Idoc.vn Duoc Lieu Chua Carbohydrat

8/12/2019 Idoc.vn Duoc Lieu Chua Carbohydrat

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MC TIEU

1. Biet c cau truc cua tinh bot cellulose gom chatpectin.

2. nh tnh nh lng va cach anh gia cac dc liecha cac hoat chat tren.

3. Hoc va tham khao mot so cay thuoc ien hnh.

4. ng dung nhom hoat chat tren trong cuoc song va nDc.


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KHI NIM V CARBOHYDRAT

CARBOHYDRAT (Hydrate of carbon = saccharid =sugar : ng)

-Thnh ph n quan tr ng trong th c vt -Trong ng v t tn t i d i dng ng huy t, glycogen - Tn carbohydrat v ph n l n ng c th vit d i dng Cn (H 2 O) n -Mt s ng khng th vit d i cng th c tng qut trn V d : methylpentose CH3-(CHOH)4-CHO

- Vi ch t khng ph i ng l i vit c d ng cng th c tng qut .V d acid lactic CH3-CHOH-COOH - i tn carbohydrat thnh Glucid


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CU T O - NH NGHA

CU TO-V mt cu trc monosaccharid l nh ng:

polyhydroxyaldehyd ( aldose ) hoc polyhydroxyceton ( cetose ).

- Tn ti d i dng m ch h hoc mch vng (bn acetal).

- Sn phm ngng t l oligosaccharid v polysaccharid.

-Dn cht ca chng l cc glycosid.

NH NGH A

Carbohydrate hay glucid l nh ng h p ch t h u c g m nh ng monosaccharid, nh ng d n ch t ho c nh ng s n ph m ng ng t ca chng


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Carbohydrate hay glucid chia thnh 4 lo i :

- Monosaccharid : l nh ng ng n khng th chocacbohydrate n gin h n khi th y phn. Cc ng n tn titrong t nhin t 4 n 9 carbon.

- Oligosaccharid : khi th

y phn cho t

2

n 8

ng

n.- Polysaccharid : c phn t r t l n gm nhi u monosaccharid n i

v i nhau.

- Glycosid : l nh ng h p ch t hu c to thnh do s ngng tgia ng (saccharid) v i mt phn t hu c khc (aglycon =genin )


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MONOSACCHARID

CU HNH LP TH

o

OH

OH

HO OHHO

V cc carbon trong vng thu c loi sp3 nn nh ng phn t sau khng n mtrong m t ph ng m c bi n i: d ng gh , dng thuy n, d ng n a gh ...

O

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

1C44C1

Cu hnh lp th ca -D-Glucopyranose


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MONOSACCHARID

Cu trc vng c a monosaccharid - Ty thuc vo c u to ca cu ni (14 hay 15), vng c th dng 5

cnh hay 6 c nh (furanose hay pyranose). - Vic ng vng a n 2 ng phn bn acetal, v gi l ng

phn anomer. - Cu hnh l khi nhm OH bn acetal (C1) c cng h ng vi nhm

CH2OH th cp c xc nh trong chu i. Tr ng hp tri li s lcu hnh

-D- -D-


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OLIGOSACCHARID Disaccharid Sucrose: : (= saccharose) 1 disaccharid quan tr ng trong k ngh ( -D-

glucopyranosyl-(1 2)- -D-fructofuranosid), khng c tnh kh

oCH2OH

HOOH

O

o

CH2OH

H

H

C

OH

O

oHOH2

oHO

HO

HO

OH

oo

OH

OH

HO

HO


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POLYSACCHARID

(Tinh bt, gm, cht nhy, pectin, cellulose..)

TINH B T

Tinh bt l sn phm t quang tng h p ca cy xanh d tr trong ht,c, qu, lCU TRC TINH BT

- Amylose :- hng ngn -D-glucose ngng t theo dy ni 1 4,- r t t phn nhnh- Amylopectin : -c phn t l ng r t l n. (5.000n 50.000 n v glucose

-Phn nhnh r t nhiu.- mch thng theo dy ni 1 4,-ch phn nhnh theo dy ni 1 6


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Thuy phan tinh bot bang acid

Cch tin hnh: Dch th

- Ly 10ml h tinh bt + 30ml H2O + 20ml HCl 2N.khuy u.

- Chia thnh 6 ng nghim (5ml dch th) Th nghim - Ngm vo ni cch thu si

- ly ng nghim ra sau 3,5,7,9,11 v 13 pht. - Lm lnh nhanh ngay sau khi ly ng nghim ra.

