The University of the State of New York

REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION

GLOBAL HISTORYAND GEOGRAPHY

Thursday, August 16, 2012 — 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only

Student Name ______________________________________________________________

School Name _______________________________________________________________

Print your name and the name of your school on the lines above. A separate answersheet for Part I has been provided to you. Follow the instructions from the proctor forcompleting the student information on your answer sheet. Then fill in the heading of eachpage of your essay booklet.

This examination has three parts. You are to answer all questions in all parts. Use blackor dark-blue ink to write your answers to Parts II, III A, and III B.

Part I contains 50 multiple-choice questions. Record your answers to these questionsas directed on the answer sheet.

Part II contains one thematic essay question. Write your answer to this question inthe essay booklet, beginning on page 1.

Part III is based on several documents:

Part III A contains the documents. When you reach this part of the test, enteryour name and the name of your school on the first page of this section.

Each document is followed by one or more questions. Write your answer to eachquestion in this examination booklet on the lines following that question.

Part III B contains one essay question based on the documents. Write youranswer to this question in the essay booklet, beginning on page 7.

When you have completed the examination, you must sign the declaration printed atthe end of the answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questionsor answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistancein answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet cannot beaccepted if you fail to sign this declaration.

The use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking thisexamination. If you use any communications device, no matter how briefly, yourexamination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you.

DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN.

REGENTS EXAM IN GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHYREGENTS EXAM IN GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY

1 What does a topographic map show?(1) climate regions (3) patterns of trade(2) ethnic distributions (4) physical features

2 Which social scientist is most concerned withanalyzing the relationship between the supply ofand the demand for goods and services?(1) an anthropologist (3) a sociologist(2) an economist (4) a political scientist

3 Which geographic feature did the earliestcivilizations in Egypt, India, and China have incommon?(1) mountains that provided protection from

invasion(2) rivers that increased the fertility of the land

by flooding(3) vast forests that supplied lumber for building(4) tropical climates that included monsoons

Base your answer to question 4 on the quotationbelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

…We give our obedience to those whom we putin positions of authority, and we obey the lawsthemselves, especially those which are for theprotection of the oppressed, and those unwrittenlaws which it is an acknowledged shame to break.…

— Pericles, quoted in History of the Peloponnesian War

4 In this quotation, Pericles is praising Athenian(1) civic values(2) artistic creativity(3) military strengths(4) commercial success

5 The ancient Sumerians modified theirenvironment to increase food production by(1) building terraces(2) removing rain forests(3) digging irrigation canals(4) developing chinampas

6 Believers of Hinduism are expected to(1) fulfill their dharma for a favorable

reincarnation(2) complete a pilgrimage to Mecca(3) obey the Ten Commandments(4) follow the Eightfold Path to achieve

enlightenment

Base your answer to question 7 on the outlinebelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

7 Which civilization best completes the title of thisoutline?(1) Ghana (3) Song(2) Khmer (4) Gupta

Golden Age of

I. Mathematical innovationA. Decimal systemB. Concept of zero

II. AstronomyIII. Medicine

A. VaccinationB. Plastic surgeryC. Hospital system

IV. LiteratureA. Sanskrit poetry & fables

V. Art & ArchitectureA. StupasB. Capital at PataliputraC. Ajanta Caves

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [2]

Part I

Answer all questions in this part.

Directions (1–50): For each statement or question, record on your separate answer sheet the number of theword or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.

9 • Islamic scholars made significant contributionsto astronomy.

• Muslim architects excelled in design.• Schools and libraries were built in Islamic

urban centers.

Which conclusion about Islamic society during itsGolden Age can best be supported by thesestatements?

(1) Social status of Muslims was determined atbirth.

(2) Achievements relied on a knowledge of mathand science.

(3) People of diverse faiths were required toconvert to Islam.

(4) Cities developed self-sufficient economies.

Base your answer to question 10 on the chartbelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

10 What is the best title for this chart?(1) Role of the Church(2) Feudal Obligations(3) Knights’ Code of Chivalry(4) Rules for Guild Membership

LORDS

• Assigned farmland• Provided protection

from bandits

?SERFS

• Tended the lord’sland

• Maintained thelord’s estate

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [3] [OVER]

Base your answer to question 8 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.

