How the Child and Adult Care Food Program Improves Early Childhood Education

8/21/2019 How the Child and Adult Care Food Program Improves Early Childhood Education

1/21 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.O

How the Child and Adult CareFood Program Improves Early

Childhood EducationBy Christine Binder, Joel Berg, Maryam Adamu, and Katie Hamm June 2015


2/21

How the Child and Adult CareFood Program Improves EarlyChildhood Education

By Christine Binder, Joel Berg, Maryam Adamu, and Katie Hamm June 2015


3/21

1 Introduction and summary

3 Effects of poverty and food insecurity on young children

5 CACFP in early childhood programs

8 Recommendations for reauthorizing CACFP

13 Conclusion

16 Endnotes

Contents


4/21

1 Center for American Progress | How the Child and Adult Care Food Program Improves Early Childhood Education

Introduction and summary

For many American amilies, finding high-qualiy, affordable child care is an

impossible ask. Bu i is also a necessary one, given ha mos amilies canno

afford o have a ull-ime, say-a-home caregiver.1 Early childhood educaion

and care programs give parens he opporuniy o work, bu hey also have he

capaciy o offer imporan learning opporuniies or children a a crucial sage o

developmen. Unorunaely, hey are oo ofen cos prohibiive; annual child care

coss are currenly higher han he cos o in-sae uiion and ees a public uni- versiies in more han 30 saes.2 Furhermore, research shows ha he child care

opions many amilies sruggle o afford are usually o poor or mediocre qualiy.3

One o he many ools he naion has o suppor low-income amilies and heir

young children is he Child and Adul Care Food Program, or CACFP. Managed

by he U.S. Deparmen o Agriculure, or USDA, and adminisered by saes

and nonprofi groups, CACFP provides snacks and meals o more han 3 mil-

lion children a child care ceners, amily day care homes, Head Sar programs,

afer-school programs, and homeless shelers.4 In 2014, he program unded

nearly 2 billion meals; he vas majoriy o hese wen o children younger han 5.5

Subsidizing meals derays overall child care coss or parens and conribues o

children’s abiliy o hrive and learn. Beyond his, CACFP also has a rack record

o supporing healhy and sae child care environmens.6

Te upcoming ederal child nuriion reauhorizaion, or CNR, process provides

Congress he opporuniy o suppor early childhood hrough CACFP. Tis

repor makes a case or why Congress should include provisions in he CNR bill

o reduce paricipaion barriers or programs and providers and maximize he

program’s poenial.


5/21


Specifically, he reauhorizaion bill should:

• Increase reimbursement rates o more ully cover he coss o meals

• Reduce the CACFP area eligibility test o 40 percen o residens living below

he ederal povery line, or FPL

• Allow three meals per day in CACFP o accoun or he realiy ha many parens

are now working longer and nonradiional hours

• Reduce CACFP paperwork by expanding direc cerificaion and reorming he

complex, wo-iered reimbursemen sysem or amily child care homes

• Bolster the use of CACFP in ensuring safe child care settings

• Create a small pilot grant program o reward saes or using CACFP o supporood relaed coss in preschool expansion

CACFP is a relaively small program, cosing $3 billion annually; his is only

abou 1/25h he level o he budge o he larges ederal nuriion assisance

program, he Supplemenal Nuriion Assisance Program.7 Because CACFP plays

an ousized uncion by leveraging resources, Congress should make a concered

effor o make he program even sronger.


6/21


Effects of poverty and food

insecurity on young children

Te Unied Saes is well ino an economic recovery period ollowing he Grea

Recession. A he end o 2013, unemploymen ell o 6.7 percen and has since

dropped o is lowes level since 2008.8 Addiionally, 10 million jobs have been

added o he economy since early 2010.9 Unorunaely, hese promising numbers

mask a realiy ha many American amilies ace. Food insecuriy daa show ha

many Americans are sill sruggling o find financial sabiliy. Te USDA consid-

ers homes o be “ood insecure” when hey are “a imes, uncerain o having, or

unable o acquire, enough ood or all household members because hey had insu-

ficien money and oher resources or ood.”10 When he Grea Recession hi in2008, he number o children living in such households spiked o 16.6 million

he highes level ever recorded.11 By 2013, 15.8 million American children were

sill living in ood insecure households,12 or nearly one in six American amilies

and abou 28 percen higher han he 2007 rae.

While ood insecuriy is challenging or any amily, hose wih very young children

are hi much harder. Almos hal o all children under age 3collecively reerred

o as inans and oddlerslive in low-income or poor households, making hem

one o he mos vulnerable demographic groups.13 According o a Children’s

HealhWach sudy, 23.7 percen o households wih children under age 4 ace

ood insecuriy.14 Inasmuch as ood securiy is an indicaor o amily economic

securiy, i is an imporan predicor o cogniive and emoional developmen in

young children.15 Researchers coninue o produce a subsanial body o evidence

oulining myriad negaive oucomes or which povery and ood insecuriy pu

children a risk. For children as young as 18 monhs old, he differences beween

low-income children and heir higher-income peers are sark. Food insecure

inans and oddlers are wo-hirds more likely han hose who are ood secure o

be a risk or developmenal delays.16

Tese delays have long-erm healh, emoional, and educaional effecs as children

grow. In shor, children who are hungry ofen become aduls who are hungry.

