height. Occurs when water flows through a layerof hard rock ontop a layer of low rock.

Meanders: Curves which are caused by Erosionon the outer bend and deposition on the other.

Floodplains: Fertile and flat land beside the riverbanks. Formed when rivers bursts their banks

and the water containing nutrients and sedimentsgets absorbed making the land fertile.

Deltas: Deltas are formed when the riverdeposits sediments into a lake or sea. There, thesediments build up but it can only do so with a

few conditions taken into consideration.

Conditions for Deltas to be


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Conditions for Deltas to be

formed 1) The river must carry large amount of sediments.

2)Waves along coast must not be too strong such that it erodes the sediments before the sediments can be deposited.


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Effect Rivers have on people

Positive Negative


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Positive

Water supply for farming Example: Chao Pharaya River, Thailand

Explanation: The water there allows large scaleplantation

Fertile soil for farming Example: Ganges Plains along Ganges River,

India

Water supply for industry

Explanation: 23% of water is used for industrialpurposes.

Recreation and tourism

Example: Singapore River

Explanation: Can be used for water sports, water


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Positive

Source of drinking water and food. Explanation: Fish and other seafood can be

commonly seen in rivers. Rivers are also a freshwater source.

Example: Mekong River, 73 million people depend onit.

Production of hydroelectric power

Explanation: Dams are used to convert movingwater(hydroelectric power) into electricity

Example: Gorges Dam, Yangtze River, 26 Generatorstotal 18000megawatts

Means of transport

Explanation: In forested areas, easier if travelling by

river. This is popular with log cutters which use the


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Negative

Flooding Explanation: A flood can cause disaster

especcially places with proper flood control

Ganges River, Bangladesh

80% of country affected

25million homeless

1000s of kilometers of roads were affected


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Aswan High Dam

Brought in many benefits however, it also broughtsome problems.

It also 3600m long and 111m high.

Took 30000 Egyptians 11 years to build.


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Benefits of Aswan High Dam

1)Steady supply of water all year round. The reservoir behind the dam, Lake Nasser would

release its water through the dam during the dry

season.

2)Hydroelectric power

From 1960-1987, Egypts population rose from 25m

to 50 m. The dam helped cope with this change in

population. In 1992, the dam helped produce more

than of Egypt's energy needs

3)Travelling along the river Nile

Before the dam was built boats could not travel

along the river Nile during the annual floods. Now


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Problems of Aswan High Dam

Loss of soil fertility The sediments and nutrients that flow through the

River Nile are now trapped in lake Nasser. This

causes the soil not to be enriched with sediments

and nutrients anymore. This is also caused by thenon-existence of floods in the lower course of the

river Nile.

Decrease in fish supply

The Nile delta acts as nutrients for the fish living in

the Mediterranean sea. As amount of sediments

decrease due to the lack of deposition to replace

the erosion, the fishes nearing the river Nile is

decreased affectin the livelihood of fisherman


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Chapter 11

Weather vs. Climate Temperature

Rainfall

Wind

Major Climatic Types

Impact of Weather and Climate


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Weather vs. Climate

Weather: The Condition of a part of theatmosphere at a particular place over a short

period of time.

Climate: The weather pattern of a part of the

atmosphere at a long time frame, usually around30 years or more.


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Temperature

Degree of hotness or coldness of the air. Sixs thermometer measures the minimum

temperature of a place. The minimum part is filled

with alcohol while maximum side is filled with

mercury. There are metal indexes on top of eachliquid. When the alcohol contracts the metal index

would fall hence, lowering the minimum

temperature, it is also same for the maximum side.

A magnet is used to reset them.


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Stevenson Screen

This is the Ideal place to place the Sixs thermometer. Condition

White---Reflects heat away from box.

Wood---Poor conductor heat

Louvers downwards slanting---Prevents sunlight fromentering box

Double layered roof---Layer of air for trapped for layer

insulation

4 legs---For stability

At least 1m above ground---box will not be affected by

heat from ground

Away from building---The box will not be affected by

heat from the buildings.


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Rainfall

Amount of rain that an area receives over aperiod of time.

Rain gauge is used to measure rainfall. It consist

of a copper cylinder, glass bottle, outer casing, a

funnel. Rainwater is collected for a period of24hrs(1 day)

Usually in mm or cm.


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Rain gauge

Placed in a Grassy area---Grass is a poorconductor of heat. Ensures rain gauge would not

heat up and evaporate.

Sunk into ground---To provide stability to prevent

it from toppling over. Distance from ground to top about 30cm---To

prevent rain falling around rain gauge to splash

and enter rain gauge.

