Article 14: Demand reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation

Each Party shall develop and disseminate appropriate, comprehensive and integrated guidelines based on scientific evidence and best practices, taking into account national circumstances and priorities, and shall take effective measures to promote cessation of tobacco use and adequate treatment for tobacco dependence.

Part FourOFFER HELP TO QUIT TOBACCO USE

44 45

ADULT DEPENDENCYPercentage of adults age 15 years or older who currently used tobacco and used tobacco within 30 minutes of waking2012–17

SENEGALCAMEROON ETHIOPIA

72%

49% 49% 47%

55%

UGANDA NIGERIA

72%

KENYA

YOUTH DEPENDENCY Percentage of students age 13–15

who currently smoked cigarettes and showed signs of smoking dependence d,g

2006–112013–16*

MADAGASCAR

CÔTE D'IVOIRE

MAURITANIA

SWAZILAND

SOUTH AFRICA

CHAD

LESOTHO

UGANDA

ERITREA

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

ZAMBIA

GHANA

TOGO*

MALI

CONGO

CAMEROON*

SEYCHELLES*

COMOROS*

ALGERIA*

MOZAMBIQUE*

MAURITIUS*

KENYA*

ZIMBABWE* 86%

73%

69%

67%

58%

54%

45%

45%

35%

29%

24%

22%

21%

15%

14%

14%

13%

13%

11%

9%

8%

5%

3%

2%

15 Tobacco Use: Dependency

50% or more of students who smoked cigarettes showed signs of

smoking dependency in 6 GYTS countries

In Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda, 50% or moreof adults who smoked tobacco usually smoked within 30 minutes of waking

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Nicotine is an addictive substance in tobacco products.27 The use of tobacco shortly after waking up is one indicator of nicotine dependence.27,40 Increased awareness about the addictiveness of nicotine can prevent the initiation of tobacco use.41

In Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda, 50% or more of adults who smoked tobacco usually smoke within 30 minutes of waking. Percentages ranged from 47% in Ethiopia

to 72% in Kenya and Uganda in the 6 GATS countries. Smoking tobacco within 30 minutes of waking suggests nicotine dependence, which can make quitting harder for adult smokers.

Half or more of students who smoked cigarettes showed signs of smoking dependency in 6 of the 24 GYTS countries presented here. Percentages ranged from 2% in Madagascar to 86% in Zimbabwe.

ADULT INTENTION TO QUITPercentage of adults age 15 years or older who currently smoked tobacco and intended to quit smokingc

2012–17

overall

men

women

SENEGAL

80%

77% 78% 70%

KENYA

69% 75% 39%

ETHIOPIA

66%

NIGERIA

66% 66% 59%

CAMEROON

64% 66% 50%

UGANDA

STUDENT DESIRE TO QUITPercentage of students age 13–15

who currently smoked cigarettes and wanted to stop smokingd,g

2006–112013–16*

75.0%–91.0%

50.0%–74.9%

too few cases

not surveyed

not in AFR

16 Intention or Desire to Quit

NIGERCHAD

MALIMAURITANIA

LESOTHO

ERITREA

BURUNDI

CAPE VERDE

SENEGAL*

GUINEA

ALGERIA*

CÔTED’IVOIRE

CAMEROON*

SÃO TOME& PRINCIPE

GABON*

TOGO*

GHANA

CONGO

KENYA*

UGANDA

COMOROS*

SEYCHELLES*

MAURITIUS*NAMIBIA

MALAWI

MOZAMBIQUE*

MADAGASCARZIMBABWE*

SWAZILAND

ZAMBIA

SOUTHAFRICA

BOTSWANA

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

RWANDA

50% or more of students who smoked cigarettes wanted to quit in 22 GYTS countries

60% or more of adults who smoked tobacco intended to quit in the 6 GATS countries

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Self-reported intention to quit smoking predicts future quit attempts.42

The percentage of adults who smoked tobacco and intended to quit in the future ranged from 64% in Uganda to 80% in Senegal in the 6 GATS countries. Among men, percentages ranged from 66% in Cameroon and Uganda to 78% in Kenya in 4 of the 6 GATS countries. Among women, percentages ranged from 39% in Ethiopia to 70% in Kenya. The majority of adult tobacco smokers in the African Region intend to quit. If cessation resources are more available, smokers may be more likely to make a quit attempt.

Half or more of students who smoked cigarettes wanted to quit in the 22 GYTS countries presented here. Percentages ranged from 51% in Mauritania to 91% in Uganda.

The majority of student cigarette smokers in the African Region want to quit. If cessation resources are more available, student smokers may be more likely to make a quit attempt.