8 Which concept does this map best illustrate?(1) balance of power (3) cultural diffusion(2) ethnocentrism (4) self-sufficiency

BrugesLübeck

Paris

Lisbon Granada

Venice

Edirne

Moscow

Samarkand

Herat

Hormuz

Mecca

Aden

Mogadiscio

MombasaKilwa

Zimbabwe Sofala

Vohemar

ChengduXi’an

Peking

TimbuktuGao

Benin

Cairo

IstanbulDamascus

Tabriz

Delhi

Cambay

Nanking

HangzhouKyoto

Seoul

Guangzhou

VijayaCalicut

Pasai MalaccaBrunei

DemakGresik

Cuttack

Marrakesh

Fez Tunis

Florence

“Cores” of the systemTowns (with relative sizes)Main maritime routesMain overland roads

Key

The Eurasian and African World-System in the Fifteenth Century

Source: Philippe Beaujard in “The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African World-Systemsbefore the Sixteenth Century,” Journal of World History (adapted)

11 Which region had the greatest influence on thehistorical and cultural development of theByzantine Empire?(1) Mesoamerica (3) Rome(2) India (4) Egypt

12 Muslims’ reference to Christians and Jews as“People of the Book” demonstrates they allshared a belief in(1) the pope (3) monotheism(2) the five relationships (4) dharma

13 During the Renaissance, humanist philosophersemphasized the importance of (1) individualism (2) absolutism(3) religious salvation (4) technological advancements

14 Which statement about the ProtestantReformation is an opinion rather than a fact?(1) German princes revolted against the Holy

Roman Emperor.(2) Membership in the Catholic Church declined

in northern Europe.(3) European religious unity was disrupted by

the newly established religions.(4) Henry VIII led a stronger religious reform

movement than Martin Luther did.

15 The location of the Ottoman Empire had animpact on the(1) trade between Europe and Asia(2) conquest of Spain by the Muslims(3) spread of Buddhism into Southeast Asia(4) decline in the Atlantic slave trade

16 The rule of Akbar the Great is important because he(1) admired legalism and emphasized oppression(2) recognized natural laws and supported

democracy(3) accepted diversity and practiced religious

toleration(4) supported equality and outlawed the caste

system

Base your answer to question 17 on the chartbelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

Source: Robert Van Kemper, “Columbian Exchange,”Southern Methodist University (adapted)

17 This chart of the Columbian exchange shows the(1) benefits of the exploration of Asia by

Europeans(2) effects of the Middle Passage on the

Americas(3) introduction of South American products into

North America(4) interaction of cultures between the Western

and Eastern hemispheres

The Columbian ExchangeWhat Came From Where

Old World New World

New World Old World

CornPotatoTomato

Peppers (bell and chili)Chocolate

VanillaTobacco

Beans (lima, pole,navy, kidney)

PumpkinCassava root (manioc)

AvocadoPeanut, pecan,

cashewPineappleBlueberrySunflowerPetunia

Black-eyedSusanDahlia

MarigoldQuinineWild rice

HorseCattle

PigSheep

ChickenHoneybee

Wheat, Asian rice,barley, oats, soy

Sugar caneOnion

LettuceOkra

Peach and pearWatermelonCitrus fruitBanana

OliveLilac

DaffodilTulipDaisy

DandelionCrab grass

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [4]

18 Europeans considered mercantilism a successfulpolicy because it(1) encouraged self-sufficiency in less developed

nations(2) led to alliances with Asian countries(3) protected traditional social practices(4) created wealth for the colonial powers

19 One similarity between the Magna Carta and theEnglish Bill of Rights is that both documents(1) set up a two-party political system(2) placed limits on the power of the monarch(3) established the right to inherit the throne (4) guaranteed equal rights for all citizens

20 Which statement represents a key idea directlyassociated with John Locke’s Two Treatises ofGovernment?(1) Freedom of speech should be denied.(2) The king’s power on Earth comes from God.(3) All people are born with the right to life,

liberty, and property.(4) Individuals acting in their own self-interest

will achieve economic success.

Base your answer to question 21 on the partialoutline below and on your knowledge of socialstudies.

I. __________________________________A. Ideas from the American Revolution

spread.B. Enslaved persons burned sugar fields

and rebelled against French slaveowners.