Bu he converse is rue as well: Children who receive nuriion assisance beore

age 5 have beter healh oucomes as aduls and are more likely o graduae high


7/21


school.17 Graduaing high school increases sudens’ earning poenial by roughly

$10,000 annually, increases heir likelihood o being employed by 4 percen, and

reduces heir likelihood o needing o uilize social saey ne programs laer in

lie.18 Similarly, children who atend high-qualiy early childhood programs are

more likely o graduae rom high school and go on o have higher earnings, avoid

incarceraion, and have beter menal healh as aduls.19

Early childhood is a crii-cal juncure where concenraed inervenions can help children evenually climb

ou o povery as aduls.

Srong early childhood programs are no jus ransormaive or children. High-

qualiy child care and universal pre-K programs are also par o a wo-pronged

approach ha allows parens o work while knowing heir children are in a sae,

nururing environmen. Ye low-income parens ofen find hemselves in a bind:

working o suppor heir amilies bu unable o afford he high-qualiy early learn-

ing opporuniies ha could change heir children’s lie rajecories. Tis is paricu-

larly rue or he 42 million women raising 28 million children in poverymanyo hem doing so alone.20 As lower-income single mohers lead more households,

he economic sabiliy o hese households will have an impac on a much greaer

number o children. In ligh o hese challenges, perhaps he mos imporan way

ha he ederal governmen can direcly improve he lives o millions o American

women, children, and amilies across he economic specrum is o make a bold

commimen o educae and care or children during he firs years o heir lives.


8/21


CACFP in early childhood programs

Te role o CACFP in supporing early childhood programs is paricularly impor-

an. Te USDA Food and Nuriion Service adminisers CACFP by providing

sae agencies, ofen he educaion agency, wih grans o subsidize he cos o

meals and snacks in various programs.21 Roughly wo-hirds o he 2 million meals

served hrough he program go o public or privae nonprofi child care ceners and

Head Sar programs.22 Given ha child care is a major household expense, com-

prising 20 percen or more o income or many amilies, hese reducions in pro-

vider coss make child care a more affordable opion or lower-income amilies.23

Much like public school meals, he snacks and meals served hrough CACFP

mus ulfill specific nuriional requiremens in order o be reimbursed. Te meal

requiremens differ depending on he meal o he day and he age o he child.

For example, CACFP requires ha inans be served breas milk or ormula wih

each meal. A CACFP sudy showed ha low-income oddlers and preschool-aged

children enrolled in he program had beter healh oucomes han heir peers in

child care wih meals supplied rom home. Tey were also 27 percen less likely o

be in air or poor healh, more likely o have a healhy weigh and heigh or heir

age, and 26 percen less likely o be hospialized.24

CACFP meals are reimbursed o providers a raes akin o hose o he Naional

School Lunch Program, or NSLP, which serves ree, reduced-price, or paid meals

in schools. In general, ree meals go o children rom amilies wih incomes a 130

percen o he FPL and below; reduced-priced meals go o children in amilies

wih incomes beween 130 percen and 185 percen o he FPL; and paid meals

go o children in amilies above 185 percen o he FPL. Alhough child care

setings receiving unding are echnically allowed o charge separae ees or

meals based on income, mos do no. Insead, hey roll meal coss ino uiion.25

Reimbursemens or meals served in child care ceners differ rom hose or amily

child care homes: Child care ceners are divided ino hree iers similar o NSLP,


9/21


and amily child care homes are divided ino wo iers based on area povery

raes.26 Family child care homes in areas where he majoriy o residens are a or

below 185 percen o he FPL are auomaically eligible o receive he highes meal

reimbursemen rae or all enrolled children.27 However, amily child care homes

locaed in higher income areas are designaed as ier II and mus documen

low-income children in order o receive meal reimbursemens.28

Providers haveo navigae his edious reimbursemen sysem. While he iered reimbursemen

raes were designed o cu program coss by concenraing benefis on low-income

providers, home-based providers ofen do no have he resources o spare he

hours or und adminisraive posiions or his purpose.29 For many providers, i

makes more sense o op ou o he program.

