ImperialismImperialism

Beginning in the late 1800s, Americans wanted Beginning in the late 1800s, Americans wanted the United States to become a world power.the United States to become a world power.

Imperialism Imperialism isis the economic and political the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker domination of a strong nation over weaker nations.nations.

Some colonies became Some colonies became protectoratesprotectorates, or an area , or an area where imperial power is allocated to local rulers where imperial power is allocated to local rulers to remain in control. to remain in control. – Local rulers were given “advice” by the imperial powerLocal rulers were given “advice” by the imperial power

Americans wanted to develop overseas markets Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to keep the economy strong.to keep the economy strong.

Expansion in the PacificExpansion in the Pacific

Americans expanded across the Pacific Americans expanded across the Pacific Ocean and toward East Asia looking for Ocean and toward East Asia looking for overseas markets.overseas markets.

Japan only allowed trade with the Dutch Japan only allowed trade with the Dutch and Chinese.and Chinese.

In 1852, President Pierce had ordered In 1852, President Pierce had ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to travel to Commodore Matthew C. Perry to travel to Japan to negotiate a trade treaty. In 1854 Japan to negotiate a trade treaty. In 1854 the Japanese opened two ports to the U.S.the Japanese opened two ports to the U.S.

During an 1872 recession in Hawaii, the United States During an 1872 recession in Hawaii, the United States exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs.exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs.– When the treaty expired the US wanted a naval base in Hawaii When the treaty expired the US wanted a naval base in Hawaii

The McKinley Tariff in 1890 gave subsidies (economic The McKinley Tariff in 1890 gave subsidies (economic aide) to sugar producers in the United States, causing aide) to sugar producers in the United States, causing the sale of Hawaiian sugar to decline. This resulted in a the sale of Hawaiian sugar to decline. This resulted in a decline in the Hawaiian economy.decline in the Hawaiian economy.In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the queen of Hawaii. In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the queen of Hawaii. She disliked the influence of American settlers. She disliked the influence of American settlers. In 1893 a group of planters, supported by the U.S. In 1893 a group of planters, supported by the U.S. Marines, forced the queen to give up her power after she Marines, forced the queen to give up her power after she unsuccessfully tried to impose a new constitution that unsuccessfully tried to impose a new constitution that reasserted her authority as ruler of Hawaiian people. reasserted her authority as ruler of Hawaiian people.

Expansion in the PacificExpansion in the Pacific

Trade and Diplomacy in Latin AmericaTrade and Diplomacy in Latin America

In the 1800s the United States wanted to In the 1800s the United States wanted to increase its influence in Latin America by increase its influence in Latin America by increasing the sale of American products increasing the sale of American products in the region.in the region.Pan-Americanism, an idea that the U.S. Pan-Americanism, an idea that the U.S. and Latin America work together, was and Latin America work together, was proposed by Secretary of State James G. proposed by Secretary of State James G. Blaine.Blaine.In 1889 the first Pan-American conference In 1889 the first Pan-American conference was held in Washington, D.C.was held in Washington, D.C.

Building a Modern NavyBuilding a Modern Navy

Americans were willing to risk war to defend Americans were willing to risk war to defend American interests overseas. This led to American interests overseas. This led to support for the construction of a large modern support for the construction of a large modern navy.navy.Captain Alfred T. Mahan of the United States Captain Alfred T. Mahan of the United States Navy published a book, Navy published a book, The Influence of The Influence of Seapower Upon History, Seapower Upon History, which suggested that which suggested that a nation needed a large navy to protect its a nation needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and defend its rights to trade merchant ships and defend its rights to trade with other countries.with other countries.Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert Beveridge, two Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert Beveridge, two powerful senators, pushed for the construction of powerful senators, pushed for the construction of a new navy.a new navy.

