Globalization

Chapter 36

• After the fall of Communism, everyone worked together to make Democracies & Capitalism around the world

• Everyone working together = not focused on Nationalism anymore but GLOBALIZATION! – Everyone works together– Global economy– Global society

Time period we are in NOW!• Advances in Science & Tech.

– improved communications & transportation– Goods & ideas = moved rapidly

• Inventions & innovations – brought the nations of the world closer together– Blending cultures & customs

• Nations have expanded trade – national boundaries have blurred & there’s a global

market• Nations have worked together to ensure security

– terrorism

Globalization: Science, Technology, & Culture

Part 1

Outer Space & the Solar system

• 1st arena where US & SU cooperated together• Sent international crews (ppl from all over the

world) • Most ambitious cooperative space venture:

International Space Station

International Space Station

• Americans, Russians• A project in space to build a space station for

everyone in the world• 1998-2009• Most ambitious cooperative space venture;

covers the size of a football field & can be seen by the naked eye on earth

Technology- Communications

• The world is a global village– Satellites

• Can see what’s going on on the other side of the world right now!

– Computer• 1940s- one huge room for 1 comp!! • Miniaturization of the computer = to help the space

program & put comps in the shuttles– Industries used comps to run businesses– People put them in homes

• Internet

Scientific Advancements

• New technologies: (1960s-1970s)– Microscopes– Laser– ultrasound

• Effects of these technologies:– Advanced medicine & surgical techniques– Improved health care– Genetics became popular

• Genetic Engineering• Cloning

Genetic Engineering

• Scientists• A scientific technology where you isolate & examine

individual genes that are responsible for different traits • World• 1980s• Scientists were then able to introduce new genes into

an organism to give that organism new traits = you can manufacture certain traits that you want

• =‘rents have babies that are genetically engineered = lotsa probs & controversy

Cloning

• Scientists• The creation of identical copies of DNA• World • 1990s• Allows scientists to reproduce plants & animals

that are identical to existing plants & animals • Humans start to want to clone animals & people

– (Ms. Wilson wants to clone her dog… )

Green Revolution

• Agricultural scientists• A campaign that was an attempt to increased

food production worldwide by promoting fertilizer, pesticides, & high-yield disease resistant crops

• World • 1960s

Why:

• Helped avert famine & increase crop yields around the world

• Resistance to pests built into plants• Plants are bed to tolerate poor soil conditions• Holds promise for creating food for an expanding pop. • BUT fertilizers& pesticides = dangerous chemicals =

cancer, pollution• Cost = too high for avg. farmer = small farmers

gradually went away for larger agricultural businesses

Globalization: Economy

Part 2

• Nations have expanded trade – national boundaries have blurred & there’s a

global market• Imports/exports• “Made in China”

• After WWII- America has the $$ - helps out the rest of the world– As a result: Asia & W. Europe = advances in

science & tech. • = improvements in industry = change in Economy!• No longer factory focused = Information focused!

– Transmit info quickly & cheaply – Financial services, insurance, market research, &

communication services boomed! – “Knowledge workers” , no longer factory workers

• Expansion of the world’s economies– Increase in production of goods & services

• Many nations benefitted

• Economic base shifted:– Developed nations: used to have manufacturing

jobs– Emerging nations: now got the manufacturing

jobs

Developed Nations• People of developed nations• Nations with industrialization, transportations,

business facilities for advanced production of goods

• US, Japan, GB, France, Germany• 1950s-present• Manufacturing jobs moved away from these

nations towards Emerging nations; • instead they focused more on Information

industries w. Knowledge workers– Required more educated workers

Emerging Nations• Peoples of emerging nations• Nations that were in the process of becoming

industrialized after WWII• Asia, S. Africa (parts of the 3rd world)• 1950s-present• Manufacturing left the developed nations & came to

the emerging nations to help them industrialize; • these became prime locations for new manufacturing

operations; – workers worked on less $ than in developed nations =

made goods cheaper

• This led to a Global Economy- where the emerging nations made the goods & sold them to the Developed nations- so nearly everyone is industrialized and trading with each other

Global Economy

• All financial interactions among people, businesses, & gov’ts that cross international borders

• World• 1900s- now• Multinational corporations- goods are distributed

throughout the world as if no national boundaries• Free trade- eliminating trade barriers, lowering of

tarriffs, & free flow of goods, services• Regional trade blocs: EEC, EU, NAFTA

Free Trade

• A major goal of globalization, the elimination of trade barriers such as tariffs among nations

• World• 1940s- now• Nations discussed a way to bring about free trade

= GATT meeting – General lowering of protective tariffs – Expansion of free trade– Trade among nations flows smoothly & freely as

possible

Regional trade blocs..

