Jacksonian Democracy - National Paralegal

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The American NationA History of the United States, 15th Edition

By: Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty

Chapter10Jacksonian

Democracy


10.1 Jackson’s New Political System (1 of 4)

How did Andrew Jackson bring “the common man”

into national politics?

Jackson’s 1829 inauguration spectacle

Democracy or mob rule?


Portrait of Andrew Jackson: Color

portrait shows Andrew

Jackson.


Map 10.1 The Rise of the

Second American Party System, 1828

An electoral map of the United States shows the votes secured in the states by Jacksonian Democratic (Jackson) and National

Republican (J. Q. Adams). National totals are not provided.

The following are the votes secured:

•Jacksonian Democratic (Jackson):

•Maine 1

•New York 20

•Pennsylvania 28

•Maryland 5

•Virginia 24

•North Carolina 15

•South Carolina 11

•Georgia 9

•Ohio 16

•Indiana 5

•Illinois 3

•Missouri 3

•Kentucky 14

•Tennessee 11

•Alabama 5

•Missouri 3

•Louisiana 5

•National Republican (J. Q. Adams):

•Maine 8

•New Hampshire 8

•Vermont 7

•Massachusetts 15

•Rhode Island 4

•Connecticut 8

•New York 16

•New Jersey 8

•Delaware 3

•Maryland 6



• “Democratizing” Politics

Jefferson’s vs. Jackson’s view of democracy

Property qualifications and western states

Disestablishment of churches

Free-school movement

The rising significance of the vote and campaigning

The power of political parties



• A New Party System in Embryo

Jackson’s feeling of betrayal and campaign for 1828

Character assassinations and higher voter turnout

• Jacksonian Appeal

Jackson: Likened to Jefferson, resembled

Washington

His image vs. reality

His symbolism for a democratic generation



• The Spoils System

The principle of rotation

More participation, less entrenchment

• A President of All of the People

A president as the people’s “direct representative”

Jackson’s use of the veto

Jackson’s view on the federal government


Cartoon of Andrew Jackson as “King Andrew the First”: Color political

cartoon shows Jackson in regal costume, standing before a throne. The frames

read “OF VETO MEMORY,” “BORN TO COMMAND,” and “HAD I BEEN

CONSULTED.”


10.2 Jackson “Kills the Bank!” and

Chills the Economy (1 of 2)

Why did Jackson wage war on the Second Bank of

the United States?

Jackson’s reelection in 1832 and the promise to

destroy the Bank

•Jackson: “The Bank . . . I Will Kill It!”

Biddle’s bank vision: Controlling credit and reserves

Fostered regional jealousies


10.2 Jackson “Kills the Bank!” and

Chills the Economy (2 of 2)

• Jackson’s Bank Veto

Solidification of opposition to the bank

Biddle’s gamble; Clay and Webster’s hope

Bank of the United States contracts; panic averted

• Boom and Bust

Expansion of currency and rising land prices

Jackson’s Specie Circular

Price drops, defaults, and a panic

Jackson’s responsibility and other factors


10.3 Jackson Expels the Indians (1 of 2)

Why were Indian treaty rights ignored and Indian

lands seized?

Jackson’s view on Indians: Savages, not “common

men”

•The Exchange of Land

Removal policy for the sake of white settlement

Tribal resistance and military suppression


10.3 Jackson Expels the Indians (2 of 2)

• The Cherokee, the Supreme Court, and the Trail

of Tears to the West

Cherokee assimilation

Georgia’s nullification of Cherokee law and

government

Marshall’s rule in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: “not a

foreign state”

Worcester v. Georgia: Cherokee autonomy confirmed

Jackson’s defiance

Forced removal of 15,000 Cherokee: Trail of Tears


Map 10.2 Indian Removals

Map of the Southeast United States shows Indian tribes’ home territories, Land granted to Indians west of the

Mississippi River, date and route of removal in 1830, and Buffalo range.

Indian tribes’ home territories: Sauk and Fox, located east of Iowa territory, Chickasaw and Choctaw

(Mississippi), Cherokee and Creek (Georgia), and Seminole (Florida)

Land granted to Indians west of the Mississippi River: The land adjoining Nebraska and Iowa territories and

small pieces of land down south up to North Texas are marked. It includes the following settlements: Sauk and

Fox, Kickapoo, Wea and Piankasha, Peoria and Kaskaskia, Miami, New York Indians, Cherokee Neutral lands,

Quapaw, Seneca, Cherokee Outlet, Creek and Seminole, and Chickasaw and Choctaw.

Date and route of removal: Sauk and Fox were transported southwest. In 1836, Creek tribes were transported

northwest crossing south Tennessee and Arkansas.

In 1838, Cherokee tribes were transported northwest crossing north Tennessee.

In 1832, Chickasaw tribes were transported east to Indian Territory.

In the same year, Seminole Indians were transported across the Gulf of Mexico to reach New Orleans in

Louisiana, and then Indian Territory.