Located away from obstructions(trees, buildings)-

--The water from trees may drip into rain gauge.

Open area away from roads---Heat from roads,

buildings, if too close cause water to evaporate.


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Wind

Movement of air over the surface of the Earth. The movement of air is caused by high and low

pressure.

Wind direction is derived by a wind vain.

The direction of wind is presented in a wind rose.

The longer the arm, the more frequent the wind

blows form.


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Wind Vane

Located where wind will not be obstructed. Placed on as high, open place.

Usually the tallest building of a particular area.


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Major Climatic groups

Tropical Temperate

Polar


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Tropical

Lie between 23.5N to 23.5S. Due to Earths shape suns rays are more intense.

Tropical Climatic countries receive constant

temperature and rainfall every year.

Rainfall is 1000mm to 2000mm

Temperature is around 20C to 30+C


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Temperate

Lies from 23.5N to 66.5N & 23.5S to 66.5S 4 Seasons---Northern

February, March, April-----Spring

May, June, July-----Summer

August(1/2 Summer,1/2 Autumn), September,

October------Autumn

November, December, January(1/2 Winter,1/2

Spring)-----Winter Temp can range 34C to below 0C depending on

season.

Rainfall from 300mm to 1000mm


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Polar

Lies from 66.5N to 90N & 66.5S to 90S 2 Seasons Summer and winter.

Summer

6 months of sunshine

Winter

6 months of complete darkness.

Temperature most of the time below 0C

Rainfall often below 110mm.

How do weather and Climate affect


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us ?

Daily Activities Simple decisions such as staying indoors/outdoors are

determine by the weather.

Housing

Climate influences where to stay. It also determines what

type of house people live in. Example: In Malaysia, there are floods frequently.

Therefore, houses were built on top of stilts.

Tourism

When countries experience winter they like to escape the

cold by going to countries experiencing summer. However in countries such as Singapore which does not

experience winter people like to travel towards the coldof winter.



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us ?

Production of electricity In countries where sunlight is strong all year round.

They use solar panels. However, in countries whichhave high wind speeds they use windmills.

Food and water supplies In droughts and famines, we may not have food to

eat.

Theses, famines may be caused by poor weather

such as flooding. Loss of lives and property

Floods, heat waves, hurricanes and tornadoes.

2003, Europe had heat waves, this destroyed crops

and and caused many deaths by heat waves.


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Chapter 12

Natural Vegetation(Definition) Types of Natural Vegetation

Climates influence of Natural Vegetation

Benefits of Natural Vegetation

Value of Tropical Rainforests in Singapore


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Natural Vegetation(Definition)

Plants that have grown naturrally


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Types of Natural


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yp

Vegetation(Forest)

Forests

TropicalRainforest

TemperateConiferous

Temperate

Deciduous


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Forests in General

Lies From 66.5N to 66.5S

Temperature from -12C to 30++C

Rainfall 300mm to 2000mm

Has several Areas


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Tropical Forest

Evergreen Most have waxy drip leaves. They have a drip

tip(sharply pointed tip) to allow rainwater to flow

off quickly.

Most trees also have broad leaves to absorb asmuch as possible.

The trees and plants grow very close to each

other. Causing the forest to be dense.

3 Layers

3 Layers in Tropical Rainforests


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3 Layers in Tropical Rainforests Emergent

Very tall 40 to 50m

Do so to receive more sunlight

Canopy

15 to 30m

Block out 70to100% of sunlight causing moist and darkundergrowth.

Lianas are common there. They are woody climbers thathang from tree branches in loops and can grow to longlengths.

Epiphytes are common too. They are plants that grow onother trees to receive sunlight.

Undergrowth

Made of shrubs, grasses, ferns, mosses and fungi.

Plant growth is spares as very sunlight reaches this level.

Temperate Deciduous Forests


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Temperate Deciduous Forests Rainfall from 750 to 1000mm

Temperature from -2 to 18C

Found in Western Europe, Eastern North America

Not as dense as Tropical Rainforests

3 layers

Canopy

25m to 30m Thickest in summer

Shrub Layer

Shrubs and smaller trees

Forest Floor

Mosses, ferns and grasses 2nd&3rdlayer grows rapidly during summer & spring

Only 3-4 species of tree grow within an area. They arecommonly: Oak, sycamore and elm.


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AdaptationsFeatures Reasons

Shed leaves during late autumn Minimize water loss through

transpiration in the winter.

Broad surface leaves Absorb as much sunlight as

possible to make food before winter.