3. Kt qu - cho vo ng nghim lm lnh 3 ml dung dch Lugol -Quan st v so snh mu qua t ng giai on thu gii.


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POLYSACCHARID THU PHN TINH BT

CH3

CH 3

CH 2OCH 3

H

O

O

H

H

O

HOH

O

CH 3

1

23

4

5

6 6

5

4

3 2

1

CH 3

CH 3

6

5

4

3 2

1

CH 3

CH 3 CH 3

3

4

5

CH 3

CH 2OCH 3

H

O

H

H

O

HOH

3

4

55

4

3 2

1CH 3

CH 2OCH 3

H

O

H

H

O

HOH

O

H

O H

O

H

H

O

H

CH 2OCH 3

OCH3

CH2

1

23

4

5

CH 3

CH 3

1

23

4

5

6

CH 3

CH 3

1

23

4

5

66

5

4

3 2

1

CH 3

CH 2OCH 3

H

O

O

H

H

O

HOH

O

CH 3

CH3

CH3 O

CH2

2

1H

OCH 3 H

HOH

O

H

O H

O

H

H

O

H

CH 2OCH 3

O

H OCH 3

H

OCH 3

H

H

HOH

O

H

O H

H

H

OCH 3

H

CH2OCH 3

OCH 3 OCH 3

OCH 3

I II III IV

V VI VII VIII IX

6

5

4

3 2

1

CH 3

CH 2OCH 3

H

O

O

H

H

O

HO

H

OH

CH 3

CH3

H2O (H+

)

I, IV, V, IX 2,3,4,6- Tetramethylglucose

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CH 2OCH 3

H

OCH3

H

H

HOH

OHO

OCH 3

HII, III, VI 2,3,6 - Trimethylglucose

O OH

H

O H

H

H

OCH3

H

OCH 3

CH2OH

H

VII, VIII 2,3- Dimethylglucose

n v cuo i mach)(

(n v gia)

(iem phan nhanh)


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B. THY PHN B NG ENZYM1. Enzym amylase : gm c v -amylase-amylase ct ngu nhin vo dy ni (1 4).

ket qua:- i v i amylose :maltose (90%) + glucose

- i v i amylopectin :maltose (chyu) + dextrin phn t b + glucose

-amylase ctxenk vo dy ni (1 4).khi gap mach nhanh th ngng

ket qua:- i v i amylose :maltose (100%)- i v i amylopectin :maltose (50-60%) + dextrin phn t l n


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THUY PHAN TINH BOT BANG ENZY

2.CC ENZYM KHC - C trong nm mc (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus delemar) thy

phn tinh bt thnh glucose . c ng dng trong lm nc tngt u nnh v cm np

Ngoi ra cn c enzym phosphorylase c trong u, khoai tyenzym tch nhnh R-enzym, isoamylase c trong nm bia cng dung trong k ngh lm bia..


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CH BIN TINH B T

- Nguyn tc ch bientinh bt gm cc giai an:1) Nghin ht c bt2) Nho v i n c, lc qua ry, ly phn d i ry.

3) Cho ln men (loi protein, lipid)4) R a n c r i ph i kh

(loi ng t do, mui khong, vitamin)Ghi chu: Tinh bot khac vi bot ch can nghien d


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NH LNG TINH BOT

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP THU PHN

A- Thu phn tr c tip bng acid. B- Thu phn tr c tip bng enzym sau thu phn b ng acid C. Ph ng php c a Purse

NH LNG BNG PHNG PHP KHNG THU PHN

A- Ph ng php dng phn c c k. B Ph ng php t o phc vi iod


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Thy phn tr c tip bangacidNguyn tc :Tinh b t th y phn b ng acid cho ra glucose. nh l ng

glucose suy ra l ng tinh b t .C6H12O6(C6H10O5)n+nH 2O (1+n) (C 6H12O6)

Tin hnh

- R a k 2,5-3g nguyn li u bng n c ct ngui,- Thy phn vi gi bng 200ml H 2O v 20 ml HCL.

- Lm ngu i v trung tnh b ng NaOH.-Thm n c n mt th tch xc nh, ly mt phn chnh xc- nh l ng glucose t o thnh v suy ra tinh b t.

(khi l ng glucose thu c x 0.9 = kh i l ng tinh b t),Ph ng php ny ch ng dng cho nh ng nguyn li u ch yu l tinh b t v

cc pentosan, galactan C ng b thy phn gy sai s .


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PHNG PHAP KHONG THUY PHANPh ng php dng phn c c k

Ha tan tinh b t trong CaCl 2 c v nng .

o bng phn c c k

So v i chu n []D= 200

ph ng php to ph c v i iodHa tan tinh b t trong acid perchloric.