Buffalo range: Western Iowa Territory, Nebraska Territory, Kansas Territory, and region northwest of Texas are

marked.


Map 10.3 Osceola’s Rebellion

Map of Florida and southern Georgia highlights the forts, battle sites,

Seminole reservation 1823, swamps, and towns.

Forts:

Fort Negro, Fort Jackson, Fort Macomb, Fort White, Fort Fanning,

Fort Wacahoota, Fort Heilman, Fort Peyton, Fort Drane, Fort Mellon,

Fort Lane, Fort Christmas, Fort Taylor, Fort Pierce, Fort Floyd, Fort

Brooke, Fort Denaud, Fort Dulaney, Fort Keats, Fort Lauderdale, and

Fort Dallas are marked in Florida.

Fort king, Fort Dade, Fort Cummings, Fort Gardner, and Fort Foster

are marked in Seminole reservation.

The following are the battle sites marked:

Camp Izard, Clinch’s, and Dade’s (Seminole reservation)

Kanapaha Prairie, Okeechobee, Lockahatchee, and Chakalka’s Island

(Florida)

A large swath of land in the center of Florida is marked Seminole

reservation 1823.

Western Georgia and southern Florida are marked swamps.

Towns:

Tallahassee, St. Marks, Suwanee Old Town, Jacksonville, St.

Augustine, Picolata, Palatka, Miconopy, and Payne’s Landing

(Georgia)

Okihumpky and Peliklakaha (Seminole reservation)

Charlotte Harbor (Florida)


Illustration from Davy Crockett’s Almanack: Black-and-

white illustration shows the cover of the book Vol I, Go

Ahead, Davy Crockett's ALMANACK OF WILD SPORTS IN

THE WEST, Life in the Backwoods, Sketches of Texas, and

Rows on the Mississippi. An image shows Crockett hitting a

crocodile with a long stick. It is attacking a cattle.

American Lives: Davy Crockett


10.4 States’ Rights versus the Federal Union (1 of 2)

Can states reject federal laws?

Jackson’s implicit support for Georgia and the

legitimacy of nullification

Jackson’s nationalism

•Jackson vs. Calhoun

Personal animosity, ideological parallels

Disagreement on federal supremacy


10.4 States’ Rights versus the Federal Union (2 of 2)

• The Nullification Crisis and the Threat to the

Union

South Carolina planters and the Tariff of 1832

Tariff and antislavery: “tyranny of the majority”

Calhoun’s doctrine of nullification

Military standoff

Congressional compromise and the Force Bill

South Carolina’s retreat


10.5 The Twilight of Jacksonianism (1 of 3)

Why did the Whigs gain power?

The popularity of “Jacksonian Democracy”: A new

national party

Democratic Party principles

•The Rise of the Whigs

Formation of dissidents into Whigs

Opposed Jacksonian finance and anti-intellectualism

No dominant leader by 1836

Election of Martin Van Buren



• 1836: Martin Van Buren: Jacksonianism without

Jackson

Van Buren’s political strengths

The Panic of 1837

Cotton price drop in 1839 and economic depression

until 1843

Van Buren’s retreat from state banks: The

Independent Treasury Act



• The Log Cabin Campaign of 1840: Whigs

Triumphant

Van Buren’s weakness: The economy

The Whigs’ strengths: organization, campaigning,

and a popular candidate

Harrison: Myth vs. reality

Harrison’s victory and sudden death

The succession of John Tyler


Table 10.1 Second American Party System:

Democrats and Whigs, 1828–1850s

Democrats

Leaders: Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, John Calhoun, James Polk

Key Issue: For “the common man”

Opposed to the Second Bank of the United States

Opposed to federal support for internal Improvements

In favor of removal of Indians

In favor of low tariffs

Endorsing states’ rights

Whigs

Leaders: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster

Key Issue: Against “King Andrew” Jackson

In favor of the Second Bank of the United States

In favor of federal support for internal improvements

Opposed to removal of Indians

In favor of high tariffs

Endorsing a strong central government


Timeline (1 of 3)

1828 Andrew Jackson is elected president.

1829 Crowds cause chaos at Jackson’s White House

inaugural reception.

1831 Nat Turner leads slave rebellion in Virginia.

Chief Justice Marshall denies Cherokee rights in Cherokee

Nation v. Georgia.

1831 Southern Indians are removed to Oklahoma.


Timeline (2 of 3)

1832 South Carolina defends states’ rights in Ordinance of

Nullification.

Jackson vetoes Bank Recharter Bill.

Chief Justice Marshall rules in Cherokees’ favor in

Worcester v. Georgia.

Jackson is reelected president.

1836 Jackson issues Specie Circular to control speculation.

Martin Van Buren is elected president.


Timeline (3 of 3)

1837 Panic sweeps nation, ending boom.

1838 4,000 Cherokee die on Trail of Tears to Oklahoma.

1840 William Henry Harrison is elected president.

1841 Harrison dies one month after inauguration; John

Tyler becomes president.

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Jacksonian Democracy - National Paralegal