Week 2: Chapter 3Molecules of Life

Outline• Chemistry of Carbon

– Role of Carbon– 7 Functional Groups– Examples Molecules– Polymer Concept

• Sugars and Polysaccharides• Lipids• Amino Acids and Proteins• Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Organic ChemistryChemistry of Carbon

Carbon has valence # of 4

Carbon Bonds

Carbon Chains and RingsChains

Rings

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

Functional Groups

C

CC

CC

C

CC

C

C

CC

C

C

CC

C

CH3

OH

HO

C

CC

CC

C

CC

C

C

CC

C

C

CC

C

CH3

CH3

OH

O

Estrogen

Testosterone

Six Functional Groups

• Hydroxyl• Keto• Methyl • Carboxyl• Amino Group• Phosphate Group

• Structure?• Hydrophilic?

OHHydroxyl

OKeto

CH3

Methyl

COH

OCarboxyl

O P

OH

OOH

Phosphate

NH

HAmino

Example Structures

• Glucose• Methionine• ATP

MacromoleculesBio - Polymers

Monomers(Subunits)

Dimers Polymers

Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose

Maltose Starch

Dehydration/Hydrolysis Reactions

Hydrolysis

H2O

(b) Breaking a polymer chain

Longer polymer

(a) Building a polymer chain

OH H

Short polymer

Dehydrationreaction H2O

OH H

Monomer

Biomacromolecules as Polymers

C

C C

C

C

O C

OH

OHOH

OH

HO

Starch Polymer

Glucose

OH

C

C C

C

C

O COH

OH

HO

Glucose

C

C C

C

C

O C

OH

OHOH

OH

O

Glucose

Maltose

OH

C

C C

C

C

O COH

OH

HO

C

C C

C

C

O C

OH

OH

OH

O

C

C C

C

C

O C

OH

OH

OH

O

C

C C

C

C

O C

OH

OH

OH

O

C

C C

C

C

O C

OH

OHOH

OH

O

4 Biomolecules

Biomolecule Polymer Monomer

Carbohydrate Polysaccharide Monosaccharide

Fat Triglyceride Fatty Acid

Protein Polypeptide Amino Acid

Nucleic Acid DNA and RNA Nucleotides

Functions related to chemical structure

CarbohydrateMonosaccharides

• Simple Sugar

• Source of Carbon and Energy in Cells

Glucose

Monosaccharides

GlucoseC6H12O6

GalactoseC6H12O6

FructoseC6H12O6

RiboseC5H10O5

GlycerolC3H6O3

Disaccharide

glucose glucose Maltose

Dehydration Reaction

Glucose Fructose Glucose Galactose

Polysaccharide

Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose

LipidsFatty Acids

Amphipathic

Saturated/Desaturated Fatty Acids

Triglycerides

Saturation and Melting Temperature

Effect of Triglycerides on Health

• Saturated Fats – LDL raised

• Polyunsaturated – LDL unchangedHDL lowered

• Monounsaturated – LDL and HDL unchanged

• Polyunsaturated omega-3- reduces heart disease

Steriods

C

CC

CC

C

CC

C

C

CC

C

C

CC

C

CH3

OH

HO

C

CC

CC

C

CC

C

C

CC

C

C

CC

C

CH3

CH3

OH

O

Estrogen

Testosterone

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

Lipid Functions

• Membranes – phospholipids, steroids

• Energy Storage – triglycerides• Hormones - steroids

ProteinsAmino Acids

C CN

H

R

H

H O

O

HConserved Region

R group

Hydrophobicside group

Hydrophilicside group

Leucine Serine

20 Different Amino acids

Figure 3.17-2

Dehydration reaction

Carboxyl Amino

Peptide bond

H2O

OH H

Polypeptide

Protein Folding

Hemoglobin

(a) Primarystructure

(b) Secondary structure

Amino acids

Pleated sheet

Alpha helix

(c) Tertiarystructure

Polypeptide

(d) Quaternarystructure

A protein withfour polypeptidesubunits

Hydrogenbond

Protein Folding

Example Proteins

Figure 3.21

Protein

Target

Figure 3.19

Normal red blood cell

Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Normal hemoglobin

1 2 3 45 6 7. . . 146

1 2 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146

SE

MS

EM

Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu

Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu

Figure 3.15

MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS

Structural Proteins(provide support)

Storage Proteins(provide amino

acids for growth)

Contractile Proteins

(help movement)

Transport Proteins(help transport

substances)

Enzymes(help chemical

reactions)

Nucleic AcidNucleotides

Nucleic Acid Functions

• ATP - nucleotide energy carrier in cell

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – genetic material

• RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – gene expression machinery

ATP