Addiionally, here is an imporan healh and saey check ha occurs as a resul

o programs paricipaing in CACFP. CACFP regulaions require providers o be

annually licensed and approved by sae healh and saey auhoriies in order o

be eligible or paricipaion.30 I child care providers are exemp rom licensing,hey can obain alernae approval by demonsraing compliance wih local child

care healh and saey sandards or CACFP sandards. Faciliies also mus comply

wih sae ood handling pracices. Prior o he recen reauhorizaion o he Child

Care and Developmen Block Gran, or CCDBG, he ederal governmen did

no dicae he requency o monioring visis and allowed many providers o be

exemp. For some providers, hereore, CACFP was heir only regular healh and

saey inspecion. As saes begin o implemen he new CCDBG law, hey will

have o monior child care programs more regularly and cover more providers.

Te emphasis on rouine qualiy checks is exremely imporan, considering ha

covered children ea nearly wo-hirds o heir nuriional needs in he program

and ha 33 percen o children under age 5 are in non-parenal care.31


10/21


The District of Columbia has emerged as a leader in smart utilization of CACFP

through the Healthy Tots Act of 2014, passed in October 2014.32 Through this legisla-

tion, child care providers are automatically enrolled in CACFP.33 Participation is man-

datory for family child care homes and facilities that serve 50 percent or more low-

income children, unless they are granted an exemption. D.C. provides administrative

funding and technical support so that all eligible centers and homes can participate

in CACFP.34 There is additional municipal funding of 25 cents per day, per child to

help centers implement higher nutritional standards by serving local produce.35

While the federal CACFP only provides funding for two meals per day, additional lo-

cal funding enables child care providers to serve a third meal.36 Finally, the municipal

government also has earmarked competitive grant money for CACFP providers that

implement physical activity, nutrition education, and gardens or Farm-to-Preschool

programs, which connect preschool programs to healthy, locally produced food.37

Local leadership in CACFP


11/21


Recommendations for

reauthorizing CACFP

Te Healhy Hunger-Free Kids Ac o 2010he produc o he las child nuri-

ion bill reauhorizaion processmade some improvemens o he adminisra-

ion o CACFP. By allowing amily child care homes o deermine ier I area

eligibiliy based on middle and high school ree and reduced-price paricipaion

levels, i allowed providers o expand access.38 Te final bill also reduced barri-

ers o paricipaion, simpliying paperwork or parens, child care ceners, and

sponsor organizaions.39 As saes and localiies have aken seps o ensure ha he

changes ha CACFP advocaes hoped or during he las reauhorizaion are sillrealized, hey are showing ha improving and expanding he program is possible.

Tis secion illusraes some specific ways in which he new child nuriion bill can

expand and srenghen he Child and Adul Care Food Program.

Increase reimbursement rates

TABLE 1

CACFP reimbursement rates

Per-meal rates in the 48 contiguous states, 2014–2015

Child care centers Free Reduced Paid

Breakfast $1.62 $1.32 $0.28

Lunch and dinner $2.98 $2.58 $0.28

Snack $0.82 $0.41 $0.07

Family child care homes Tier I Tier II

Breakfast $1.31 $0.48

Lunch and dinner $2.47 $1.49

Snack $0.73 $0.20

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Child and Adult Care Food Program: National Average Payment Rates, Day Care Home; Food ServicePayment Rates, and Administrative Reimbursement Rates for Sponsoring Organizations of Day Care Homes for the Period July 1, 2014

Through June 30, 2015,” Federal Register 79 (136) (2014): 41531–41532, available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2014-07-16/pdf/2014-16718.pdf.


12/21


Te Insiue o Medicine, or IOM, recenly proposed changes o he meal pa-

ern in an effor o “increase he availabiliy o key ood groups in program meals,

reduce he amoun o solid as and sugars offered, and give providers addiional

flexibiliy o offer meals ha mee paricipans’ nuriional requiremens as well as

heir dieary preerences.”40 Providers ofen repor ha he curren ederal reim-

bursemens do no cover he ull coss o ood and labor, paricularly or hoseserving healhier, resher ood.41 An increase in CACFP reimbursemens would

beter und recommended nuriional improvemens o CACFP, especially in

ligh o increases in ood prices. IOM esimaed ha implemenaion o all o is

science-based recommendaions or breakas, lunch, and a snack would increase

daily ood coss by $0.56, or 44 percen, or 2- o 4-year-olds.42 Per IOM recom-

mendaions, i he paricipaion raes were o remain he same and reimburse-

mens were o increase by $0.26 or breakas, $0.24 or lunch, and $0.06 or

snacks in order o improve he ood’s nuriional qualiy, he added invesmen

or all meals served in child care homes and child care ceners43 would represen a

nearly $37 million invesmen in a program wih a curren cos o approximaely$3 billion.44 Increased invesmen may have he secondary benefi o atracing

higher paricipaion in CACFP among child care providers, hereore increasing

access o healhy oods or more young children in heir care.