Thm dung d ch iodo mu b c sng thch h p


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CNG DNG CA TINH BT

1. LNG THC

La thanh phanchnh trong lng thc.Ngun xut khu quan trng oi vi nc ta.

2 . YTE- Lm t d c vin nn.

- Nguyn li u sn xut glucose, c n ,bt ngt ,bnhk o, r u bia

- Dextrin c ng c nhi u cng d ng trong k ngh.


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DC LIU CHA TINH BT CT CN

Radix Puerariae THNH PH N HA H C Tinh bt :10-15% isoflavonoid

o

O

R 1

R 4

R 3

R 2

R R2 R3 R4

Puerarin (1) OH -glu H OHDaidzin (2) O-glc H H OHDaidzein (3) OH H H OHFormonetin (4) OH H H OMe

PG-1 (5) OH -glc OH OHPG-2 (6) OH -glc6-xyl H OHPG-3 (7) OH -glc OMe OHPG-6 (8) OH -glc H O-glc

DC LIU CHA TINH BT CTCN Radix Puerariae THNHPH NH AH Cinhbt:10-15

CT CN


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CT CNRadix Puerariae

Tc dng v cng dng:1. Dng ch a st, lm ra mhi, s i khng mc c, phin to kht n c,

nh c u, kit l..2. Dng ch a ung r u qu nhiu b ng c, pht st, chn n, nn m a

ra cht chua, thhuyt, i tin ra mu...BI THUC :

Ch a cm nng, st nng, nh c u, kht n c,nne: Dng bt sndy 12g ho ng ung; Ch a mi chy mu sut ngy khng ng ng, tm thn phin mun:

Dng c sn dy t i, vt ly n c ct, ung mi ln mt chn con

D


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D Semen Coicis

D c li u l ht c a cy d cn g i l bo bo (Coix lachryma jobi L.), thu c h La (Poaceae). C IM THC VT V PHN B Cy tho sng hng n m, cao ch ng 1-1,5 m. Thn nh n bng

c vch dc. Thn c phn nhnh, cc m u pha d i c thmc r ph, cy mc thnh b i. L hnh mc di 10-40 cm r ng1,5-3 cm, gn d c ni r, gn gi a to. Hoa n tnh cng g cmc k l thnh bng, hoa c mc pha trn, hoa ci phad i. Hoa c c 3 nh . Qu c ma cng bao b c. Cy mchoang ni m mt, c tr ng nhiu ni nh Thanh Ha,Ngh An, Sng B v vng Ty Nguyn.

B PHN DNG V CH BIN Ht hnh tr ng di 5-8 m ng knh 2-5 mm, m t ngoi mutr ng c i khi cn st l i mng v cha loi ht, mt trongc rnh hnh mng. Th cht cng, khng mi, v ngt v hithm


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D


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D Semen Coicis

Cng dng Trong Y hc c truyn, d c dng lm thuc gip tiu ha, cha tiu chy do

chc nng tiu ha km, vim rut, l, lm thuc thng tiu trong tr ng h p ph,tiu tin t. Ngoi ra cn dng cha vim kh p, lm thuc bi d ng c th, b phi.

T km biu hin nh ph, thiu niu hoc a chy: Dng phi h p d nhn v itr ch tv bch trut.

- Th p nhit giai oan u do cc bnh vstmccyu t bnh l l do kh: Dng

phi h p d nhn v i hot thch, trc di p v thng tho d i dng tam nhnthang.

Tnh th p nhit hoc kh huyt biu hin nh p xe phivpxerut: Dng phih p d nhn v i ng qua nhn, v kinh v to nhn d i dng v kinh thang dng cho p xe phi c ho, m v m. Dng phi h p d nhn v i bi t ng thotr p xe rut

HOI SN


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HOI SNRhizoma Dioscoreae persimilis


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HOI S NRhi Di i ili


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Rhizoma Dioscoreae persimilis

B phn dng v ch bin C mi o v r a s ch t, gt v, ngm n c phn chua

2-4 gi , vt ra cho vo l s y dim sinh n k h ic mm mangra phi hay s y cho se, em gt v ln thnh tr trn. Tip tcsy dim sinh 1 ngy 1 m na r i em phi hay s y nhit 60 C cho ti khi m khng qu 10%. Sau khi ch bin,hoi s n c hnh tr trn di 8-20 cm, ng knh 1-3 cm. Mtngoi tr ng hay ng vng. V t b c nhi u bt, khng c x ,r n chc, khng mi v .

