Halo Network by Risvan New

8/2/2019 Halo Network by Risvan New

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ABSTRACTScaled Composites Incorporated, a partner of Angel Technologies Corporation

(www.broadband.com), has recently built and will soon flight test a High Altitude Long

Operation (HALO) airplane specially engineered for providing wireless communications

networks. The HALO airplane has a fixed-wing airframe with twin turbofan propulsion. It

will be FAA certified for piloted operation. Its high altitude flight regime was pioneered

in the 1950s and its components will benefit from decades of aerospace industry

experience and innovation.

The HALO Network will serve tens of thousands of subscribers within a super-metropolitan area, by offering ubiquitous access throughout the networks signal

"footprint". The HALO aircraft will carry the "hub" of a wireless network having a star

topology. The initial HALO Network is expected to provide a raw bit capacity exceeding

16 Gbps, which by utilizing packet-switching could, for example, serve 50,000 to 100,000

subscribers requiring links with DS1-equivalent peak data rates in both directions. Three

HALO aircraft will fly in shifts to provide continuous service, 24 hour per day by 7 days

per week, with an overall system reliability of 99.9% or greater. The HALO airplane willfly above commercial airline traffic and adverse weather at altitudes higher than 51,000

and will provide a communications service footprint or "Cone of Commerce" of

approximately 120 kilometers in diameter. Any subscriber within that region will be able

to access the HALO Networks ubiquitous multi-gigabit per second "bit cloud" upon

demand.


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CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION TO HALO NETWORK 01

2. HALO NETWORK 04

3. NETWORK SERVICES 07

4. HALO NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 07

5. HALO AIRCRAFT 10

6.COMMUNICATIONS PAYLOAD 137. APPLICATIONS 18

8. FUTURE PLANS 19

9. ADVANTAGES 22

10. CONCLUTION 23


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INTRODUCTION TO HALO NETWORKThe word on just about every Internet user's lips these days is "broadband." We

have so much more data to send and download today, including audio files, video files

and photos, that it's clogging our wimpy modems. There's a new type of service being

developed that will take broadband into the air.

The communication payload of HALO aircraft is at the apex of a wireless super-

metropolitan area network. The links are wireless, broadband and line of sight.

Subscribers access service on demand and will be able to exchange video, high-resolution

images, and large data files. Information addressed to non-subscribers or to recipients

beyond the regions served by the HALO network will be routed through the dedicated

HALO Gateway connected to the public switched network or via business premise

equipment owned and operated by service providers connected to the public networks.

The fig. shows angel technology.

This diagram shows how the HALO Network will enable a high-speed wireless Internet

connection


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At least three companies are planning to provide high-speed wireless Internet

connection by placing aircraft in fixed patterns over hundreds of cities. Angel

Technologies is planning an airborne Internet network, called High Altitude Long

Operation (HALO), which would use lightweight planes to circle overhead and provide

data delivery faster than a T1 line for businesses. Consumers would get a connection

comparable to DSL. Also, AeroVironment has teamed up with NASA on a solar-

powered, unmanned plane that would work like the HALO network, and Sky Station

International is planning a similar venture using blimps instead of planes.

The computer most people use comes with a standard 56K modem, which means

that in an ideal situation your computer would downstream at a rate of 56 kilobits per

second (Kbps). That speed is far too slow to handle the huge streaming-video and musicfiles that more consumers are demanding today. That's where the need for bigger

bandwidth -- broadband -- comes in, allowing a greater amount of data to flow to and

from your computer. Land-based lines are limited physically in how much data they can

deliver because of the diameter of the cable or phone line. In an airborne Internet, there is

no such physical limitation, enabling a broader capacity.

Several companies have already shown that satellite Internet access can work.

The airborne Internet will function much like satellite-based Internet access, but without

the time delay. Bandwidth of satellite and airborne Internet access are typically the same,

but it will take less time for the airborne Internet to relay data because it is not as high up.

Satellites orbit at several hundreds of miles above Earth. The airborne-Internet aircraft

will circle overhead at an altitude of 52,000 to 69,000 feet (15,849 to 21,031 meters).