Coming of WarComing of War

In the spring of 1898, Spain and the United In the spring of 1898, Spain and the United States went to war.States went to war.Cuba, a Spanish colony, provided wealth for Cuba, a Spanish colony, provided wealth for Spain with sugarcane plantations.Spain with sugarcane plantations.In 1868, Cuban rebels declared independence In 1868, Cuban rebels declared independence and began a guerilla attack against Spanish and began a guerilla attack against Spanish authorities. authorities. – The attack failed The attack failed – Cuban rebels fled to the U.S. to plan a new revolutionCuban rebels fled to the U.S. to plan a new revolution

Writer and poet Jose Marti, an exiled leader of Writer and poet Jose Marti, an exiled leader of Cuba’s revolution, fled to New York City. He Cuba’s revolution, fled to New York City. He raised money from Americans and began raised money from Americans and began purchasing weapons and training troops.purchasing weapons and training troops.

Coming of WarComing of WarMarti and his followers returned and seized Marti and his followers returned and seized control of eastern Cuba control of eastern Cuba – declared its independencedeclared its independence– set up the Republic of Cuba in September of 1895set up the Republic of Cuba in September of 1895

At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans were neutral; however, newspapers began using were neutral; however, newspapers began using yellow journalism to get Americans to side with yellow journalism to get Americans to side with the Cubans. the Cubans. Yellow journalismYellow journalism is the printing of is the printing of exaggerated stories of Spanish attacks on exaggerated stories of Spanish attacks on Cubans.Cubans.The Cubans rebels attacked and destroyed The Cubans rebels attacked and destroyed American property, hoping for American American property, hoping for American intervention in the war.intervention in the war.In February 1898, the U.S.S. In February 1898, the U.S.S. Maine, Maine, anchored in anchored in Havana explodedHavana exploded– 266 American officers and sailors killed 266 American officers and sailors killed

Destruction Destruction of the U.S.S. of the U.S.S. MaineMaine ledled Congress to Congress to declare war declare war on Spain on Spain

War on Two FrontsWar on Two Fronts

The United States Navy’s Atlantic Squadron blockaded The United States Navy’s Atlantic Squadron blockaded Cuba.Cuba.An American fleet in British Hong Kong was ordered to An American fleet in British Hong Kong was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines – a Spanish attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines – a Spanish colony.colony.In May 1898, Commodore George Dewey led a In May 1898, Commodore George Dewey led a squadron that destroyed Spanish warships in Manila Bay squadron that destroyed Spanish warships in Manila Bay in the Philippines. McKinley sent 20,000 American in the Philippines. McKinley sent 20,000 American troops to the Philippines and, along the way, seized the troops to the Philippines and, along the way, seized the island of Guam.island of Guam.The American army was untrained and unequipped. The American army was untrained and unequipped. Poor conditions in training camps resulted in more Poor conditions in training camps resulted in more Americans dying in training than in battle.Americans dying in training than in battle.

War on Two FrontsWar on Two Fronts

In June 1898, American troops advanced toward In June 1898, American troops advanced toward Santiago Harbor in Cuba.Santiago Harbor in Cuba.One group attacked the village of El Caney, and another One group attacked the village of El Caney, and another group attacked San Juan Heights.group attacked San Juan Heights.Among the American troops were the “Rough Riders” led Among the American troops were the “Rough Riders” led by Colonel Leonard Wood, with Theodore Roosevelt as by Colonel Leonard Wood, with Theodore Roosevelt as second in command. Both attacks were American second in command. Both attacks were American victories.victories.Along with the Rough Riders were the all-black 9Along with the Rough Riders were the all-black 9thth and and 1010thth Cavalry Regiments. One-fourth of the American Cavalry Regiments. One-fourth of the American troops fighting in Cuba were African American.troops fighting in Cuba were African American.Spanish resistance ended with the surrender of Spanish resistance ended with the surrender of Santiago. On August 12, 1898, Spain and the United Santiago. On August 12, 1898, Spain and the United States agreed to a cease-fire.States agreed to a cease-fire.

The American Empire is BornThe American Empire is Born

On December 10, 1898, the United States and On December 10, 1898, the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris.Spain signed the Treaty of Paris.Cuba became an independent country.Cuba became an independent country.The U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and The U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines.paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines.In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act, In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act, making Puerto Rico an unicorporated territory. making Puerto Rico an unicorporated territory. Congress gradually allowed the people a degree Congress gradually allowed the people a degree of self-government. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were of self-government. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States.made citizens of the United States.