In Kenya and Senegal, 50% or more of adults who smoked tobacco made a quit attempt in the past 12 months

50% or moreof students who smoked cigarettes

made a quit attempt in the past 12 months in 24 GYTS countries

ADULT ATTEMPTED QUITTERSPercentage of adults age 15 years or older who currently smoked tobacco and attempted to quit smoking in the past 12 months c

2012–17

CESSATION AIDSPercentage of adults age 15 years or olderwho smoked tobacco and used smoking cessation aidsin the past 12 months2012–17

counselling/advice

pharmacotherapy

overall

men

women

SENEGAL

60%

52%

45%

53% 52%

44% 45% 39% 42% 47%

14%

48% 49% 47%

KENYA CAMEROON

NIGERIA UGANDA ETHIOPIA

5%

11%

SENEGAL

13%

6%

UGANDA

15%

5%

NIGERIA

4% 5%

CAMEROON

11%

4%

KENYA

15%

3%

ETHIOPIA

STUDENT ATTEMPTED QUITTERS Percentage of students age 13–15

who currently smoked cigarettesand made a quit attempt

in the past 12 months b,d,g

2006–112013–16*

75.0%–91.0%

50.0%–74.9%

too few cases

not surveyed

not in AFR

17 Attempts to Quit

CHAD

MALIMAURITANIA

LESOTHO

ERITREA

BURUNDI

CAPE VERDE

SENEGAL*

GUINEA

ALGERIA*

CÔTED’IVOIRE

CAMEROON*

SÃO TOME& PRINCIPE

GABON*

TOGO*

GHANA

CONGO

KENYA*

UGANDA

COMOROS*

SEYCHELLES*

MAURITIUS*NAMIBIA

MALAWI

MOZAMBIQUE*

MADAGASCARZIMBABWE*

SWAZILAND

ZAMBIA

SOUTHAFRICA

BOTSWANA

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

RWANDA

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People who stop smoking tobacco greatly reduce their risk for disease and early death.43 Cessation support and medication has been shown to increase the likelihood that a smoker will quit successfully.41

In Kenya and Senegal, 50% or more of adults who currently smoked tobacco made a quit attempt in the past 12 months. Percentages ranged from 42% in Ethiopia to 60% in Senegal in the 6 GATS countries.

Among adults who made a quit attempt, 3% (Ethiopia) to 11% (Senegal) used medication (pharmacotherapy) to help them quit; 4% (Cameroon) to 15% (Ethiopia and Nigeria) sought counseling or advice.

The percentage of students who smoked cigarettes and made a quit attempt in the past 12 months ranged from 55% in Zambia to 88% in Cote D’Ivoire in the 24 GYTS countries presented here.

In Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Senegal, 50% or more of adults who smoked tobacco were advised to quit by a health care provider

ASKING AND ADVISING ADULTSPercentage of adults age 15 or older who currently smoked tobacco and visited a health care provider in the past 12 months2012–17

Percentage asked about smoking status

Percentage advised to quit smoking

CAMEROON

60%

49%

KENYA

39%

34%

NIGERIA

70%

61%

SENEGAL

54%

51%

UGANDA

55%

45%

ETHIOPIA

56%

53%

100%

100%

88%

88%

87%

86%

84%

82%

38%

38%

37%

27%

25%

22%

22%

17%

16%

36%

81%

80%

77%

65%

94%

90%

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

BURUNDI

LESOTHO

GHANA

MALAWI

ERITREA

UGANDA

NAMIBIA

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

ZAMBIA

BOTSWANA

SWAZILAND

NIGER

SOUTH AFRICA

TOGO*

KENYA*

COMOROS*

ZIMBABWE*

MAURITIUS*

GABON*

MOZAMBIQUE*

ALGERIA*

SEYCHELLES*

CAMEROON*

HELP TO STUDENTSPercentage of students age 13–15

who currently smoked cigarettes and received help to stop smoking b,d,g

2006–112013–16*

18 Advice or Help to Quit

75% or more of students who smoked cigarettes

received help to stop smoking in 13 GYTS countries

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Research shows that health care providers who ask about patients’ tobacco use and advise tobacco users to quit can help people quit smoking.44

Among adults who smoked tobacco and visited a health care provider in the past 12 months, the percentage who were asked about their smoking status ranged from 39% in Kenya to 70% in Nigeria in the 6 GATS countries.

In Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Senegal, 50% or more of adults who smoked tobacco visited a health care provider in the past 12 months and were advised by the provider to quit. Percentages ranged from 34% in Kenya to 61% in Nigeria in the 6 GATS countries. A 1-hour web training from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, called Treatment & Beyond, could help encourage more providers to talk with their patients about quitting. h

The percentage of students who smoked cigarettes and received help or advice to stop smoking ranged from 16% in Cameroon to 100% in Burundi and Sao

Tome and Principe in the 24 GYTS countries presented here.

Seventy-five percent or more of students who smoked tobacco received help to stop smoking in 13 of the 24 GYTS countries. The majority of students who smoke cigarettes are willing to receive help to quit. Making cessation resources more available could help them quit smoking.