At this altitude, the aircraft will be undisturbed by inclement weather and flying

well above commercial air traffic.

Networks using high-altitude aircraft will also have a cost advantage over

satellites because the aircraft can be deployed easily -- they don't have to be launched into

space. However, the airborne Internet will actually be used to compliment the satellite

and ground-based networks, not replace them. These airborne networks will overcome
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the last-mile barriers facing conventional Internet access options. The "last mile" refers

to the fact that access to high-speed cables still depends on physical proximity, and that

for this reason, not everyone who wants access can have it. It would take a lot of time to

provide universal access using cable or phone lines, just because of the time it takes to

install the wires. An airborne network will immediately overcome the last mile as soon as

the aircraft takes off.

The airborne Internet won't be completely wireless. There will be ground-based

components to any type of airborne Internet network. The consumers will have to install

an antenna on their home or business in order to receive signals from the network hub

overhead. The networks will also work with established Internet Service Providers

(ISPs), who will provide their high-capacity terminals for use by the network. These ISPshave a fiber point of presence their fiber optics are already set up. What the airborne

Internet will do is provide an infrastructure that can reach areas that don't have broadband

cables and wires.

The HALO network will provide consumers with a broadband digital utility for

accessing multimedia services, the internet, and entertainment services. The network at

the subscriber's premise will be standards based and employ a user interface as simple as

today's typical consumer modem. Consumers will be able to access video, data, and the

internet rates ranging from 1 to 5 Mbps. Angle will offer higher data rates at the

broadband market matures.


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HALO NETWORK

Overall Concept

The attributes of the HALO Network are illustrated in the fig. below. Many

types of subscribers will benefit from the low price of HALO Network broadband

services schools, families, hospitals, doctor's offices, and small to medium size

businesses. The equipment will connect to existing network and telecommunications

equipment using standard broadband protocols such as ATM and SONET. The HALO

Gateway provides access to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and to the

internet backbone for such services as the World Wide Web and electronic commerce.


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Key Features

The key features the HALO Network are summarized below

Seamless ubiquitous multimedia services

Adaptation to end user environments

Enhanced user connectivity globally

Rapidly deployable to sites of opportunity

Secure and reliable information transactions

Bandwidth on demand provides efficient use of available spectrum

Service Attributes

There are various classes of service to be provided .A consumer service would

provide 1-5 Mbps communication links. A business service would provides 5-12.5 Mbps

links .Since the links would be "bandwidth-on-demand," the total available spectrum

would be time-shared between the various active sessions. The nominal data rates would

be low while the peak rates would expand to a specified level. A gateway service can be

provided for "dedicated" links of 25-155 Mbps. Based on the LMDS spectrum and 5-fold

reuse, the service capacity would be 10000 to 75000 simultaneously , symmetrical T1

circuits (1.5 Mbps) per communication payload. The HALO Aircraft would provide

urban and rural coverage from a single platform to provide service to:

100-750000 subscribers

40-60 mile diameter service area (1250 to 2800 square miles)

Coverage of the New York City Metropolitan Area by HALO Aircraft


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Network Access

Various methods for providing access to the users on the ground are feasible. The

figure below shows one approach where each spot beam from the payload antenna serves

a single "cell" on the ground in a frequency-division multiplex fashion with 5 to 1

frequency reuse, four for subscriber units and the fifth for gateways to the public network

and to high rate subscribers. Other reuse factors such as 7:1 and 9:1 are possible. Various

network access approaches are being explored.

Cell Coverage by Frequency Division Multiplexing using Spot Beams


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Network ServicesThe HALO mode provides a multitude of connectivity options as shown below.

It can be used to connect physically separated Local Area Networks (LANs) within a

corporate intranet through frame relay adaptation or directly though LAN bridgers and

routers. Or it can provide video conference links through standard ISDN or T1 interface

hardware. The HALO Network may use standard SONET and ATM protocols and

equipment to take advantage of the wide availability of these components.