Thnh ph n h a h c Hin nay mi bit thnh ph n ch yu l tinh b t, cht nhy.

HOI S N


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Rhizoma Dioscoreae persimilis

Kim nghim

- Soi bt thy c nhiu ht tinh bt hnh tr ng hay hnh th n, - C t di,dc theo tr c d i ca ht tinh bt. - C ht khng nhn th y t. vn ng tm.

- Kch th c trung bnh 40 m. - Tinh th calci oxalat hnh kim, - mnh m m m gmcc t bo thnh m ng ch a tinh b t.

- Mnh mch mng

HOI SN


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HOI S N Rhizoma Dioscoreae persimilis

Cng dng Trong y hc c truyn, hoi s n c dng lm thuc b t, b thn, l

mn tnh, tiu ng, i m, di tinh, mhi trm, chng mt, hoa

mt, au l ng. 1.Tr ch ng tiu ch y ko di do T h , 2.Tr di tinh nhi u l n hoc ph n bch i nhi u: dng bi B nguyn

tinc tcdng ch thn c tinh, ch i.gm:S n d c, ng sm, Bch trut, Phc linh, Khim th c, To nhn,Kim anh mi th 12g, Vin ch, Ng v t mi th 6g, Cam tho 4g, scung.

3.Tr vim ph qun mn tnh 4.Tr ch ng ti u ng: S n d c tiu kht m: Hong k 16g, Hoi

s n 20g, Thin hoa phn, Tri mu mi th 12g, K ni kim 8g, Ng vt 6g, sc ung.

P l h id CELLULOSE


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Polysaccharid - CELLULOSE

Cellulose l thnh ph n chnh c a t bo th c vt. Trong gcha kho ng 5% cellulose; s i bng v i 97-98%; si lanh, s igai 81-90%;

-phn t gm cc n v glucose nh ng khc tinh b t chdy ni gia cc n v glucose l (1 4) -thy phn c cellotetraose, cellotriose, cellobiose v khi th y

phn hon ton th c glucose. -Cc phn t cellulose k t hp nhau t o thnh micel microfibril

, fibril to thnh t cc microfibril th c th quan st cbng knh hi n vi th ng

-Cellulose khng tan trong n c v dung mi h u c nhngtan c trong dung d ch Schweitzer l hydroxyd ng trongdung d ch ammoniac [Cu(CH3)4](OH)2, tan trong dung d chkm chlorid m c.


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Polysaccharid - CELLULOSE CNG DNG Dng lm t d c r,t d c dnh v t d c tr n. S i cellulose tng h p :(cellulose+CS2)---C.xanthat----- p ---H2SO 4

cellulose ---Alkyl ha ----methyl ---MC: dng lm t d cvchcchn dch,thuc m Cellulose triacetate c dng lm nh a do, film nh a, t nhn to. Cellulose nitrat: co c khi cho cellulose tac dung vi

hon dch acid nitric va acid sulfuric. Neu nong o acidloang th ta co dinitrat cellulose tc la colodion (haycolloxylin) tan c trong hon hp con ether. Neu dungacid nitric am ac va acid sulfuric 95% th ta co cellulosetrinitrat di ten la pyroxylin hay bong thuoc sung (gun-cotton) la nguyen lieu cua thuoc no.

DC LIU CHA CELLULOSE


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DC LIU CHA CELLULOSE BNG(Gossypyum) Cy bng thu c chi Gossypium , h Bng (Malvaceae). c im thc vt v phn b Bng thu c loi cy nh cao 1-3 m, cy m c hng n m hoc nhiu

nm. L mc so le c cu ng di, phi n l t h ng chia lm 5 thu , gnl hnh chn v t. Hoa mc nch l. i hoa dnh li n, c mt i congm cc l hnh tim c r ng. Trng ti n khai vn, c 5 cnh hoa cmu s c thay i (vng, hng, ta). Nh nhiu dnh nhau thnh ng.Qu nang hnh tr ng nh n v pha trn, c 3-5 , m i c 5-7 ht. Hthnh tr ng bao b c bi si bng mu tr ng, c ng c loi mu vng,vng cam.

B phn dng v cng d ng S i bng: l lp si bn ngoi c a v ht. Mi ht mang t 5.000 n

10.000 si, l nh ng lng nb o r t d i t 1-5 cm. Si di chc lsi tt



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Trong y hc bng c chia lm 2 lo i: bng x v bng ht n c. Bng x l bng t nhin c loi ht v nh t sch tp ch t

khng c n ch bin g thm. Lo i ny khng ht n c, dng lm mkhi bng b ho c nt cc bnh, ng nghi m cha mi tr ng nuicy vi khun, nm mc.