Reduce the CACFP area eligibility test

Currenly, paricipaion in a number o child nuriion programs is mos easily

deermined by area eligibiliy, including he Summer Food Service Program, or

SFSP, and CACFP. Tis guideline adds anoher barrier o enry or many pro-

grams, paricularly hose in rural and suburban areas where povery is increasing

and significan bu less concenraed han in urban areas.45 In rural areas, where

children are mos likely o be in deep povery,46 he imporance o cos-saving

measures such as CACFP canno be oversaed. o accoun or his, he area

eligibiliy hreshold should be lowered o 40 percen o he FPL. Tis recom-

mendaion is no novel; prior o sweeping reorms o he public saey ne in he

mid-1990s, area eligibiliy was once as low as 33 percen o he FPL.47 Tis change

could resul in millions more children gaining easier access o early childhood

opporuniies suppored by ederal nuriion programs.


13/21


Allow three meals a day in CACFP

Te years afer he recession saw a growh in he low-wage service economy. In

hese secors, low-income women wih young children are disproporionaely

represened.48 In addiion o paying palry wages, hese posiions ofen schedule

workers on shor-noice a unpredicable hours o reconcile wage expendiuresand consumer aciviy.49 Tese declines in radiional work schedules paired

wih he decline in dual income households mean ha children are in child care

setings or longer porions o he day, including nighs and weekends. Eleven

million children under age 5 are spending an average o 35 hours per week in he

care o someone oher han a paren.50 Tree million o hese children depend

on muliple child care arrangemens due o he nonradiional or exended work

hours o heir parens.51 Tere is a growing need or 24-hour child care, and here-

ore, a growing need or meals. Prior o he Personal Responsibiliy and Work

Opporuniy Reconciliaion Ac o 1996, CACFP allowed an addiional reim-

bursemen or dinner, bu i currenly reimburses only wo meals and a snackorone meal and wo snacksper day.52 Only emergency shelers may claim reim-

bursemens or hree meals. Te number o reimbursable meals should increase

o hree meals and wo snacks or cener- and home-based providers ha have

children in heir care or more han eigh hours per day.

Reduce CACFP paperwork

o deal wih he volume o paperwork associaed wih CACFP, he Paperwork

Reducion askorce was iniiaed in he 2004 child nuriion reauhorizaion

process.53 Among oher suggesions, he askorce suggesed ha he process o

deermining eligibiliy be sreamlined.54 When he wo-iered reimbursemen

sysem was inroduced in 1996 as a par o he Personal Responsibiliy and Work

Opporuniy Ac, many sponsors repored an unsusainable growh in adminisra-

ive burden because deermining area eligibiliy became a more complex process.55

Immediaely hereafer, CACFP paricipaion in amily child care homes dropped

27 percen. Tireen saes exhibied drops o 42 percen or more.56 Te curren

CNR process should make srides o reduce he burden on programs ha wan

o paricipae in his valuable program. Ta begins wih eliminaing he wo-ierreimbursemen sysem, which would enable all paricipaing programs o receive

ree meals and snacks.


14/21


CACFP would also benefi rom expansions o direc cerificaion measures.

Direc cerificaion is a simplified way o deermining program eligibiliy by

ensuring ha children in amilies who paricipae in means-esed programs

including Women, Inans, and Children, or WIC; he Supplemenal Nuriion

Assisance Program, or SNAP, ormerly known as ood samps; he Low Income

Home Energy Assisance Program, or LIHEAP; and Medicaidare noified ohe opporuniy o receive ree meals in programs CACFP serves. Te piecemeal

srucure o social services ofen pushes he burden o racking down programs or

which hey are eligible ono low-income amilies hemselves. Consequenly, chil-

dren and amilies all hrough he cracks. Tese cross cerificaions would do away

wih unnecessary applicaions, make beter use o echnology, and urher reduce

burdens on insiuions and parens. While his approach would increase direc

service coss, he program likely would see considerable adminisraive savings.

Bolster the use of CACFP in ensuring safe child care settings

CACFP has he poenial o play an imporan role in ensuring ha child care

setings provide a sae and healhy environmen or children. As menioned above,

Congress recenly made long overdue updaes o healh and saey sandards in

he child care subsidy sysem by reauhorizing CCDBG.57 Wih respec o licens-

ing, his reauhorizaion requires boh licensed and license-exemp child care se-

ings o be inspeced a leas once per year.58 Prior o his requiremen, child care

setings in some saes could go many years wihou a single inspecion.59 While an

annual inspecion is undoubedly an improvemen, CACFP program represena-

ives sill have he closes conac wih hese early learning environmens in many

cases. As saes ramp up heir monioring requency, hey should consider possible

efficiencies wihin he CACFP program. For example, CACFP represenaives

who are already visiing programs may be able o adminiser a healh and saey

check and disseminae imporan inormaion o providers.