Cuba After the WarCuba After the War

The United States set up a military government in Cuba.The United States set up a military government in Cuba.Steps were taken to ensure that Cuba would remain tied Steps were taken to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the U.S.to the U.S.The Platt Amendment specified thatThe Platt Amendment specified that– Cuba could not make a treaty with another country that would Cuba could not make a treaty with another country that would

weaken its power or allow another foreign power to gain territory weaken its power or allow another foreign power to gain territory in Cubain Cuba

– Cuba had to allow the U.S. to buy or lease a naval stations in Cuba had to allow the U.S. to buy or lease a naval stations in CubaCuba

– Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce paymentfrom landing troops to enforce payment

– The U.S. would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban The U.S. would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order. The amendment was repealed in independence and keep order. The amendment was repealed in 1934.1934.

American Diplomacy in AsiaAmerican Diplomacy in Asia

In 1899 the U.S. was a major power in Asia. In 1899 the U.S. was a major power in Asia. In 1894 war began between China and Japan over what In 1894 war began between China and Japan over what is now Korea. This ended in a Japanese victory.is now Korea. This ended in a Japanese victory.Japan’s rising power worried Russia. They forced Japan Japan’s rising power worried Russia. They forced Japan to give back the part of Manchuria to China and later to give back the part of Manchuria to China and later made China lease the territory to Russia. The leasehold made China lease the territory to Russia. The leasehold became a center of a became a center of a sphere of influencesphere of influence, an area where , an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development such a foreign nation controlled economic development such as railroad and mining.as railroad and mining.President McKinley supported an President McKinley supported an Open Door policyOpen Door policy in in China. They believed all countries should be allowed to China. They believed all countries should be allowed to trade with China.trade with China.Secret Chinese societies were formed to end foreign Secret Chinese societies were formed to end foreign control. Members of the Boxers started the control. Members of the Boxers started the Boxer Boxer RebellionRebellion. Group members invaded foreign embassies . Group members invaded foreign embassies in Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners and took in Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners and took others prisoner.others prisoner.

A Growing Presence in the CaribbeanA Growing Presence in the Caribbean

In 1901 the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by In 1901 the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by the U.S. and Great Britain gave the United the U.S. and Great Britain gave the United States exclusive rights to build and control any States exclusive rights to build and control any proposed canal through Central America.proposed canal through Central America.A French company that had begun to build a A French company that had begun to build a canal through Panama offered to sell its rights canal through Panama offered to sell its rights and property in Panama to the U.S.and property in Panama to the U.S.In 1903 Panama was still a part of Colombia, In 1903 Panama was still a part of Colombia, which refused John Hay’s offer to purchase the which refused John Hay’s offer to purchase the land and gain rights to build the canal.land and gain rights to build the canal.Panamanians decided to declare their Panamanians decided to declare their independence from Colombia and make their independence from Colombia and make their own deal with the U.S. to build the canal.own deal with the U.S. to build the canal.

A Growing Presence in the CaribbeanA Growing Presence in the Caribbean

The short uprising against Colombia was supported by The short uprising against Colombia was supported by the United States, which sent ships to Panama to the United States, which sent ships to Panama to prevent Colombia from interfering.prevent Colombia from interfering.It took ten years to build the 50 mile canal. It shortened It took ten years to build the 50 mile canal. It shortened the distance from Atlantic to the Pacific by about 8,000 the distance from Atlantic to the Pacific by about 8,000 nautical miles.nautical miles.The 1904 The 1904 Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to the Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would intervene in Latin stated that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere.and political stability in the Western Hemisphere.The new President of the United States, William Howard The new President of the United States, William Howard Taft, continued Roosevelt’s policies. He changed it to Taft, continued Roosevelt’s policies. He changed it to dollar diplomacydollar diplomacy, that is getting business leaders to , that is getting business leaders to invest in Latin America and Asian development.invest in Latin America and Asian development.