C. Toussaint L’Ouverture organizedrebels.

21 Which title best completes this partial outline?(1) Causes for Bismarck’s Rise to Power(2) Factors of the Haitian Revolution(3) Results of the Munich Pact(4) Situations Contributing to the Zionist

Movement

22 Belief in the ideas of the Enlightenment anddiscontent within the Third Estate were causes ofthe(1) French Revolution(2) Counter Reformation(3) Industrial Revolution(4) Spanish Reconquista

23 In the early 18th century, the AgriculturalRevolution in Great Britain resulted inurbanization because(1) enslaved persons replaced free laborers on

farms(2) factory work strengthened extended families(3) displaced rural workers migrated to find jobs(4) the middle class decreased in size

Base your answer to question 24 on the passagebelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

… Since the beginning of China as a nation, weChinese have governed our own country despiteoccasional interruptions. When China wasoccasionally occupied by a foreign race, ourancestors could always in the end drive theseforeigners out, restore the fatherland, andpreserve China for future generations of Chinese.Today when we raise the righteous standard ofrevolt in order to expel an alien race [theManchus] that has been occupying China, we aredoing no more than our ancestors have done orexpected us to do. Justice is so much on our sidethat all Chinese, once familiarizing themselveswith our stand, will have no doubt about therighteousness of our cause.…

— “A Public Declaration,” 1906

24 Which conclusion can be drawn from thispassage?(1) China can no longer remain isolated from its

neighbors.(2) The Chinese people are happy with the rule

of the Manchu.(3) The Chinese people wanted to end foreign

occupation.(4) China has prospered under the rule of

foreign powers.

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [5] [OVER]

Base your answer to question 25 on the cartoonbelow and on your knowledge of social studies.

25 Which statement best reflects the main idea ofthis cartoon?(1) The League of Nations is stopping world

boycotts.(2) The League of Nations hopes to use boycotts

to end war.(3) Belligerent nations wish to be included in the

League of Nations.(4) War is likely if the League of Nations acts.

26 A key idea in the Communist Manifesto by KarlMarx and Friedrich Engels is that workers shouldsupport the(1) overthrow of the capitalist system(2) establishment of labor unions(3) legislative regulation of wages and working

conditions(4) technological changes in production methods

27 Which change is associated with Meiji Japan?(1) expansion of feudal political and social values(2) modernization of the economy and government(3) adoption of isolationist policies(4) abandoning plans for an overseas empire

28 Which action contributed to the success ofLenin’s communist revolution in Russia?(1) Peasants were promised land reform.(2) Businessmen were encouraged to form

monopolies.(3) Landowners were offered tax relief.(4) Factory workers were required to start small

businesses.

29 • Treaty of Nanjing gives control of Hong Kongto Great Britain.

• French government sets up a protectorate inCambodia.

• Italian forces occupy Ethiopia.

Which policy is most closely associated with thesestatements?(1) détente (3) nonalignment(2) appeasement (4) imperialism

30 What was a major cause of the famines in Ukrainebetween 1929 and 1935?(1) war with Chechnya and Armenia(2) forced collectivization by the government(3) lack of arable land in the region(4) movement of workers to Siberia

31 The British reliance on India as a market for itsmanufactured goods caused Mohandas Gandhi to(1) run for a seat in the British Parliament(2) lead the Sepoy Rebellion(3) support traditional caste divisions(4) refuse to buy British textiles

32 Which headline is most closely associated withthe cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?(1) “Japan Signs Treaty of Kanagawa”(2) “Nuclear Bombs Dropped on Japan”(3) “Japan Invades Korea”(4) “Japan Hosts Discussion on Greenhouse

Gases”

PATENT APPLIED FOR.

Source: Brown, Chicago Daily News, reprinted inThe Literary Digest, September 20, 1919 (adapted)

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [6]

34 The purpose of both the Truman Doctrine andthe Marshall Plan was to(1) support the construction of the Iron Curtain(2) increase membership in the United Nations(3) prevent the spread of communism(4) attempt to solve world hunger

35 Which change occurred immediately after theregion of British India gained its independence in1947?(1) India became an ally of the Soviet Union.(2) India adopted Islam as the official state religion.(3) The region was partitioned into two separate

states.(4) A military dictatorship took control of the

entire region.

