2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together and are known as

MACROMOLECULES

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Four main types of carbon-based molecules or macromolecules are found in living things.

• Carbohydrates• Lipids • Proteins• Nucleic Acids

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.

– Simple sugars. (one ring)

– Complex Carbohydrates include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Carbohydrates • Can be broken down to provide energy for cells.• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

Cell Wall

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

– .

Lipids are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Lipids have many different functions.

–Store energy –Make up cell membranes–Repel water

2.3 Carbon-Based MoleculesThe cell membrane is made of two layers of lipids along with carbohydrates and proteins.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Lipids include fats, oils, cholesterol and wax.

Fats=Solid @ room temp. Oils=Liquid @ room temp Cholesterol, wax =Solid @ room temp

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

– Proteins are made by linking Amino Acidsto form proteins.

.

-Proteins contain C, H, O, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur.

Amino Acid

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Proteins are long chains of amino acid. • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.

– Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.

hydrogen bond

Simple……………………………………Complex

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Protein have many functions

Antibodies - defend the body

Muscles–movement

Enzymes-speed up chemical reactions.

Hormonal-- Insulin regulates glucose.

Structural - hair, quills, feathers, horns, nails and beaks.

Storage - egg whites; casein in milk

Transport- hemoglobin transports oxygen

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

Insulin Pump

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

• Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.

One Nucleotide

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

– Nucleotides are made of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphate

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

–DNA stores genetic information.

• There are two types of Nucleic Acids.

–RNA builds proteins

DNA

RNA