Microbial Diversity in Azorean Lava Tubescita.angra.uac.pt › ficheiros › publicacoes › 1327661829.pdfLava Tubes –Extreme Environments •Scarcity of energy for life –Light

Microbial Diversity in Azorean Lava Tubes

Riquelme, C.; Hathaway, J.M.M. ; Gabriel, R. ; Louvado, A. ; Coelho, M. ; Dapkevicius, M.L.N.E. & Northup D.E.

http://www.unm.edu/

http://www.montanheiros.com/main.php

Microbial Mats Diversity in Azorean Lava Tubes

II EIBS, Aveiro 2nd September 2011



© Kenneth Ingham Photography





1 m 1 cm

1 cm

1 cm 1 cm


© Kenneth Ingham Photography © Kenneth Ingham Photography



© Kenneth Ingham Photography © Kenneth Ingham Photography


5 mm

Microorganisms live in community, biofilms


20 mm

© Diana Northup Photography

Lava Tubes –Extreme Environments

• Scarcity of energy for life – Light (rely on chemical energy) – Nutrients (have to produce organic compounds from

inorganic molecules)


• Low temperatures

• Microbial diversity is fundamental to maintenance and conservation of global genetic resources – Huge amount of Earth biomass

– Genetic flexibility that allows them to adapt to (almost) every environmental conditions

• Extreme Environments as a diverse and untapped biodiversity refuge

• Earth Caves As Analogs For Extraterrestrial Cave Life Detection

On The Importance Of Studying Microorganisms in Lava Tubes


Microorganism effects on cave formation, enlargement, & mineral precipitation

Who’s home? Is there an indigenous subsurface biota?

Do microorganisms adapt to the cave environment? Do they produce antimicrobials?

Themes In Cave Microbiology

Buracos cave, Terceira, Portugal (Kenneth L. Ingham) II EIBS, Aveiro 2nd September 2011

Lava Tubes in Azorean Archipelago

TERCEIRA 69 CAVES

PICO 129 CAVES

FLORES 3 CAVES

FAIAL 9 CAVES

SÃO JORGE 19 CAVES

GRACIOSA 10 CAVES

SÃO MIGUEL 28 CAVES

SANTA MARIA 4 CAVES

CORVO

http://www.speleoazores.com/ II EIBS, Aveiro 2nd September 2011

Azorean Lava Tubes

Terceira Balcões

Malha

Terra Mole

Buracos

Madre de Deus

Agulhas

Achada

Branca Opala

Principiantes

Natal

Algar do Carvão

Pico Montanheiros Torres Lemos Ribeira do Fundo

II EIBS, Aveiro 2nd September 2011 © Kenneth Ingham Photography

Studies on the microbial biodiversity in the lava tubes of the Azores

Nucleic acid analysis by metagenomics (culture-independent techniques)

Culture in lab mimicking cave environment


© Kenneth Ingham Photography © Kenneth Ingham Photography © Kenneth Ingham Photography

Metagenomics

Molecular identification of bacterial isolates by sequencing, previously inaccessible since it is estimated that only less than 5% of the total bacterial species can be grown in the lab

Molecular ecology studies with analysis of entire communities of bacteria

Estimation of microbial diversity, which allows us to establish strategies to increase the proportion of the cultivable microflora cave

Metagenomes, genetic material sampled directly from the environment


Scientific classification of organisms


Ciccarelli, F.D., et al., Toward Automatic Reconstruction of a Highly Resolved Tree of Life, 2006 Vol 311 Science

ARCHAEA

EUCARYA

BACTERIA


Closer view of some evolutionary distances

METAZOA

FUNGI

CHROMALVEOLATA

PLANTAE



Scientific classification of organisms Evolutionary distance

ARCHAEA

EUCARYA

BACTERIA


Acidobacteria Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes Chamydiae Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Synergistetes Thermi-Deinococci Thermodesulfobacteria Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia

Candidate Bacterial Phyla


GN02 OD1 OP3 OP9 OP10 OP11 SR1 TG1 TM7 WS3 WS6 Ktenodobacteria

Norman R. Pace; Mapping The Tree Of Life: Progress And Prospects Microbiology And Molecular Biology Reviews, Dec. 2009, P. 565–576

Cavaletti, L., Monciardini, P., Bamonte, R., Schumann, P., Rohde, M., Sosio, M. & Donadio, S. (2006). New lineage of filamentous, spore-forming, gram-positive bacteria from soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 72, 4360–4369.