36 In the struggle to gain independence for theircountries, both Kwame Nkrumah and Ho ChiMinh relied on(1) nationalist sentiments(2) trench warfare(3) collective security agreements(4) nonviolent resistance

37 The Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC) was formed with the intent of(1) stabilizing the supply of oil to Japan(2) cutting off the supply of oil to the United

States and its allies(3) increasing the supply of oil available for use

within Middle Eastern countries(4) controlling the supply of oil to raise prices

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [7] [OVER]

Base your answer to question 33 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

33 The leaders in this 1936 cartoon are depicted as “spineless” because they(1) signed the Treaty of Versailles(2) wanted to avoid global conflict at any cost(3) depended on economic measures to stop aggression(4) recognized the communist government in the Soviet Union

Source: David Low, Evening Standard, July 8, 1936 (adapted)

DANZIG

STEPPING STONES TO GLORY

?

RHINELAND

FORTIFICATION

??

!!!!!

REARMAMENT

BOSS of the

UNIVERSE

39 Both the division of Germany and the division ofKorea following World War II led to(1) uneven economic development between the

divided portions(2) democratic governments for all citizens(3) open warfare between the divided parts(4) space exploration agreements with the

superpowers

40 Changes in the political borders of EasternEuropean countries during the 1990s were aresult of the(1) failure of communism(2) expansion of the Warsaw Pact(3) end of free trade(4) decline of the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO)

41 The Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, andthe Justinian Code are examples of(1) religious edicts(2) written laws(3) epic poems(4) democratic constitutions

42 Which statement about the bubonic plague inEurope, Asia, and Africa is accurate?(1) It followed trade routes.(2) It increased agricultural production.(3) It was restricted to rural areas.(4) It encouraged nationalism.

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [8]

Base your answer to question 38 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

38 What is the key idea of this cartoon?(1) Genocide in Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Darfur has been stopped.(2) Human rights issues are best dealt with by the United Nations.(3) The United Nations has not been effective in ending genocide.(4) Fear of war crimes trials has brought peace to troubled regions.

Source: Jack Ohman, The Portland Oregonian, December 2006

44 Which factor contributed to the fall of the Handynasty, the fall of the Roman Empire, and thefall of the Abbasid Empire?(1) invasions by nomadic peoples from Central

Asia(2) demands for religious freedom by Christians (3) long periods of drought that led to isolation(4) dependence on slaves to produce manu-

factured goods

45 Which empires gained wealth by controlling thetrade of gold, ivory, and salt across the SaharaDesert?(1) Maya and Aztec(2) Greek and Roman(3) Mali and Songhai(4) Mauryan and Mughal

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [9] [OVER]

Base your answer to question 43 on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.

43 What is a valid conclusion based on the information shown in this chart?(1) The primary cause of soil degradation throughout the world is bio-industrial.(2) Deforestation causes soil degradation to more hectares of land in South America

than in Asia.(3) The largest number of hectares affected by soil degradation due to overgrazing

is located in Africa.(4) The fewest number of hectares affected by soil degradation due to arable

farming is located in North America.

Source: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (adapted)

100

Main Causes of Dryland Soil Degradation by Region

150

200

250

300million

hectares

50

0

KEY

Deforestation

Overgrazing

Arable farming

Bio-industrial

Africa Asia Australasia Europe N. America S. America

Desertification does not refer to the moving forward of existing deserts but to the formation,expansion or intensification of degraded patches of soil and vegetation cover.

47 The encomienda system, the latifundia form ofland ownership, and the office of viceroy are allclosely associated with(1) Spanish rule in Latin America(2) pre-Columbian practices of Native Americans(3) attempts to halt the drug trade in South

America(4) reduction of trade barriers in the Western

Hemisphere

48 One way in which the Bantu people of WestAfrica (500 B.C.–A.D. 1500) and the people ofIreland (1840s) are similar is that both groups(1) carried out successful conquests(2) supported nationalist movements(3) experienced large migrations (4) represented early civilizations

49 What was one factor that caused Napoleon’sinvasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of Russiato be unsuccessful?(1) poorly trained military forces(2) a lack of alliances(3) harsh winter climate(4) mountainous terrain

50 One similarity in the actions of Benito Mussoliniand Saddam Hussein is that both(1) established a democratic form of government(2) denied individual rights(3) expanded the power of labor unions(4) sought a classless society

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [10]

Base your answer to question 46 on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies.

