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• Explain the term “manifest destiny” and Explain the term “manifest destiny” and write a brief history of America’s write a brief history of America’s expansionism before 1880’s.expansionism before 1880’s.
• Do you agree/disagree with the concept Do you agree/disagree with the concept and how it was used by the United States and how it was used by the United States in the early to mid 1800s?in the early to mid 1800s?
Essential Questions Essential Questions for this unitfor this unit
• What is “manifest destiny?” How was this What is “manifest destiny?” How was this practiced in the early to mid-1800’s? Give practiced in the early to mid-1800’s? Give examples?examples?
• Why did America join the imperialist club Why did America join the imperialist club in the late 1800s?in the late 1800s?
• Was American expansionism overseas Was American expansionism overseas justified in the late 1800s?justified in the late 1800s?
Background
• USA originally had ties to isolationism• 1800’s – growth in industrialization will forever
change the national landscape, our daily lives and our responsibilities both home and abroad
• Imperialism – the policy of a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations, militarily, economically, politically, and culturally
1. Economic Interests1. Economic Interests1. Economic Interests1. Economic Interests
Due to growth in industry, manufacturing nations had an
increased need for natural resources and markets to sell their
goods
Due to growth in industry, manufacturing nations had an
increased need for natural resources and markets to sell their
goods
2. Nationalistic Factors2. Nationalistic Factors2. Nationalistic Factors2. Nationalistic Factors
• Immense devotion to one’s Country
•Nation’s people believe themselves superior to those of other nations
• Build up colonies to protect their interests
3. Military Factors3. Military Factors3. Military Factors3. Military Factors
•European armies andnavies grew superior
•Needed bases aroundworld for taking on fuel and supplies
4. Humanitarian Factors4. Humanitarian Factors4. Humanitarian Factors4. Humanitarian Factors
Duty to spread western civilization, including its
Christian religion, laws and culture
Duty to spread western civilization, including its
Christian religion, laws and culture
By 1890, USA was eager to join competition for new landsand the cry for annexing, or “adding territory” grew!
Expanding U.S. Interests
• Very little interest in foreign affairs during 1800s due to rapid economic growth and expansion of the Western frontier
• Monroe doctrine was our main policy???– Sent 50,000 troops to Mexican border when
France tried to place emperor on throne– USA bought Alaska from Russia in 1867,
“Seward’s Folly”
Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
-- opens up trade and signs treaties with JapanAnd China
Arguments for US Expansion
1. Economic Growth
-----. Overproduction of foodAnd goods in AmericaLed to depressions – get in toother markets
----- Banana Republics:• Business leaders invested directly in economies of other countries
Term used to describe Central American nation dominated by US business interests
2. Protecting American Security
(1890) Captain Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence ofSea Power Upon History 1660-1783: A powerful navy was essential for protecting markets from rivals
The Most powerful Navyin the world
•US increased navy’s budget•Built cruisers, battleships, gunboats, etc• US willing and able to confront enemy sea
3. Preserving American Spirit
• Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest”, idea that it was America’s noble pursuit to civilize, Christianize those racial and national groups that were inferior
The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War
Setting Stage for War• 1. Displays of US power in Latin America
– Chile, Brazil, and Venezuela (US got Great Britain to agree to arbitration to settle a boundary dispute b/w British New Guinea and Venezuela
– Arbitration: both sides agree to have a 3rd party listen to and settle the dispute
• 2. Cuban Rebellion– Spain sent General Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler to put down
rebellion– Instituted a policy of “reconcentration” – prison camps,
disease, starvation– US Presidents reluctant to get involved – Cuban rebels
destroyed American sugar plantations in Cuba so businesses would put pressure on US to act
Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy
Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy
““Yellow Journalism”Yellow Journalism”““Yellow Journalism”Yellow Journalism”
Joseph PulitzerNY World
Joseph PulitzerNY World
William Randolph Hearst
NY Journal
William Randolph Hearst
NY Journal
Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!
