HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Life Stages— * Infancy---birth to 1 year

* Early Childhood—1 to 6 years * Late Childhood –6 to 12 years * Adolescence—12 to 20 years * Early Adulthood—20 to 40 years * Middle Adulthood—40 to 65 years * Late Adulthood—65 years & up

Four main types of growth and development

• Physical—body growth, height/weight change, muscle/nerve dev., changes in body organs

• Mental—dev of mind, includes learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations

• Emotional—refers to feelings—includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement

• Social—refers to interactions and relationships with others

Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

Infancy

• 6 to 8 pounds-----21 to 24 pounds• 18 to 22 inches---29 to 30 inches• Reflex actions—startle-- Moro, rooting, suckling,

grasp• 4 to 5 months roll side to back• 6 to 7 months sit up• 12 months walk without assistance• 12 months--10 to 12 teeth

• Respond to discomforts—pain, cold, hungry

• 6 months understand some words

• 12 months use single words

• Newborns show excitement

• 4 to 6 months—show distress, delight, disgust, anger and fear.

**Events that occur in the first year of life, when these emotions are first exhibited, can have a strong influence on an individual’s emotional behavior during childhood**

• Newborns are self-centered

• 4 months recognize caregivers

• 6 months watch others, become shy, show possessiveness

• 12 months socialize freely with familiar people

Early Childhood

• Age 1 to 6• Legs and lower body grow more rapidly

than do the head, arms and chest• Muscle coordination allows them to run and

climb and move freely• Age 2 to 3 digestive system can handle

adult food• Age 2 to 4 years potty training

• Age 1—a few words; age 6--2,500 words

• 4 years—frequent questions

• Decisions based on logic,

not trial and error

• Important to establish limits for safety

• Impatience/frustration with abilities

• Temper tantrums

• Like routine

• Beginning to gain control over emotions

• 6 years—more social

Late Childhood

Ages 6 to 12 Preadolescence

• Physical development is slow but steady

• Most primary teeth are lost and permanent ones come in

• Sexual maturation may begin around age 10 to 12

• Mental development increases rapidly due to influence of school.

• Begin to understand abstract concepts such as loyalty, honesty, values

• More adept at making judgments

• Move from fear of the uncertainty of new experiences to the ability to cope

• Sexual maturation may lead to mood swings

• May become restless, anxious, and difficult to understand

• Move from desire to do things on their own to the desire to be in groups

• Peer pressure is evident

• Less dependency on parents

Adolescence

• Age 12 to 20

• Most traumatic life stage

• Height and weight change

• Muscle coordination lags; may be clumsy

• Puberty sets in with secondary sex characteristics appearing

• Increase in knowledge and ability to make decisions and take responsibility for one’s own actions

• Time of conflict—not a child; not an adult

Concerned with appearance, feel insecure, inadequateWork toward gaining control over feelings and becoming more mature emotionally.

Problems arising from social pressures

Chemical abuse

Early adulthood

Middle adulthood

• Age 40 to 65

Late Adulthood

• 65 and up

Death and Dying

Denial

Anger

Bargaining

Depression

Acceptance