HALO NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Network Elements

The major elements of the HALO Network are shown below. The HALO

Network interfaces to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and to the

Internet backbone through the HALO Gateway. On the subscriber side, the HALO

Network provides connectivity to local network provides connectivity to local networks

of various kinds.

The HALO Network Architecture


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Network Architecture

At the apex of a wireless Cone of Commerce, the payload of the HALO

Aircraft becomes the hub of a star topology network for routing data packets between any

two subscribers possessing premise equipment within the service coverage area. A single

hope with only two links is required, each link connecting the payload to the subscriber.

The links are wireless, broadband and line of sight.

Information created outside service area is delivered to the subscriber's

consumer premise equipment ("CPE") through business premise equipment ("BPE")

operated by Internet Service Providers ("ISPs") or content providers within that region,

and through the HALO Gateway ("HG") equipment directly connected to distant

metropolitan areas via leased trunks. The HG is a portal serving the entire network.

It avails system-wide access to content providers and it allows any subscriber

to extend their communications beyond the HALO Network service area by connecting

them to dedicated long-distance lines such as inter- metro optical fiber.

The HALO Network

The CPE, BPE and HG all perform the same functions; use a high gain antenna

that automatically tracks the HALO Aircraft; extract modulated signals conveyed

through the air by millimeter waves; convert the extracted signals to digital data;

provide standards-based data communications interfaces, and route the digital data to

information appliances, personal Computers and workstations connected to the

premise equipment. Thus, some of the technologies and components, both hardware

and software, will be common to the designs of these three basic network elements.

The CPE, BPE and HG differ in size, complexity and cost, ranging from the CPE

which is the smallest, least complex ,lowest priced and will be expressively built for the

mask market; followed by the BPE, engineered for a medium size business to provide

access to multiple telecommuters by extending the corporate data communications

network; to the HG which provides high bandwidth wireless data trunking to Wide Area


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Network ("WANs") maintained and operated by the long distance carriers and content

handlers who wish to distribute their products widely.

In other words the CPE is a personal gateway serving the consumer. The BPE

is a gateway for the business requiring higher data rates. The HG, as a major element of

the entire network, will be engineered to serve reliably as a critical network element. All

of these elements are being demonstrated in related forms by terrestrial 38 GHz and

LMDS vendors. Angel will solicit the participation of key component suppliers for

adapting their technologies to the HALO Network. As with all wireless millimeter

wave links, high rainfall rates can reduce the effective data throughput of the link to a

given subscriber.

Angel plans to ensure maximum data rates more than 99.7% of the time, reduced

data rates above an acceptable minimum more than 99.9% of the time and to limit

outages to small areas (due to the interception of the signal path by very dense rain

columns) less than 0.1% of the time Angel plans to locate the HG close to HALO orbit

center to reduce the slant range from its high gain antenna to the aircraft and hence its

signal path length through heavy rainfall.

Field of View

Angel assumes the "minimum look angle" (i.e., the elevation angle above the local

horizon to the furthest point on the orbit as seen by the antenna of the premise equipment) is

generally higher than 20 degrees. This value corresponds to subscribers at the perimeter of the

service footprint. In contrast, cellular telephone designers assume that the line of sight from a

customer to the antenna on the nearest base station is less than 1 degree. Angel chose such a high

look angle to ensure that the antenna of each subscriber's premise equipment will very likely have

access to a solid angle swept by the circling HALO Aircraft free of dense objects, and to ensure

high availability of the service during heavy rainfall to all subscribers.The high look angle also allows the sharing of this spectrum with ground-

based wireless networks since usually high-gain, narrow beams are used and the antenna beams

of the HALO and ground-based networks will be separated in angle far enough to ensure a high

degree of signal isolation.


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HALO Aircraft Field of View

HALO AIRCRAFTThe HALO Aircraft is under development and flight testing is expected to

occur by mid-1998. The aircraft has been specially designed for the HALO Network

with the Communications Payload Pod suspended from the underbelly of its fuselage.