JingoismJingoismJingoismJingoism
• American public opinion for Cubans grew – extreme sympathy
• Jingoism – A desire for aggressive foreign policy, extreme
national pride
De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.
Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as “McKinley as “weak weak and aand abidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.” --- party.” ---
““Remember the Maine” Remember the Maine” andand
to hell with Spain!to hell with Spain!
““Remember the Maine” Remember the Maine” andand
to hell with Spain!to hell with Spain!
The Sinking of the Maine
• February 15, 1898, explosion sank the Maine killing 260 American sailors
• American public placed blame on Spain
• 1976 Report: Most probable cause of blast was accidental fire in the bunker room
Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.
Imperialist and Imperialist and American nationalist.American nationalist.
Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having having the backbone of a the backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!
Ordered fleet in Ordered fleet in Philippines to prepare Philippines to prepare for attackfor attack
Resigns his position to Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.
The Spanish-American War (April The Spanish-American War (April 1898):1898):
“The Splendid Little War”“The Splendid Little War”
The Spanish-American War (April The Spanish-American War (April 1898):1898):
“The Splendid Little War”“The Splendid Little War”
Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!
The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”
The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”
The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Spanish rule.
The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam and Guam “unincorporated “unincorporated territories”territories” – not intended – not intended for eventual statehoodfor eventual statehood
Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?
Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo
LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.
July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence
William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines
William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines
Great Great administrator.administrator.
Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)
Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution (1903)(1903)
1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers foreign powers
2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessarynecessary
3.3. USA must be allowed to establish naval bases USA must be allowed to establish naval bases and coaling station (Guantanomo Bay)and coaling station (Guantanomo Bay)
Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?
Cure for yellowfever
U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
1893, Pineapple Planter Sanford B. Dole declares
Hawaii republic
1893, Pineapple Planter Sanford B. Dole declares
Hawaii republic
Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese
ImmigrantImmigrant
Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese
ImmigrantImmigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”
EconomicControl Political
Control
The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy
Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..
Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.
Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal
French company went bankrupt
TR in Panama(Construction
begins in 1904)
French company went bankrupt
TR in Panama(Construction
begins in 1904)
1. Make global shipping faster2. Allow US navy to move quickly in time of war
Panama CanalPanama Canal
US supported the Panama revolt against ColumbiaRecognized Panama’s independence and became its protector
Legacy of the US acquisitionLegacy of the US acquisitionof the Canalof the Canal
1.1. Many years of ill will b/w Latin American Many years of ill will b/w Latin American countries towards the UScountries towards the US
2.2. After TR died, Congress paid Columbia After TR died, Congress paid Columbia $25 million (illegal means to get it)$25 million (illegal means to get it)
3.3. Gave canal back to Panama in 2000Gave canal back to Panama in 2000
Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!
Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!
The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905• We want to see We want to see
neighboring neighboring countries stablecountries stable
• ultimately require ultimately require intervention by intervention by some civilized some civilized nationnation
• may force the may force the United States, United States, however reluctantly, however reluctantly, to exercise to exercise international police international police powerpower .
Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World
Russo-Japanese War 1904Russo-Japanese War 1904Russo-Japanese War 1904Russo-Japanese War 1904
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy Roosevelt’s help in getting
treaty to end the war
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy Roosevelt’s help in getting
treaty to end the war
Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
Increase America’s Increase America’s investment in foreign investment in foreign economies economies
U.S. should create U.S. should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.
The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor
The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist
League League
The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist
League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.
Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.
Anti-Imperialist Arguments
• Moral and Political: The people in the territories controlled by the US should be entitled to same guarantees as US citizens
• Racial: feared having to absorb more people of different races into the US
• Economic: workers coming from other nations to the US would compete with Americans for jobs (Samuel Gompers)
Imperialism’s Appeal
• A celebration of American tradition of exploration and creative spirit, Walter Hines
• Economic and Military Benefits
• “The Great White Fleet” – cruise around the world to demonstrate America’s impressive naval power to other nations
The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907
Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.
Spread Spread democracy.democracy.
Promote peace.Promote peace.
Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.
Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”
Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”