46 Which historical period is most closely associated with these achievements?(1) Pax Romana (3) European Middle Ages(2) Age of Alexander the Great (4) Scientific Revolution

1543Copernicus

presented hisheliocentric model

1632Galileo published

his idea thatother planetsmight move

around the Sun

1637René Descartes

published his bookDiscourse on Method

explaining hissearching for truth

through reason

1687Isaac Newton

published his ideasabout gravity and

planetary movementusing calculus

In developing your answer to Part II, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:

(a) describe means “to illustrate something in words or tell about it”(b) discuss means “to make observations about something using facts, reasoning, and

argument; to present in some detail”

Part II

THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION

Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs addressing the taskbelow, and a conclusion.

Theme: Technology

Task:

You may use any technological innovation from your study of global history and geography.Some suggestions you might wish to consider include aqueducts, gunpowder, printing press,caravel, steam engine, factory system, nuclear power, and internet communications.

You are not limited to these suggestions.

Guidelines:

In your essay, be sure to• Develop all aspects of the task• Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details• Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion that

are beyond a restatement of the theme

Select two technological innovations and for each• Describe the existing technology that was replaced by this new technological

innovation and how this new innovation changed the existing technology• Discuss the effects this new technological innovation has had on a society or

the world

Throughout history, existing technology has been modified or replaced by newtechnological innovations. These new technological innovations have had variouseffects on societies and the world.

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [11] [OVER]

Answers to the essay questions are to be written in the separate essay booklet.

Part III

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION

This question is based on the accompanying documents. The question is designed to test yourability to work with historical documents. Some of these documents have been edited for thepurposes of this question. As you analyze the documents, take into account the source of eachdocument and any point of view that may be presented in the document.

Historical Context:

Throughout history, protest movements have formed in response to governmentpolicies and actions. Some examples of protest movements are the woman’s rightsmovement in Great Britain, the prodemocracy movement in China, and theanti-apartheid movement in South Africa. These protest movements haveresulted in different government responses.

Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history,answer the questions that follow each document in Part A. Your answers to thequestions will help you write the Part B essay in which you will be asked to

In developing your answers to Part III, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:

(a) describe means “to illustrate something in words or tell about it”(b) discuss means “to make observations about something using facts, reasoning, and

argument; to present in some detail”

Choose two protest movements mentioned in the historical context and for each• Describe the historical circumstances surrounding this protest movement• Discuss an action taken by the protesters• Discuss a government response to this protest movement

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [12]

NAME SCHOOL

Part AShort-Answer Questions

Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow each document in thespace provided.

Document 1

SOME REASONS FOR SUPPORTING WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

Source: “Fourteen Reasons for Supporting Women’s Suffrage,”National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies,

British Library online (adapted)

1 According to the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, what is one issue faced by women as aresult of being denied the right to vote? [1]

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• Because it is the foundation of all political liberty that those who obey the Law should be ableto have a voice in choosing those who make the Law.…

• Because Parliament cannot fully reflect the wishes of the people, when the wishes of womenare without any direct representation.…

• Because the Laws which affect women especially are now passed without consulting thosepersons whom they are intended to benefit.…

• Because to deprive women of the vote is to lower their position in common estimation.…

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [13] [OVER]

Document 2

Source: “The Suffragette,” April 25, 1913 online atHistory Cooperative (adapted)

2 Based on this document, state one action taken by women in Great Britain to obtain rights. [1]

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“The Suffragette,” April 25, 1913.

Edited by Christabel Pankhurst.

Registered at the G.P.O. as a Newspaper.

Official Organ of theWomen’s Social and Political Union.

FRIDAY, APRIL 25, 1913

SuffragetteThe

“Suffragette” Week. — “March On! March On!”

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [14]

Document 3

This is an excerpt from a speech given by British suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst in 1913.

Source: Candace Gregory, ed., Documents of Western Civilization, Volume II: Since 1500, Thomson Wadsworth

3a According to Emmeline Pankhurst, what was one action British women used to draw attention to theirissues? [1]

b According to Emmeline Pankhurst, what was one way the British government responded to these actions?[1]

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… “Put them [women] in prison,” they [men] said; “that will stop it.” But it didn’t stop it.They put women in prison for long terms of imprisonment, for making a nuisance ofthemselves — that was the expression when they took petitions in their hands to the door ofthe House of Commons; and they thought that by sending them to prison, giving them a day’simprisonment, would cause them to all settle down again and there would be no furthertrouble. But it didn’t happen so at all: instead of the women giving it up, more women did it,and more and more and more women did it until there were three hundred women at a time,who had not broken a single law, only “made a nuisance of themselves” as the politicians say.…