HALO Aircraft with Suspended Communications Payload


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The HALO Aircraft will fly above the metropolitan center in a circular orbit of

five to eight nautical miles diameter. The Communications Payload Pod is mounted to a

pylon under the fuselage. As the aircraft varies its roll angle to fly in the circular orbit,

the Communications Payload Pod will pivot on the pylon to remain level with the

ground.

The HALO aircraft fuselage contains the Airborne Switching Node ("ASN"), the

primary coolant loop, and power conditioning. Packing switching and network

management functions are performed by the ASN. The communications pod suspended

beneath the aircraft fuselage contains the millimeter wave antenna array with

amplifiers and transceivers. It converts millimeter waves to and from digital signals and

is composed of an array of antennas that beam signals to subscribers and to the HG.

Power and coolant flow between the platform and the payload through a pylon mount

which, in turn, can maintain the payload pod level relative to the ground about the

aircraft roll axis if required. A standard optical interface conveys digital communications

data across the pylon interface that connects the ASN to the Mux/Demux circuitry in the

Pod, which, in turn, impresses the modulated signal upon or extracts it from the

millimeter wave carrier.

HALO Aircraft with Its Communications Pod


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From a payload perspective, the HALO aircraft is a "flying antenna". It is being

prepared for flight testing by Burt Rutan and his team at Scaled Composites during the

summer 1998.

The aircraft configuration is fixed wing with carbon composite materials.

Propulsion will be provided by FAA-certified twin fan jets. The platform will be operated

by a pilot and co-pilot. The crew cabin will be pressurized to provide a comfortable

"shirt sleeve" work environment. Station keeping will be performed by an auto-pilot

utilizing coordinates provided by the Global Position Satellite constellation. The two

pilots will alternate the duty of flying the airplane. The pilot who is relieved of flight

responsibility can be made available to perform routine status checks of the

communications payload, including the operations of the components of the ASN in the

fuselage section, as well as those in the suspended Pod. Smart diagnostics data

regarding health, status, and operation of the communications equipment will be

graphically displayed to the pilot to enable early detecting and forecasting of problems.

Similar but wider data streams will be sent to the local operations center on the ground

through the Gateway to enable technicians to monitor the status, health, and

performance of the airborne communications node.

Proteus Aircraft

Weight 9,000 pounds at takeoff5,900 pounds empty

Wingspan 77 ft 7 inches (23.7 m)Expandable to 92 feet (28 m)

Length 56.3 ft (17.2 m)

Height 17.6 ft (5.4 m)

Engines 2 turbofan engines2,300 pounds of thrustRange 18 hours

Speed 65 knots (75 mph/120.7 kph)to 250 knots (288 mph/463.5 kph)


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COMMUNICATIONS PAYLOADThe HALO Network will use an array of narrow beam antennas on the HALO

Aircraft to form multiple cells on the ground. Each cell covers a small geographic area,

e.g., 4 to 8 square miles. The wide bandwidths and narrow beam widths within each

beam or cell are achieved by using MMW frequencies. Small aperture antennas can be

used to achieve small cells. For example, an antenna having a diameter of only one foot

can provide a beam width of less than three degrees. One hundred dish antennas can be

easily carried by the HALO Aircraft to create one hundred or more cells throughout the

service area. If lensed antennas are utilized, wider beams can be created by combining

beams through each lens aperture, and with multiple feeds behind each lens multiple

beams can be formed by each compound lens.

If 850 MHz of spectrum is assumed, then a minimum capacity of one full-duplex

OC-1 (51.84 Mbps) channel is available per cell. For example, a single platform reusing

850 MHz of spectrum in 100 cells would provide the equivalent of two, OC-48 fiber optic

rings. Higher capacities are possible by increasing the number of cells. By using

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology with over-the-air dynamic bandwidth

allocation, this capacity can be shared by multiple users in an efficient manner. An ATM-

like packet switch on the HALO Aircraft provides the network switching capability to

cross-connect all users within the coverage area as well as connections to other users

through gateways. The elements in the communications payload are shown below. It

consists of MMW transceivers, pilot tone transmitter, high-speed modems, SONET

multiplexers, packet switch hardware and software, and associated ancillary hardware

such as power supplies, processors, etc.