Bng ht n c l bng loi ht cht b o r i ty tr ng, ph i kh, bngny dng bng b cc v t th ng, dt gc. H t bng : ht c s dng p ly du, t l khong 15%, du thuc

loi na kh, thnh ph n c nh ng acyl glycerol c a cc acid bo ch a no(acid oleic 40-50%, linoleic 25-30%)

Trong kh d u cn c cc s c t ca flavonoid (glycosid c a quercetol vkaempferol) v c bit c mt sc t mu cam l gossypol (1%).

Gossypol c c tnh vi t bo, n k t hp vi nhm amin c a lysintrong c u trc protein. Th nghi m trn sc v t c cho th y gossypol lm

gim s l ng tinh trng, gi m l ng testosteron. Trn sc v t ci c ngc tc d ng ch ng th tinh. Cc nh nghin c u Lin x c nhn thygossypol c tc d ng c ch khi u.


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V r : c ch a gossypol (1-2%)cy cng gi th l nggossypol cng nhi u, vitamin E,cc catechin v m t cht gy comch v c tc d ng thc .Ng i ta cn dng v r lmthuc iu kinh d i dng

thuc s c. Hoa: l ngu n cha nhiu

flavonoid, c loi c hm l ngln n 4,5%

Gossypol

HO

HO

CHO

CH 3

CH 3

OH

CH 3

OH CHO

CH 3

CH 3 CH 3

OH

OH

GM-CHT NHY


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GM CHT NHY CU TO

Gm :do s bin i ca mng t bo: Bnh l (do su c ho c vt ch t)

Do th i tit khng thu n l i Th cht : d o sau r n li

Ch t nhy:l thnh ph n cu t o bnh th ng c a t bo. Chi t b ng n c sau ta li.Ch :- Ranh gi i phn bi t gi a gm v ch t nhy kh phn bi t v tnh ch t.-

Cn so snh v phn bi t v i Nh a (h p ch t ch a terpen)

GM-


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CHT NHY

CU TO

Gm v ch t nhy c chia lm 3 nhm: * NHM TRUNG TNH * NHM ACID M THNH PHN C ACID URONIC

* NHM ACID M THNH PHN C GC SULFAT.

GM CHT NHY PECTIN


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GM-CHT NHY-PECTIN

NHM TRUNG TNH: v mt cu to nhm ny l nh ng galactomannan ho c

glucomannan. Galactomannan = D-mannose + D-galactose. M ch chnh c a cc phn t th di v g m cc g c D-

mannopyranose ni vi nhau m ch nhnh th ng n v c c u t o b i ng D-

galactopyranose. (galactomannan hay g p mt s cy h u)

Glucomannan = D-mannose + D-glucose.

NHM TRUNG TNH


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Galactomannan

H

H

H

CH 2

H

OH

oo

H

OH

CH 2 OH

H

o

o

H

OH

o

H

H

H

OHoH

H

CH 2

H

H

oOH

H

OH

H

OH

o

H

H

H o

CH 2 OH

OHH

O

O H

CH 2 OH

H

OH

H

o

H

OHH

H H

CH 2 OH

H

OHo

OH

OH

H

H

H

O

NHM ACID M THNH PHN C ACID URONIC


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NHM ACID M THNH PHN C ACID URONIC

- Gm arabic: phn t l ng kho ng 250.000, phn nhnhnhiu v c u to bi cc n v D-galactopyranose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, acid D-glucuronic theo t l 3:3:1:1,trong mch chnh g m nhng n v D-galactopyranose n ivi nhau theo dy n i -(1 3).

- Gm tit ra thn cy m (Prunus armeniaca L.): thnh ph ngm c D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose theo t l 1:8:8,ngoi ra cn c m t l ng nh D-mannose v acid D-glucuronic.

- Gm tit ra thn cy c a mt s loi thuc chi Citrus cthnh ph n l L-arabinose, D-galactose, acid D-glucuronic. T l gia cc n v ng ny thay i tu theo loi, v d gmca cy chanh c t l 2:5:2.


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Nhm acid m thnh ph n c g c sulfat


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Nhm acid m thnh ph n c g c sulfat-

THCH (AGAR- AGAR) Thch l s n ph m ch t mt s loi to bin. Cu to bi 2

loi polysaccarid khc nhau: agarose v agaropectin. Agarose = -D-galactopyranose theo dy n i (13) +3, 6-anhydro -L-galactopyranose theo dy n i (14) ( ng iny c tn l agarobiose)

. Agarose chi m kho ng 55-66% v c th tch b ng cch k tta vi polyethylen glycol.