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [15] [OVER]

Document 4

Tiananmen Square 1989

Source: Adapted from “The Tankman: The Memory of Tiananmen 1989,” Frontline, PBS

4a Based on the information in this time line, state one reason the students gathered in Tiananmen Square. [1]

b Based on the information in this time line, state one action taken by the students that gathered inTiananmen Square. [1]

April 17Student demonstrators come[to Tiananmen Square]to mourn the death ofHu Yaobang, former GeneralSecretary of the CommunistParty, and a symbol to themof anti-corruption and politicalreform. Students call forfreedom of press and otherreforms.

April 28 – May 3Party leaders are aware of thegrowing foreign press coverageof the demonstrations, but remainsplit over how to stop the protestsand get the students to return toclasses.

April 22More than 100,000 universitystudents assemble outside theGreat Hall of the People [inTiananmen Square], whereHu’s memorial service is beingheld. Over the next days, thestudents boycott classes andorganize into unofficial studentunions – an illegal act in China.

May 13Anticipating Soviet Party SecretaryMikhail Gorbachev’s visit, about 160students begin a hunger strike inTiananmen Square, citing thegovernment’s failure to respond totheir requests for dialogue. Theirhunger strike draws broad publicsupport; many intellectuals pledgetheir help.

June 2The Party elders approvethe decision to put down the“counterrevolutionary riot.”

Score

Score

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [16]

Document 5

Source: Pei-Kai Cheng et al., eds., The Search for Modern China, W.W. Norton & Company (adapted)

5a According to this document, what is one reform the Chinese students were trying to achieve? [1]

b According to this document, what is one problem facing China? [1]

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… The manifesto that follows was typical of the many melodramatic last wills and testamentsproduced by the [student] hunger strikers. Circulated prior to the hunger strike, it wasapparently a committee document prepared by the “Hunger Strike Volunteers of Peking’sInstitutions of Higher Education.” The hunger strike upped the political ante [political stakes]in the prodemocracy movement for now the students were also demanding, in addition todemocracy and freedom of speech, concrete changes including the resignations of Li Pengand Deng Xiaoping. Both leaders were seen by the demonstrators as the spiritual (if notactual) authors of the People’s Daily editorial of April 26 and the most important opponentsof democratic change.…

“Open Declaration of a Hunger Strike”

In this May of glowing sunshine, we are starting our hunger strike. In this moment of beautifulyouth, we must resolutely put behind us the beauty of life. But how unwilling we are, howunreconciled!But our nation has come to a critical juncture: inflation is sky-rocketing, governmentcorruption is rampant, power is in the hands of few high-ranking officials, bureaucrats arecorrupt, a large number of patriots have fled into exile, and social order grows daily morechaotic. Fellow-countrymen, all fellow-countrymen of conscience, at this crucial moment forthe survival of the nation, please hear our voice:

The country is our country!The people are our people!The government is our government!If we do not dare to cry out, who will?If we do not dare to act, who will?…

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [17] [OVER]

Document 6

Source: “1989: Massacre in Tiananmen Square,” BBC, June 4, 1989

6 Based on this news report from the BBC, state an action taken by the Chinese government in response tothe protest movement in Tiananmen Square. [1]

Several hundred civilians have been shot dead by the Chinese army during a bloody militaryoperation to crush a democratic protest in Peking’s (Beijing) Tiananmen Square.

Tanks rumbled through the capital’s streets late on 3 June as the army moved into the squarefrom several directions, randomly firing on unarmed protesters.

The injured were rushed to hospital on bicycle rickshaws by frantic residents shocked by thearmy’s sudden and extreme response to the peaceful mass protest.…

Score

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [18]

Document 7

This is an excerpt from a pamphlet on the racial situation in the Union of South Africa. It sets out the generalprinciples of apartheid established by the National Party in 1948.

Source: National Party, “The National Party’s Colour Policy,” March 29, 1948

7 According to this excerpt from this National Party pamphlet, what was one way the National Party justifiedits racial policy? [1]

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… The party [National Party] therefore undertakes to protect the White race properly andeffectively against any policy, doctrine or attack which might undermine or threaten itscontinued existence. At the same time the party rejects any policy of oppression andexploitation of the non-Europeans by the Europeans as being in conflict with the Christianbasis of our national life and irreconcilable with our policy.