The major design options for antennas in the Communications Payload are to

utilize either platform-fixed beams or earth-fixed beams. For the case of platform-fixed

beams, each antenna would have a fixed field of view. The total field of view for the

entire HALO Network would be the sum of these fields of view of the individual


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antennas. The network could initially have a small footprint and as demands on the

HALO services increase, additional antennas could be added to the Communications

Payload. This results in a modular design, readily adaptable for growth.

Platform-fixed beams are simpler to construct generally, but require the

"handoffs" between beams to be accomplished by the packet switching equipment as

the beams "sweep" across the ground with the movement of the aircraft. However, the

cost and performance penalties for frequently changing the virtual path through the

packet switch may be appreciable.

An alternative is to electronically steer the beams so they remain "fixed" on the

ground as the aircraft moves. These results in more electronic and physical complexity

for the antennas, but this may be a good trade-off to make since the burden on the

packet switch and its network management software would be greatly reduced. These

trade-offs are still being assessed.

Functional Block Diagram of the Communications Payload


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For the case of earth-fixed beams, each antenna would have a wider field of view

than the sum of the beams in that antenna since each beam can be steered in all

directions. Each beam could be capable of steering throughout the HALO footprint, or

could be assigned a smaller portion. If there are "gaps" in the required coverage due to

such things as rivers, hills, or forests, then the earth-fixed beams can be steered away

from these undesirable coverage zones and more efficient usage of the antennas might

result compared to the case of platform-fixed beams.

Premise EquipmentA block diagram describing the CPE (and BPE) is shown below. It entails three

major sub-groups of hardware: The RF Unit (RU) which contains the MMW Antenna

and MMW Transceiver; the Network Interface Unit (NIU); and the application terminals

such as PCs, telephones, video servers, video terminals, etc. The RU consists of a small

dual-feed antenna and MMW transmitter and receiver which is mounted to the antenna.

An antenna tracking unit uses a pilot tone transmitted from the Communications Payload

to point the antenna toward the airborne platform.

The MMW transmitter accepts an L-band (950 - 1950 MHz) IF input

signal from the NIU, translates it to MMW frequencies, amplifies the signal using a

power amplifier to a transmit power level of 100 - 500 mW of power and feeds the

antenna. The MMW receiver couples the received signal from the antenna to a Low

Noise Amplifier (LNA), down converts the signal to an L-band IF and provides

subsequent amplification and processing before outputting the signal to the NIU.

Although the MMW transceiver is broadband, it typically will only process a single 40

MHz channel at any one time. The particular channel and frequency is determined by the

NIU.

The subscriber equipment can be readily developed by adapting from existing

equipment for broadband services.


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Premise Equipment for The HALONetwork

Functional Block Diagram of the Subscriber Equipment


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The NIU interfaces to the RU via a coax pair which transmits the L-band TX

and RX signals between the NIU and the RU. The NIU comprises an L-band tuner and

down converter, a high-speed (up to 60 Mbps) demodulator, a high-speed modulator,

multiplexers and demultiplexers, and data, telephony and video interface electronics.

Each user terminal will provide access to data at rates up to 51.84 Mbps each way. In

some applications, some of this bandwidth may be used to incorporate spread spectrum

coding to improve performance against interference (in this case, the user information

rate would be reduced).

The NIU equipment can be identical to that already developed for LMDS and

Otherbroadband services. This reduces the cost of the HALO Networkservices to the

consumer since there would be minimal cost to adapt the LMDS equipment to thisapplication and we could take advantage of the high volume expected in the other

services. Also, the HALO RU can be very close in functionality to the RU in the other

services (like LMDS) since the primary difference is the need for a tracking function for

the antenna. The electronics for the RF data signal would be identical if the same

frequency band is utilized


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Ease of installation

Angel has designed the HALO Network and the consumer premise equipment

(CPE) to ensure ease of installation by the consumer. The CPE, whether delivered or

purchased through a retailer, is designed for rapid installation and ease of use. The

antenna is self-pointing and is mounted on an outside area offering clear view of the

HALOAircraft.