8 10

5

9 12

9 7

10 10

Phyla recovered by Cave

Torres

Ribeira do Fundo

Principiantes

Montanheiros

Malha

Lemos

Branco Opala

Balcões

Achada


ACIDOBACTERIA 15,3

ACTINOBACTERIA 14,0

KTEDONOBACTERIA 0,2

BACTEROIDETES 2,3

CHLAMYDIAE 0,1

CHLOROFLEXI 2,8

CYANOBACTERIA 1,5

FIRMICUTES 3,1

GEMMATIMONADETES 1,7

NITROSPIRA 8,0

OP10 0,4

PLANCTOMYCETES 0,6

PROTEOBACTERIA UNCLASSIFIED

1,5

PROTEOBACTERIA-ALPHA

12,7 PROTEOBACTERIA-BETA

6,6

PROTEOBACTERIA-DELTA

4,4

PROTEOBACTERIA-GAMMA

12,1 TM7 0,1 UNCLASSIFIED

12,4

VERRUCOMICROBIA 0,4


Percentages of phyla recovered in Terceira and Pico Caves

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Terceira Pico

UNCLASSIFIED

TM7

VERRUCOMICROBIA

PLANCTOMYCETES

OP10

CYANOBACTERIA

KTEDONOBACTERIA

NITROSPIRA

GEMMATIMONADETES

FIRMICUTES

CHLAMYDIAE

CHLOROFLEXI

BACTEROIDETES

ACTINOBACTERIA

ACIDOBACTERIA

PROTEOBACTERIA-GAMMA

PROTEOBACTERIA-DELTA

PROTEOBACTERIA-BETA

PROTEOBACTERIA-ALPHA

Bacterial phyla percentages in Terceira and Pico islands

PROTEOBACTERIA

ACIDOBACTERIA

ACTINOBACTERIA


Results

• 15 bacterial phyla out of 37 have been found in Azorean lava

tubes

• Acidobacteria (15,3%), followed by Actinobacteria (14%) and

Alpha and Gamma Proteobacteria (12% each) are the most

represented phyla

• 5 phyla, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria,

Nitrospira and Gemmatimonadetes, were found in every

cave

• 12 phyla found in Pico Island, Clamidia, Verrucomicrobia and

Planctomycetes were not recovered. 13 phyla found in

Terceira Island Ktedonobacteria and TM7 were not recovered


Comparison of Bacterial phyla recovered in Terceira and Hawai’i


Hawai’i

Terceira

Results • Basaltic lava caves from different climate

conditions, one tropical (Hawai‘i) and one temperate (the Azores) share most phyla into their diverse microbial communities

• OD1 phylum was only found in Hawaiian caves

while Cyanobacteria was only found in Azores

• The largest percentage of sequences from the

Hawaiian communities were identified as

Actinobacteria, while Acidobacteria were most

numerous in the Azorean communities


Culture Biodiversity


On The Importance Of Studying Microorganisms In Caves

Cave Bacterias from Gruta dos Montanheiros, Pico Island


Antibiotics

© Airidas Dapkevicius Photography © Airidas Dapkevicius Photography

No antibiotic production

antibiotic production

Pathogens Pathogens

Results

• A seedbank of isolates from azorean lava tubes

was estabilished and can in the future reveal a

valuable scientificly and economically for the

region.

• Lava tubes from Terceira and Pico Island

present biotechnological potential that should

be explored.


Obrigada pela vossa atenção


© Airidas Dapkevicius Photography II EIBS, Aveiro 2nd September 2011

Documents

Microbial Diversity in Azorean Lava Tubescita.angra.uac.pt › ficheiros › publicacoes › 1327661829.pdfLava Tubes –Extreme Environments •Scarcity of energy for life –Light