Leaves change colour according to

season

Leaves turn from green to red

during autumn. To slow down foodproduction such that food production

stop immediately once its winter.


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Temperate Coniferous

Rainfall from 300 to 750mm Temperature from -12 to 10C

Found in North America, Europe, China and Japan.

1 Layer

Undergrowth is sparse other than moss, lichen,

leaves and cones.

Soil is poor acidic

Usually only 1 Species dominates e.g. pine, fir orspruce.

Evergreen


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AdaptationsFeatures Reason

Cones Allow snow to slide off. Prevents

tree from toppling

Small, needle-like leaves Reduce water loss through

transpiration. To prevent snow from

adding weight on branches causing

them to break off.

Evergreen Allows food production all year

round.

Types of Natural


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y

Vegetation(Grasslands)

NaturalVegetation

Grasslands

Tropical

Savannahs

TemperateGrasslands


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Grasslands

Plants, bushes and scattered trees Rainfall from 200 to1000mm

Temperature from -20 to 30C


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Tropical Savannahs

Found within tropics Rainfall from 200 to 1000mm

Temperature from 20 to 30 C

Rainy seasons in summer but are short

Tall grass

Scattered trees

Shrub-like bushes

Grasses are very hardy, they grow in clumps\ Grasses from 2m to 5m, tend to grow in clumps.


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Thorny Leaves are small, hard,

waxy or leathery

Minimize water loss(acacia thick

leaves)

Big, swollen trunks Store excess water during rainy

season

Thick Barks Protect against fires(Baobab trees)Long roots Penetrate deep under ground to tap

groundwater


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Temperate Grasslands

Rainfall less than 500mm/year Temperature from -20 to 10C

Found in Europe, Central Asia, North America,Argentina

Almost Tree-less Low rainfall, strong winds.

Trees such as poplar, willow, alder

Grasses shorter compared to Tropical savanahs

Big Bluestem grass only 3m. Known for flowers(Spring and Summer)

Such as Poppies, Daises, Buttercups


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Dessert Vegetation

Dessert

TundraHot

Dessert


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Dessert

Less than 250mm rainfall From -30 to 48C

HOT/COLD


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Hot Dessert

Rainfall less than 250mm Found in 20N to 30N

As high as 48C

Short clump of wiry grass, cacti, date palms,

thorny shrubs, drought resistant trees.


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Fleshy Stems/trunks Store water(cactus)

Long roots Tap underground water(Mesquite

tree roots 24m)

Small/No leaves Reduce water loss through

transpiration(cacti)Seeds with thick hard coats Can lay buried for months until rains

arrive. Help them survive hash

conditions

Short life cycles Regenerate new seeds during short

rainy spells means a short growing

time.

C


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Cold Tundra Vegetation

Rainfall less than 250mm Ground remains permanently frozen all year round

Temperature is often below 0C other than in the summerwhen it is slightly above 0C

Found in near or in the North and South poles and othermountainous areas

Precipitation is majorly in the form of snow.

Summer lasts for 2-4 months

Only tough ground vegetation(moss, lichen, shrub)

Plants grow close together to protect against strongwinds

Dwarf varieties like birch and alder, remain stunted (lessthan 1m)

Ad i


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Short, shallow roots Prevent the roots from being

damaged by the extreme coldness

Frozen grown prevents roots from

penetrating

Most of the water is on

surface(melted snow)Small leaves To limit water loss through

transpiration

Short life cycle To regenerate new seeds as short

rainy spells mean short growing

period

Value of Tropical Rainforests in


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Singapore

Bukit Timah Nature Reserve 164 hectares of land

Most trees are 30m or taller.

Buttress roots can be found

Hardwood---Seraya meranti

Climbers---30 types include Bird nests/Stags

Horn Fern

A wide variety of epiphytes---Black Lilly

Value of Tropical Rainforests in


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Singapore

Medicinal Properties Some species in forests have medicinal

properties, if the forest is cleared some of theses

plants may become extinct.

B fit OF N t l V t ti


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Benefits OF Natural Vegetation

Natural Resource. Medicinal Value

Recreation

Oxygen in the Atmosphere

Formation of rain

Prevents soil erosion

Natural Habitat


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the PEE method of answering

StructureP, point E, example E, elaborate

PARA 1: tell the Reader what you are writing

about. E.g. There are many benefits and risks in

living near of volcano

PARA 2: + pt of 1 direction. Also include a

example and elaborate.

PARA 3: + pt of the other and same as 2.

Conclusion: State both points and make yr stand.


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