Te las child nuriion reauhorizaion direced he secreary o agriculure o

work wih he secreary o healh and human services o encourage sae licens-

ing agencies o implemen wellness sandards a child care ceners and homes

o ensure ha children have healhy ood, physical aciviy, and limied screenime.60 Drawing on he language o CCDBG, his upcoming bill should urher

enhance he role o CACFP adminisraors o improve he qualiy o early learning

environmens. Tis process presens he opporuniy o be proacive in creaing

high-qualiy learning requiremens by disseminaing he laes inormaion and

resources and promoing bes pracices, such as hose relaed o sae sleep.


15/21


Create a small pilot grant program

Policymakers who wan o enhance access o early learning programs or young

children ofen ace budge consrains. CACFP could play a role in providing

unds or some o he upron inrasrucure coss relaed o ood service, such as

ood preparaion and sorage equipmen and saff ime and raining or sae oodhandling. Making $5 million o CACFP innovaion grans available o saes,

ribes, counies, and ciies each year would caalyze nonederal governmen eni-

ies o uilize he program in creaive ways. Tis would spur expansion o early

learning programs in coordinaion wih he Deparmens o Educaion and Healh

and Human Services, and hese limied unds would help governmen eniies be-

er mach CACFP unds wih educaional unds o creae seamless nuriional and

educaional services or young people.


16/21


Conclusion

o be well read, children mus firs be well ed. Te Unied Saes suffers rom high

raes o childhood ood insecuriy and lags behind in educaional perormance,

wo highly inerconneced problems. Te presiden and Congress should work

ogeher o ensure ha he new child nuriion reauhorizaion process maximizes

he poenial o CACFP. Modes improvemens o CACFP have he power o cre-

ae social progress on a number o key rons, including reducing childhood ood

insecuriy, boosing children’s healh, and enabling parens o work and suppor

heir amilies.


17/21


About the authors

Christine Binder is he Direcor o Child Nuriion Policy and Programs

a he

New York Ciy Coaliion Agains Hunger, which works in New York Ciy and

naionwide o run programs and enac he public policies necessary o end U.S.

hunger. She coordinaes NYCCAH’s Child Nuriion Program, uilizing advo-cacy, oureach, communicaions, and voluneerism o increase access o ederal

child nuriion assisance programs, including school meals, he Summer Food

Service Program, and Women, Inans, and Children, boh locally and naionally.

Chrisine graduaed rom Oberlin College, where she sudied American hisory

and chemisry, and she received her maser o public healh nuriion rom NYU.

Prior o joining NYCCAH, Chrisine worked o improve and increase access o

child nuriion programs a WhyHunger and Slow Food USA.

Joel Berg is a Senior Fellow a he Cener or American Progress. Since 2001,

he has served as he execuive direcor o he New York Ciy Coaliion AgainsHunger, which works in New York Ciy and naionwide o run programs and

enac he public policies necessary o end U.S. hunger. Prior o his work wih

he coaliion, Berg served or eigh years in he Clinon adminisraion in senior

execuive service posiions a USDA. He is a naionally recognized leader in he

fields o hunger and ood securiy, naional and communiy service, and echni-

cal assisance provision o aih-based and communiy organizaions. He is also

auhor o he book, All You Can Eat: How Hungry is America? Earlier in his career,

he worked as USDA coordinaor o communiy ood securiy, as a policy analys

or he Progressive Policy Insiue, and a domesic policy saff member or hen

Presiden-elec Bill Clinon’s ransiion eam. He holds a bachelor’s degree rom

Columbia Universiy and is he pas winner o he U.S. Secreary o Agriculure’s

Honor Award or Superior Service and he Congressional Hunger Cener’s

Mickey Leland Naional Hunger Figher Award.

Maryam Adamu is a Research Assisan or he Early Childhood Policy eam a

American Progress. Previously, she was an Emerson Naional Hunger Fellow

wih he Povery o Prosperiy Program and Progress 2050 eam, where her work

ocused on economic and racial jusice in ligh o he 50h anniversary o he

Civil Righs Ac. Prior o joining American Progress, Maryam worked o expandhe ederal Summer Food Service Program in he Pitsburgh, Pennsylvania, area

and co-direced he Global Engagemen Summi, a suden-organized conerence

aimed a building he capaciy o he nex generaion o social change leaders. She

holds a degree in poliical science rom Norhwesern Universiy.


18/21


Katie Hamm is he Direcor o Early Childhood Policy a American Progress. Prior

o joining American Progress, Kaie worked as a program examiner a he U.S.

Office o Managemen and Budge, or OMB, on ederal child care and early educa-

ion programs, including he Race o he op Early Learning Challenge, he Child

Care and Developmen Fund, and he Head Sar program. Her work ocused on

developing budge proposals o srenghen he qualiy and access o early child-hood programs. She also worked on inernaional issues in early childhood while

on deail o he Organisaion or Economic Co-operaion and Developmen, or

OECD. Earlier in her career, Kaie worked a he Cener or Law and Social Policy,

or CLASP, and he Insiue or Women’s Policy Research, or IWPR, on child care

and early educaion issues.