• EEC- European Economic Community(1957)- tariff free-trade among members of the organization

• Became the EU- European Union (1992)• Economic union

– Europe exerted a powerful force in the world – Inspired other regional bloc agreements (NAFTA)

NAFTA (not a NC)

• North American Free Trade Agreement• Gradual elimination of tariffs and trade

restrictions – Canada, US, Mexico

Controversy

FOR Globalization• Promotes peace through

trade• Raises the standard of living

throughout the world• Creates jobs in emerging

countries• Promotes investment in less

developed nations• Creates a sense of world

community

AGAINST Globalization• Creates conflict because of

an inherently unfair system• Benefits developed nations

disproportionately • Takes jobs from high-paid

laborers in developed jobs• Benefits those who already

have money• Erodes local cultures

Has led to problems…

Political probs• Manufacturing = you need

energy – to get energy = OIL for gas– Nations w. little oil reserve R

dependent on those with lots of it

– Nations w. lots of oil can control those that don’t (ME)

• Conflicts = war

Environmental probs• Burning of coal & oil =

carbon dioxide– = air pollution & acid rain– Global warming

• Destruction of Ozone layer• Increase of ultraviolet rays

– Skin cancer rises• Large-scale soil erosion

– Habitat destruction– extinction

Ozone layer• The layer in earth’s upper atmosphere which is

our main protection against the sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays

• World• 1900s- now• With an increase in UV radiation = the incidence

of skin cancer continues to rise throughout the world

• Damages plants & plankton @ the base of food chains which sustain all life on earth

• Economists & Scientists – reduce the negative effects

• Goal: Manage development so growth can occur but w.o destroying air, water, land

• = Sustainable Growth

Sustainable Growth

• Economists, Scientists• A concept of “Greener growth” to meet

economic needs, while ensuring the preservation of the environment and the conservation of resources for future generations

• World • 1990s- now• Leads to living “green”, more natural foods &

products to avoid destruction of our environment

Globalization: Security

Part 3

After WWII…

• People r super scared about:• Devastating global war again• Atomic bomb/ Nuclear war• So they are super focused on Global Security

Issues of Security:

• War & Peace• Human Rights• Health • Population movement

A. War & Peace

Issue of security #1

Ways to keep security:

• Strong military• Military alliances- NATO, SEATO, Warsaw• UN Peacekeeping activities• Restrict weapons

UN Peacekeeping

• Major aim of UN: peacekeeping – Public forum– Private meeting places– Skilled mediators– Peacekeeping forces

• Soldiers from all over the world

Weapons of Mass Destructions (WMDs)

• Treaties to limit the manufacturing, testing, & trade of weapons

• Nuclear, chemical, & biological weapons

• Iraq- CREATED WMDs!! So the UN tried to disarm… again & again… (aka Iraqi Wars..)

Terrorism

Reasons:

• Gaining independence• Expelling foreigners• Changing society• Radical religious/cultural motives – destroy

forces of evil

Terrorism

• An international problem of security where: The use of violence agnst ppl or property to force changes in societies or govts

• World• 1960s-present

Why:

• Recently have increased dramatically • Increasingly destructive, high-profile attacks

to get attention & reach their goals• Target things they are agnst to gain most

attention• 9/11

Responses to Terrorism:

• Antiterrorism measures– Department of Homeland Security– USA Patriot Act

• Aviation security– Install bars on airplane doors– Sky marshals– Aviation & Transportatoin Security Act

B. Human rights

Issue of security #2

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• A UN issued document that set human rights standards for all nations stating that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity & rights

• UN Member nations• 1948-now• Inspired people throughout the world to ensuring

basic human rights are respected• Identify & publicize human rights violations• Encourages ppl to work toward liberty & justice

guaranteed for all

Serious violations of fundamental rights still occurred:

• Gov’ts stamping out Political Dissent– Cuba– Iran– Rwanda

• The status of women- Gender inequality

Gender Inequality

• Men vs. women• The difference between men & women in terms of their

wealth & status• World• Forever• Human rights fights agnst this:• Women r discriminated, denied education & jobs,

domestic violence agnst women• Considered inferior to men b.c. patriarchal society• Improving but still not everywhere

C. Health

Issue of security #3

• Decent standard of health – basic human right• BUT most still have poor health• With global communications & economy –

disease spreads rapidly!! • Global health faced threats:

– SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)– AIDS

AIDS

• People throughout the world• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; a disease that

attacks the immune system leaving the sufferer to deadly infection

• World• 1980s-now• AIDS has claimed the lives of 25 mill ppl• 6500 ppl die per day from AIDS• 42 mill were living w. HIV in 2002• Sub-suharan Africa has suffered the most

D. Population movement

Issue of security #4

Global movement of people- increased dramatically

Positive causes• Hope for a better life for

themselves and their children

Negative causes• Feel pushed out of

homeland• Lack of food due to drought,

natural disaster, political oppression

Refugees

• People who leave their country to move to another to find safety

• Developing countries to Developed • 1970s-now

Effects/Why:

• Hundreds of thousands migrate per year• Migrating from war-torn, famine-stricken, politically

unstable countries• BUT the country they want to go to might not accept

them• Face uncertain future- refugee camps • Offset labor shortages in new country • Bring experiences that can spur the economy• Contribute to a new culture

1946 1946 7,000 TV sets in the 7,000 TV sets in the U. S.U. S.1950 1950 50,000,000 TV sets in 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S.the U. S.

Baby BoomConsumerismSuburban Living“Teenager” Specified Gender roles

THIS IS YOU!!!