Agaropectin: th chi m kho ng 40% c a ton b polysaccharid, c c u trc ph c tp. Thnh ph n c acidglucuronic, D-galactose; 3,4-anhydro L-galactose. M t phnca cc n v ng c ester ha v i acid sulfuric.

Gm v ch t nhy


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Gm v ch t nhy

Tnh ch t: - Tan trong n c to thnh dung d ch keo c nht cao( nht ca dung d ch thu c nhm trung tnh th thay i t theopH cn nhm acid th thay i theo pH. )

- tan trong c n thay i ty theo cn v ty theo lo i gmhay ch t nhy, c n cao th khng tan .

- Khng tan trong cc dung mi h u c nh ether, benzencloroform.

- Gm v ch t nhy b ta bi ch acetat trung tnh ho c chacetat ki m v khc pectin ch khng b tc ng b i enzympectinesterase.

- Gm v ch t nhy c tnh quang ho t. - Loi gm v ch t nhy no c c u to chu i thng th t o

c mng nh ng t c tnh dnh, tri l i loi no c c u tophn nhnh th kh t o mng nh ng c tnh dnh cao. - Cht nhy b t mu xanh v i methylen nn c th p d ng

nh tnh ch t nhy trn vi ph u thc vt.

nh gi m t d c liu ch a gm ho c ch t nhy


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- Ph ng php t a bng c n r i lc, s y, cn. - C th ta bng ch acetat. - Ng i ta cn nh gi b ng ph ng php o nht. - Ch s n: ch s n l th tch tnh b ng ml m 1 gam d c

li u khi n trong n c chi m c. i u ki n quy nh:

* 1ng ong c chi u cao 20 cm v ng knh 2 cm,chia th tch b t u t y. * Cho 1 g d c liu nguyn hay nghi n nh vo ng * Thm 25 ml n c, y nt. Lc nh u lc u, sau

th nh tho ng lc trong vng 1 gi . yn 6 gi nhit 15-20C. Th tch theo ml m d c liu bao g m c cht nhychim c chnh l ch s n .

nh gi m t d c liu ch a gm ho c ch t nhynh gi m t d c liu ch a gm ho c ch t nhy


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nh gi m t d c liu ch a gm ho c ch t nhy nh gi m t d c liu ch a gm ho c ch t nhy

Muon biet thanh phan monosaccharid trong cau truc cua gomhay chat nhay ta co the tien hanh thuy phan roi xac nh cacnonosacharid bang phng phap sac ky.

So sanh v i cac ng chu n ieu kien thuy phan

un gom hoac chat nhay vi acid sulfuric 2N. Dung dch a thuyphan sau khi trung hoa bang bari hydroxyd dung e phan tch sacky.

Mun bit thnh ph n monosaccharid trong c u trc c a gmhay ch t nhy ta c th tin hnh th y phn r i xc nh ccnonosacharid b ng ph ng php s c k.

So sanh v i cac ng chu n i u ki n thu phn un gm ho c ch t nhy v i acid sulfuric 2N. Dung d ch

thy phn sau khi trung ha b ng bari hydroxyd dng phntch s c k.

HP CH T PECTIN


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HP CH T PECTIN

- Pectin l nh ng carbohydrat c phn t ln m ph n chnh ccu t o b i acid polygalacturonic, do c x p vo nhmpolyuronic.

- Pectin th ng g p trong cc b ph n c a cy v m t s to. cbit v qu gia c a mt s cy h Cam (Rutaceae) nh b i, cam ,chanh th hm l ng r t cao, c th n 30%.

- Ng i ta chia pectin ra lm 2 lo i: pectin ho tan c trong d ch t bo v pectin d ng khng ho tan n m trong thnh t bo.

Pectin ho tan Lo i ny g m c: acid pectic ng v mt c u t o l m t m ch di

gm kho ng 100 n v acid D-galacturonic n i v i nhau theo dy n i -(1 4). V mt c u trc l p th th acid -D-galactupronic dng gh C1. Acid pectic l c s ca cc ch t pectic khc.

Acid pectic trong cy c th tn t i d i dng mu i pectat.