She holds a bachelor’s degree rom he Universiy o Virginia and a maser’s degree

in public adminisraion rom he Maxwell School o Ciizenship and Public

Affairs a Syracuse Universiy.

Acknowledgments

Te auhors would like o hank Sacy Dean and Zoe Neuberger a he Cener

on Budge and Policy Prioriies or heir helpul commens on previous drafs o

his repor.


19/21


Endnotes

1 Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Kids Count Data Center:Children under age 6 with all available parents in thelabor force,” available at http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-force#detailed/1/any/false/868,867,133,38,35/any/11472,11473 (lastaccessed March 2015).

2 Child Care Aware of America, “Parents and the HighCost of Child Care” (2014), available at https://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdf

3 Jennifer Erickson, ed., “The Middle-Class Squeeze”(Washington: Center for American Progress, 2013),available at https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdf.

4 Food and Nutrition Service, Food and Nutrition Service:Program Facts (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014),available at http://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheet. The program also subsidizesdaily meals for approximately 120,000 physically andmentally impaired adults older than 50. For more, seeAsha Brundage-Moore, “Child and Adult Care Food Pro-gram Reaches Far and Wide,” March 16, 2015, availableat http://blogs.usda.gov/2015/03/16/child-and-adult-care-food-program-reaches-far-and-wide/.

5 National Conference of State Legislatures, “Child andAdult Care Food Program (CACFP)” (2015), available athttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Re-port.pdf ; Rachel Cooper and Geri Henchy, “Child &Adult Care Food Program: Participation Trends 2012”(Washington: Food Research and Action Center, 2012),available at http://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_re-port_2012.pdf .

6 L. D. Ritchie and others, “Participation in the Childand Adult Care Food Program is associated with morenutritious foods and beverages in child care,” ChildhoodObesity 8 (3): 224–229; Food Research and Action Cen-ter, “Proposed Child Care and Development Fund Rule:Recommendations for Fully Utilizing Child and Adult

Care Food Program” (2013), available at http://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recom-mendations.pdf .

7 Food and Nutrition Service, Food and Nutrition Service:Program Facts.

8 Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Statistics fromthe Current Population Survey,” available at http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 (last accessed June2015).

9 Federal Research Bank of St. Louis, “Graph: All Em-ployees: Total Nonfarm,” available at http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5 (last accessed June2015).

10 Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Christian Gregory, and AnitaSingh, “Household Food Security in the United States in

2013” (Washington: Economic Research Service, 2014),available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspx.

11 Joel Berg, “Feeding Opportunity: Ending Child HungerFurthers the Goal of Cutting U.S. Poverty in Half overthe Next Decade” (Washington: Center for AmericanProgress, 2010), available at http://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdf .

12 Coleman-Jensen, Gregory, and Singh, “Household FoodSecurity in the United States in 2013.”

13 Sophia Addy, William Engelhardt, and Curtis Skinner,“Basic Facts about Low-Income Children Under 3Years: 2011” (New York: National Center for Childrenin Poverty, 2013), available at http://www.nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_1074.pdf

14 Children’s HealthWatch, “Too Hungry to Learn: FoodInsecurity and School Readiness,” available at http://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdf (last accessed June 2015).

15 Anne Fernald, Virginia A. Marchman, and AdrianaWeisleder, “SES differences in language processing skilland vocabulary are evident at 18 months,”Developmen-tal Science 16 (2) (2013): 234–248.

16 Children’s HealthWatch, “Too Hungry to Learn: FoodInsecurity and School Readiness.”

17 Margot I. Jackson, “Early childhood WIC participation,cognitive development and academic achievement,”Social Science & Medicine 126 (2015): 145–153, availableat http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953614008168.

18 Arloc Sherman, Sharon Parrott, and Danilo Trisi,“Chart Book: The War on Poverty at 50, Section 3”(Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities,2014), available at http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073.

19 W. Steven Barnett and Ellen Frede, “The Promise of Pre-school: Why We Need Early Education for All,” AmericanEducator, Spring 2010, available at http://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdf.

20 Ibid.

21 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Child and Adult CareFood - Participation, Meals and Costs,” May 8, 2015,available at http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdf .

22 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Early Childhood andChild Care Study: Summary of Findings (1997), availableat http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLD-CARE.PDF.

23 Erickson. ed., “The Middle-Class Squeeze.”

24 Annie Gayman and others, “Child Care Feeding Pro-grams Support Young Children’s Healthy Development”(Boston: Children’s HealthWatch, 2010), available athttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/re-source/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdf.

25 Office of Management and Budget, “Child and AdultCare Food Program (CFDA 10.558); OMB Circular A-133Compliance Supplement; Part 4: Agency Program Re-quirements: Department of Housing and Urban Devel-opment” (2012), available at https://www.whitehouse.

gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdf .

26 Abt Associates Inc., “Reimbursement Tiering in theCACFP: Summary Report to Congress on the Fam-ily Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study”(2002), available at www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES_fanrr22.pdf.

http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdfhttp://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheethttp://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheethttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspxhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspxhttp://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdfhttp://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073http://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdfhttp://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLDCARE.PDFhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLDCARE.PDFhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/resource/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/resource/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdfhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/06/06toc.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/06/06toc.htmlhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/2012/compliance-supplement_june-2012.pdfhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/06/06toc.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a133_compliance/06/06toc.htmlhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/resource/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/upload/resource/cacfp_brief_jan10.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLDCARE.PDFhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CHLDCARE.PDFhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/ccsummar.pdfhttp://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdfhttp://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/periodicals/BarnettFrede.pdfhttp://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=4073http://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/toohungrytolearn_report.pdfhttp://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdfhttp://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/feeding_opportunity.pdfhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspxhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspxhttp://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?g=PW5http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000http://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://frac.org/pdf/cacfp_childcare_dev_fund_rule_proposed_recommendations.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/resources/cacfp_participation_trends_report_2012.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheethttp://www.cde.state.co.us/nutrition/usdafnsprogramfactsheethttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdfhttps://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MiddeClassSqueeze.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttps://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/2014_Parents_and_the_High_Cost_of_Child_Care.pdfhttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-forcehttp://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5057-children-under-age-6-with-all-available-parents-in-the-labor-force


20/21


27 Ibid.

28 Ibid.

29 Mary Kay Crepinsek, Linda Ghelfi, and William L.Hamilton, “Households with Children in CACFP ChildCare Homes—Effects of Meal Reimbursement Tiering”(Washington: Economic Research Service, 2002),available at http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES_efan02005.pdf .

30 Food and Nutrition Service, Independent Child Care

Centers: A Child and Adult Care Food Program Handbook (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2014), available athttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/cacfp/Inde-pendent%20Child%20Care%20Centers%20Handbook.pdf.

31 Lynda Laughlin, “Who’s Minding the Kids? ChildCare Arrangements: Spring 2011” ( Washington: U.S.Department of Commerce, 2013), available http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publica-tions/2013/demo/p70-135.pdf.

32 Healthy Tots Act of June 2014, available at http://dc-clims1.dccouncil.us/images/00001/20130712104049.pdf.

33 Ibid.

34 Ibid.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid.

37 Ibid.

38 Food Research and Action Center, “The Healthy,Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010: Child and Adult CareFood Program Summary” (2010), available at http://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdf .

39 Ibid.

40 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Child and Adult CareFood Program: Meal Pattern Revisions Related to theHealthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010,” Federal Register 80 (10) (2015), available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-01-15/pdf/2015-00446.pdf.

41 Oregon Child Development Coalition, “A StatewideAnalysis of the Child and Adult Care Food Program andFamily Child Care Providers in Oregon” (2014), availableat http://www.ocdc.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/CACFPReport.pdf.

42 National Research Council, “Child and Adult Care FoodProgram: Aligning Dietary Guidance for All” (Washing-ton: The National Academies Press, 2011), available athttp://www.nap.edu/catalog/12959/child-and-adult-care-food-program-aligning-dietary-guidance-for.

43 Increased reimbursements would also go to a smallnumber of adults. For more, see U.S. Department ofAgriculture, “Child and Adult Care Food - Participation,Meals and Costs.”

44 Based on authors’ calculations of National Research

Council, “Child and Adult Care Food Program: AligningDietary Guidance for All” and Food and NutritionService, Food and Nutrition Service: Program Facts.

45 Elizabeth Kneebone, “The Growth and Spread of Con-centrated Poverty, 2000 to 2008-2012” (Washington:Brookings Institution, 2014), available at http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/2014/concentrat-ed-poverty#/M10420.

46 Linda K. Smith, “Child Care in Rural Areas: Top Chal-lenges,” July 9, 2010, available at http://www.naccrra.org/sites/default/files/default_site_pages/2012/ru-ral_top_concerns_070910.pdf.

47 Food Research and Action Center, “Lowering AreaEligibility from 50 Percent to 40 Percent,” available athttp://frac.org/leg-act-center/cnr-priorities/lowering-area-eligibility-from-50-percent-to-40-percent/ (lastaccessed June 2015).

48 Deborah Povich, Brandon Roberts, and Mark Mather,

“Low-income Working Mothers and State Policy: Invest-ing for a Better Economic Future” (The Working PoorFamilies Project, 2014), available at http://www.work-ingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdf.

49 Center for Law and Social Policy, Retail Action Project,and Women Employed, “Tackling Unstable and Unpre-dictable Work Schedules” (2014), available at http://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publica-tion-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdf.

50 Lynda Laughlin, “Who’s Minding the Kids? Child CareArrangements” (Washington: U.S. Department ofCommerce, 2013), available at http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p70-135.pdf.