The party believes that a definite policy of separation (apartheid) between the White racesand the non-White racial groups, and the application of the policy of separation also in thecase of the non-White racial groups, is the only basis on which the character and future ofeach race can be protected and safeguarded and on which each race can be guided so as todevelop his own national character, aptitude and calling.…

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [19] [OVER]

Document 8

1952 Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws

Source: Nelson Mandela, Biographical Details, African National Congress online

8a What is one action the African National Congress and Nelson Mandela suggested black South Africans takeagainst the white nationalist government? [1]

b According to this biography on the African National Congress website, what is one consequence NelsonMandela faced as a result of his actions? [1]

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… When the ANC [African National Congress] launched its Campaign for the Defiance ofUnjust Laws in 1952, Mandela was elected National Volunteer-in-Chief. The DefianceCampaign was conceived as a mass civil disobedience campaign that would snowball from acore of selected volunteers to involve more and more ordinary people, culminating in massdefiance. Fulfilling his responsibility as Volunteer-in-Chief, Mandela travelled the countryorganising resistance to discriminatory legislation. Charged and brought to trial for his role inthe campaign, the court found that Mandela and his co-accused had consistently advised theirfollowers to adopt a peaceful course of action and to avoid all violence.For his part in the [1952] Defiance Campaign, Mandela was convicted of contravening[disobeying] the Suppression of Communism Act and given a suspended prison sentence.Shortly after the campaign ended, he was also prohibited from attending gatherings andconfined to Johannesburg for six months.…

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [20]

Document 9

This excerpt is taken from a 2006 National Public Radio program in which Nthato Motlana and BongiMkhabela were interviewed. Nthato Motlana played a critical role in the aftermath of the Soweto uprisings andBongi Mkhabela was responsible for planning the student march in Soweto.

Source: “Soweto 1976: An Audio History,” NPR

9 According to this National Public Radio program, what was one action taken by the South Africangovernment to end the student protests in Soweto? [1]

Thirty years ago, the uprising of a group of schoolchildren changed South Africa forever.…But on June 16, 1976, students in Soweto township outside Johannesburg decided to hold

a protest against a government policy mandating that all classes be taught in Afrikaans, thelanguage of South African whites.

What started as a student demonstration exploded across South Africa, helping to changethe course of the nation’s history by galvanizing the struggle to dismantle apartheid.…

Newscast: At 8:15 in the morning, and precisely according to plan, studentssimultaneously marched out of five schools in Soweto, intending to protest the Afrikaans issuein a mass meeting at the Orlando Football Stadium.…

Nthato Motlana: Then it became really a torrent, a sea of young, black faces. Masses ofstudents, I mean, we’d never seen such a demonstration in many, many years. And at thatpoint, the police tried to stop the march from going on to Orlando Stadium.

Bongi Mkhabela: I’ve never seen that many police. And you didn’t only have police atthat time, you had the Defense Force. So you actually had the Army.

Nthato Motlana: They intervened by, first of all, setting dogs. And I saw these policedogs set onto these kids, man, and I saw moments of real courage, especially from the girls.

Bongi Mkhabela: I mean, this is a group of kids, kids with shining black shoes and littlewhite socks and teeny little tunics. And they are singing freedom songs, holding one another.We actually looked cute. It’s unbelievable to think that anyone could have stood firm on theirfeet and actually shot into that crowd.…

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Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [21] [OVER]

Part BEssay

Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs, and a conclusion.Use evidence from at least four documents in your essay. Support your response with relevant facts,examples, and details. Include additional outside information.

Historical Context:

Throughout history, protest movements have formed in response to governmentpolicies and actions. Some examples of protest movements are the woman’s rightsmovement in Great Britain, the prodemocracy movement in China, and theanti-apartheid movement in South Africa. These protest movements haveresulted in different government responses.

Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history,write an essay in which you

Guidelines:

In your essay, be sure to• Develop all aspects of the task• Incorporate information from at least four documents• Incorporate relevant outside information• Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details• Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion that

are beyond a restatement of the theme

Choose two protest movements mentioned in the historical context and for each• Describe the historical circumstances surrounding this protest movement• Discuss an action taken by the protesters• Discuss a government response to this protest movement

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [22]

Global Hist. & Geo. – Aug. ’12 [23]

REGENTS EXAM IN GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHYREGENTS EXAM IN GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY

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