HP CH T PECTIN


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Pectin ho tan

o

H

H

H

COOH

OH

o

o

H

o

H

H

H

OH

COOH

o

OH

HH

o

H

H

H

OH

COOH

o

OH

Ho

H

H

H

COOH

OH

o

o

H

o

H

H

H

OH

COOH

o

OH

Ho

H

H

H

COOH

OH

o

o

o

OH

HHO

C

O

H

OH

OOH

H

Acid pectic

Acid -D-galacturonic dang ghe C1

nh tnh pectin


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Ph n ng t o thnh pectin hydroxamic acid r i cho tc d ng ti p v is t III clorid, s to thnh ph c k t ta mu .

Thu c th : hydroxylamin 1,4 g trong 10 ml ethanol 60%, natri hydroyd1,4 g trong 10 ml c n ethanol 60%, acid hydrocloric 1 th tch + 2 th tchethanol 95%, 2,5 g s t III trong 10 ml HCl 0,1N pha trong ethanol 60%.

- nh tnh trn vi ph u : ngm cc vi ph u trong aceton. R a aceton 3-4ln v i methanol. Cho vo m t h n h p g m 1 ml thu c th hydroxylamin v 1 ml natri hydroxyd, khu y nh 5 pht, thm 1 mlHCl/ethanol v khu y 5 pht. chuy n vi ph u vo 2 ml thu c th s t III,sau 10 pht v t ra v quan st d i knh hi n vi.

- nh tnh pectin d a vo s c m t c a acid galacturonic : ly m t tpectin ha tan vo 3-4 ml n c, thm vi gi t ch acetat ki m 10% BM.Tr c tin c s to thnh t a tr ng r i dn d n c mu cam h i .

- nh tnh d a vo s t o thnh ch t ng : ly 5 g pectin, thm 50 mln c, yn cho pectin tr ng ra, thm 25 g ng ma v un si 10-15 pht. Thm 1ml dung d ch acid citric 40%. Sau 2-3 gi s to thnhch t ng

nh l ng


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Xc nh hm l ng anhydrouronic acid b ng ph ng php so mu: mu ki m nghi m sau khi lo i ng (b ng ethanol) dung d ch 0,5% EDTA lo i cc cation ho tr 2. Tip theo dng NaOH 1N x phng ho cc ester (20 C, 30 pht), acid ho n pH 5,0-5,5 b ng acid acetic. Cho enzym depolymer ho tc d ng trong 1 gi , lc. Cho d ch l c tc d ng v i acid sulfuric m c r i v i dung d ch 0,15 %

carbazol trong c n.

o mu b c sng 520 nm. i chi u v i ng cong m u c aanhydrouronic acid i t acid galacturonic (40 g acid galacturonic t ngng v i 33,2 g anhydrouronic acid).

Ngoi ra cn c th nh l ng pectin b ng ph ng php cn (sau

khi t a pectin b ng cc dung mi h u c ), ph ng php o quaycc, ph ng php o nh t.


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Pectin khng ho tan


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g

Lo i ny cn c g i l protopectin. Nh cprotopectin m cc qu xanh c cng nh t nh.

Ng i ta cho r ng khi qu chn, d i tc ng c aprotopectinase th protopectin chuy n thnh pectinha tan nn qu chn th m m ra, tuy nhin ch a cch ng minh y v s tn t i ca m t enzym ctr ng nh vy.

V mt c u trc ho h c, protopectin t o thnhl do s lin k t nh ng phn t pectin v i nhau qua

cu calci, phosphat v ngoi ra cn c s kt h pv i cellulose, v i ose v m t s thnh ph n khcca vch t bo.

DC LIU CHA GM-CHT NHY-PECTIN


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GM ARABIC Gummi arabicum Ni cung c p chnh trn th tr ng th gii l Xu ng kho ng 40.000

tn/nm. Cch thu ho ch gm: Ng i ta thu ho ch gm nhng cy t 3 tuitr ln, hiu su t cao nhng cy 5-7 tu i. Thu hoch vo ma kh

khi cy r ng l. Gm tit r a t nhng k n t t nhin, nh ng ng ita th ng o v thnh t ng b ng 5-50 cm gm ch y ra nhiu.

Gm chy ra kh d n, vi tun sau khi bc v th bt u ly gm.Lc ny ph n gia cc gm v n cha r n hn, qua ph i nng ho cqua qu trnh chuyn ch gm mi r n hon ton.

M t d c liu

Dng cc trn khng u, r n, ng knh trung bnh kho ng 2-3 cmmu vng hay mu nu, khi kh th d p v, mt v nhn bng. Cccc nguyn th ng c m t khong r ng gia do qu trnh kh t ora. Gm tan trong n c to thnh dung d ch keo, dnh v c quaycc.