51 Ibid.

52 National Conference of State Legislatures, “Child andAdult Care Food Program (CACFP),” April 14, 2015,available at http://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdf.

53 Food and Nutrition Service, Child and Adult Care FoodProgram: Paperwork Reduction Work Group Final Report (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007), available athttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CACFPPa-perworkReductionReport.pdf .

54 Ibid.

55 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Family Child CareHomes and the CACFP,” available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1787172/fanrr3a.pdf (last accessedJune 2015)

56 Iris Pettigrew, JoAnn Kuchak, and Linda Ghelfi,“Administrative Costs in th e Child and Adult Care FoodProgram: Results of an Exploratory Study of the Reim-bursement System for Sponsors of Family Child CareHomes” (Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture,2006), available at http://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/13600/pdf.

57 Maryam Adamu, “New Child Care Regulations Area Step in the Right Direction,” Center for AmericanProgress, September 17, 2014, available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/.

58 Ibid.

59 Ibid.

60 Food Research and Action Center, “The Healthy,Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010: Child and Adult CareFood Program Summary” (2010), available at http://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdf .

http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES_efan02005.pdfhttp://www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES_efan02005.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2013/demo/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2013/demo/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2013/demo/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdfhttp://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-01-15/pdf/2015-00446.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-01-15/pdf/2015-00446.pdfhttp://www.nap.edu/catalog/12959/child-and-adult-care-food-program-aligning-dietary-guidance-forhttp://www.nap.edu/catalog/12959/child-and-adult-care-food-program-aligning-dietary-guidance-forhttp://frac.org/leg-act-center/cnr-priorities/lowering-area-eligibility-from-50-percent-to-40-percent/http://frac.org/leg-act-center/cnr-priorities/lowering-area-eligibility-from-50-percent-to-40-percent/http://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdfhttp://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdfhttp://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdfhttp://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdfhttp://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publication-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdfhttp://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publication-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdfhttp://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publication-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdfhttp://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publication-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CACFPPaperworkReductionReport.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CACFPPaperworkReductionReport.pdfhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1787172/fanrr3a.pdfhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1787172/fanrr3a.pdfhttp://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/13600/pdfhttp://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/13600/pdfhttps://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/http://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdfhttp://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdfhttp://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdfhttp://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdfhttps://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2014/09/17/97175/new-child-care-regulations-are-a-step-in-the-right-direction/http://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/13600/pdfhttp://www.researchconnections.org/childcare/resources/13600/pdfhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1787172/fanrr3a.pdfhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1787172/fanrr3a.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CACFPPaperworkReductionReport.pdfhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CACFPPaperworkReductionReport.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.ncsl.org/documents/statefed/CACFP_Report.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publication-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdfhttp://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publication-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdfhttp://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publication-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdfhttp://www.clasp.org/resources-and-publications/publication-1/Tackling-Unstable-and-Unpredictable-Work-Schedules-3-7-2014-FINAL-1.pdfhttp://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdfhttp://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdfhttp://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdfhttp://www.workingpoorfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WPFP_Low-Income-Working-Mothers-Report_021214.pdfhttp://frac.org/leg-act-center/cnr-priorities/lowering-area-eligibility-from-50-percent-to-40-percent/http://frac.org/leg-act-center/cnr-priorities/lowering-area-eligibility-from-50-percent-to-40-percent/http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12959/child-and-adult-care-food-program-aligning-dietary-guidance-forhttp://www.nap.edu/catalog/12959/child-and-adult-care-food-program-aligning-dietary-guidance-forhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-01-15/pdf/2015-00446.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-01-15/pdf/2015-00446.pdfhttp://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdfhttp://www.frac.org/pdf/summary_cacfp_cnr2010.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2013/demo/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2013/demo/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2013/demo/p70-135.pdfhttp://www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES_efan02005.pdfhttp://www.abtassociates.com/reports/ES_efan02005.pdf


21/21

Our Mission

The Center for American

Progress is an independent,

nonpartisan policy institute

that is dedicated to improving

the lives of all Americans,

through bold, progressive

ideas, as well as strongleadership and concerted

action. Our aim is not just to

change the conversation, but

to change the country.

Our Values

As progressives, we believe

America should be a land of

boundless opportunity, where

people can climb the ladder

of economic mobility. We

believe we owe it to future

generations to protect theplanet and promote peace

and shared global prosperity.

And we believe an effective

government can earn the

trust of the American people,

champion the common

good over narrow self-interest,

and harness the strength ofour diversity.

Our Approach

We develop new policy ideas

challenge the media to cover

the issues that truly matter,

and shape the national debat

With policy teams in major

issue areas, American Progres

can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional

boundaries to develop ideas

for policymakers that lead to

real change. By employing an

extensive communications

and outreach effort that we

adapt to a rapidly changing

media landscape, we move

our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate.

Documents

How the Child and Adult Care Food Program Improves Early Childhood Education