Introduction to Moder nColloid Science

ROBERT J. HUNTER

i Characterization of colloidal dispersions

1

1 .1 Nature of the colloidal state

11 .2 Biological and technological significance of colloids

41 .3 Lyophilic and lyophobic sols : stability and instability

51 .4 Preparation of special colloidal suspensions

61 .5 Maintaining clean surfaces

2 41 .6 Purification procedures

2 6References

3 1

2 Microscopic colloidal behaviour

32

2 .1 Brownian motion and diffusion

3 32 .2 Light scattering

4 12 .3 Coagulation and flocculation-stability and instability

4 52 .4 Effect of polymers on colloid stability

5 4References

5 6

3 Determination of particle size

57

3 .1 General considerations

5 83 .2 Microscopy

6 63 .3 Sedimentation methods

7 33 .4 Electrical pulse counting

7 83 .5 Light scattering methods

8 03 .6 Hydrodynamic methods

8 93 .7 Electroacoustics

9 33 .8 Summary of sizing methods

9 5References

9 6

4 Flow behaviour

974.1 Deformation and flow

9 74 .2 Measurement of viscosity

10 04 .3 Flow of time-independent inelastic fluids

1074 .4 Time-dependent inelastic fluids

11 84 .5 Viscoelastic fluids

12 04 .6 Measurement of non-Newtonian flow characteristics

12 04 .7 Microscopic description of flow behaviour

12 6References

13 0

5 Thermodynamics of surfaces

13 1

5 .1 Introduction

13 15 .2 Surface energy and its consequences

13 25 .3 Thermodynamics of surfaces

138

5 .4 Thermodynamic behaviour of small particles

14 1

5 .5 Behaviour of liquids in capillaries

15 0

5 .6 Homogeneous nucleation

154

5 .7 Contact angle and wetting behaviour

15 9References

163

6 Adsorption at interfaces

16 46 .1 Adsorption at the solid-gas interface

1646.2 Adsorption at the solid-liquid interface

1746.3 Adsorption at the liquid-air interface

1776.4 Adsorption at the liquid-liquid interface

192References

19 3

7 Electrically charged interfaces

19 47 .1 The mercury-solution interface

1947 .2 Charge and potential distribution near the mercury surface

20 37 .3 The surface potential of a charged solid

21 67 .4 Modelling the solid-solution interface

225References

226

8 Measuring surface charge and potential

22 78 .1 Measuring surface charge

2278 .2 The electrokinetic effects

23 18 .3 Calculation of the zeta potential

23 58 .4 Electrophoresis and electro-osmosis measurements

24 18 .5 Streaming current and streaming potential

2498 .6 Applications of the zeta potential

25 3References

26 1

9 Particle interaction and coagulation

2629.1 Interactions between particles

26 29.2 Attractive forces

26 89.3 Total potential energy of interaction

2749.4 Experimental studies of the equilibrium interactio n

between diffuse double layers

2809.5 Kinetics of coagulation

2899.6 Aggregate structure

294References

29 8

10 Applications of colloid and surface science

29910.1 Paper

30010.2 Paints and inks

30 310.3 Flotation of mineral ores

31 210 .4 Detergency

31 610.5 Food colloids

31 9References

322

Index

323