GM ARABICG i bi


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Gummi arabicum

Thnh ph n h o h c Thnh ph n chnh l polysaccharid thu c nhm acid c acid

uronic. Mun nh tnh acid uronic c th thc hin nh sau:un gm v i naphtoresorcinol v HCl N/2 trongvi pht, c t anu tan trong benzen mu tm. Ph n polysaccharid c th tinhch bng cch ho tan gm trong dung d ch HCl 0,1N r i kt

ta bng cn, lm nhiu ln nh vy r i cui cng in thmtch. Trong gm cn c 3-4% ch t v c (Ca, Mg, K), cc enzym

nh oxydase, emulsin.

Kim nghimN 5 t 10 l t 15 20 i t h t th h t


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Ngm 5 g gm trong 10 ml n c, yn trong 15-20 gi tan hon ton thnh m t

dung d ch snh v acid v i giy qu . Dung d ch gm 2% un si ngui, thm 1 ml dung d ch ch acetat ki m,c ta tr ng nh ng khng b ta bi dung d ch ch acetat trung tnh ( khc v igm adragant).

Ho tan 0,25 g gm trong 5 ml n c, thm 0,5 ml n c oxy gi long v 0,5ml dung d ch benzidin 1% trong c n, lc v yn, s c mu xanh do c m tca oxydase ho c dng c n gaic c ng th y c mu xanh xu t hin.

Khng c c p h n ng ca tanin v tinh b t. m khng qu 15%.

tro ton ph n khng qu 5%. Trong bo ch gm arabic c dng: Bo ch cc nh dch v h n d ch. Bo ch cc vin nn lm t d c dnh v t d c r (v c kh nng tr ng

n ra trong n c) Gm arabic lm d u ti ch ni b vim nh vim hng, vim d dy. Ch y: thnh ph n ca gm c calci nn c n trnh nh ng ch t c t ng k.

DC LIU CHA CHT NHY


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M Folium et semen Plantaginis M (Plantago major L.), h M (Plantaginaceae). c im thc vt v phn b Cy thn th o, sng dai, thn r t ngn. L mc gc thnh

hoa th , c cu ng di v r ng, phin l nguyn hnh tha, di 12cm r ng 8 cm c 5-7 gn chnh hnh cung. Hoa m c thnh bngc cn di, h ng th ng ng.

B phn dng v ch bin Nu ly l th thu ho ch t thng 5-7, n u ly ht t h t thng

6-8, ct nhng bng th t gi, ph i kh, v sat trn sng r i sysch, sau tip tc phi kh cho n khi m cn 10%.

DC LIU CHA CHT NHYM


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M Folium et semen Plantaginis Thnh ph n ha h c chnh c a ton cy l ch t nhy, hm l ng trong l c

th n 20%, trong h t c th n 40%. D c in Vit Nam qui nh ht m phi c c h s n t nht l 5.

Cc nh nghin c u Nht chit xut cht nhy h t P. major tinh khi t vi tnPlantasan v i hiu su t 6,8%. plantsan g m c D-silose, L-arabinose, acid D-galacturonid, L-rhamnose v D-

galactose theo t l t ng ng l 15:3:4:2:0,4. Plantose l 1 oligosaccharid = galactose + glucose + fructose. Ngoi cht nhy, 2 thnh ph n khc ng ch trong cy l iridoid glycosid v

flavonoid. Hai iridoid c xc nh l acubosid v catalpol. Nhiu hp cht flavonoid c phn l p: apigenin, quercetin,

scutellarein, baicalein, hispidulin ... Trong m cn nhi u thnh ph n khc c kho st: cc acid h u c

nh acid cinnamic, p-coumaric, ferulic, cafei..., carotenoid, vitamin K, vitamin C, 1 t tanin, saponin, v t alkaloid (plantagonin),

coumarin (esculetin).


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Tc dng v cng d ng


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-Nhng dn ch t iridoid glycosid l thnh ph n c t c d ngkhng khu n ca m .

-Ht m (cn gi l xa tin t ) do c ch t nhy nn c tcdng nhu n trng v t ng th tch phn.

-Cht nhy to thnh m t lp bo v nim mc rut n n c ngdng lm thu c chng vim trong b nh vim ru t, au d dyv l.

Ngoi ra cn c tc d ng long m, li tiu Trong y hc c truyn l c tc d ng thng ti u, dng ch a nhng

tr ng hpb t iu tin, tiu tin ra mu, ngoi ra cn dng cha ho. L t i gi nh dng p mn nht. trong nhn dndng lm lnh cc v t th ng v s n xut cc ch phmPlantaglusid cha bnh vim lot d dy, ru t.

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