APPLICATIONSThe ultimate backend platform for wireless, Airborne is a seamless, turnkey solution the

management and distribution of content of micro-Entertainment networksAirborne seamlessly handles:

User-friendly, web-based interface

Support for text, voice, image and multimedia files

Client-specific content scheduling and menu generation

Mobile device recognition and optimization Multilingual content

Extensive usage and analytical reporting

Editorial tools


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FUTURE PLANS

NASA's Sub-space Plans

Not to be left out of the high-flying Internet industry, NASA is also playing a role

in a potential airborne Internet system being developed by AeroVironment. NASA

and AeroVironment are working on a solar-powered, lightweight plane that could fly

over a city for six months or more, at 60,000 feet, without landing. AeroVironment

plans to use these unmanned planes as the carrier to provide broadband Internet

access.

The Helios aircraft will be equipped with telecommunications equipment and stay

airborne for six months straight.


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Helios is currently in the prototype stage, and there is still a lot of testing to be

done to achieve the endurance levels needed for AeroVironment's

telecommunications system. AeroVironment plans to launch its system within three

years of receiving funding for the project. When it does, a single Helios airplane

flying at 60,000 feet will cover a service area approximately 40 miles in diameter.

Helios Aircraft

Weight 2,048 pounds (929 kg)

Wingspan 247 ft (75.3 m)

Length 12 ft (3.7 m)

Wing Area 1,976 square ft (183.6 m2)

Propulsion

14 brushless, 2-horsepower,

direct-currentelectric motors

Range

1 to 3 hours in prototype tests

6 months when fully operational

Speed 19 to 25 mph (30.6 to 40.2 kph)
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The Helios prototype is constructed out of materials such as carbon fiber, graphite

epoxy, Kevlar and Styrofoam, covered with a thin, transparent skin. The main pole

supporting the wing is made out of carbon fiber, and is thicker on the top than on the

bottom in order to absorb the constant bending during flight. The wing's ribs are made of

epoxy and carbon fiber. Styrofoam comprises the wing's front edge, and a clear, plastic

film is wrapped around the entire wing body

The all-wing plane is divided into six sections, each 41 ft (12.5 m) long. A pod

carrying the landing gear is attached under the wing portion of each section. These pods

also house the batteries, flight-control computers and data instrumentation. Network hubs

for AeroVironment's telecommunications system would likely be placed here as well.

It seems that airborne Internet could take off in the very near future. If and when

those planes and blimps start circling to supplement our current modes of connection,

downloading the massive files we've come to crave for entertainment or depend on for

business purposes will be a snap -- even if we live somewhere in that "last mile."
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ADVANTAGES

Unique feature of these solar-electric air-craft that make then appealing platforms

for telecommunications applications include:

Long flight durations up to 6 months or more.

Minimal maintenance cost due to few moving parts.

High levels of redundancy (e. g. aircraft could lose multiple motors and still

maintain station and land safely - most failure modes do not require

immediate response by ground operator)

Highly autonomous controls which enable one ground operator to control

multiple aircraft.

Use of solar energy to minimize fuel costs.

Tight turn radius which makes platform appear geostationary from ground

equipment perspective (i. e. enables use of stationary antennas) and enables

multiple aircraft to serve same area using same frequency spectrum.

Flexible flight facility requirements (aircraft can take off from even a dirt

field and in less distance than the length of its wingspan


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CONCLUSION

Finally I conclude that the HALO aircraft can be thought of as a very tall

tower or very low altitude satellite. Contracted to terrestrial broadband networks, the

HALO Network offers ubiquitous, anyone-to-anyone broadband linkages throughout

the footprint. HALO networks can be introduced to highly promising markets around

the world on a selective basis. "Continuous improvement" is a significant attribute of

the HALO network. It enables Angel to meet the increasing expectations of present

customers, and to open new markets requiring lesser capability by re-assigning

earlier-generation hubs.

Documents

Halo Network by Risvan New