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MobilizationRetaking Europe
The HolocaustThe War in the Pacific
The Social Impact of the War
World War II
Map of WWII Europe
FDR’s Four Freedoms
When the US declared war, they were not ready for war
Mobilizing the US Armed ForcesSelective Training and Service Act = The Draft
(21-36 yrs)Military Spending went from $2 billion to $10 billion
FDR’s “4 FREEDOMS” SpeechFreedom from WANT * Freedom from FEARFreedom of RELIGION * Freedom of SPEECH
The GI WarMore than 16 Million served as “GI’s”Normal everyday American men who left home to fight for
freedom
Mobilization
Diversity in the Armed Forces (despite facing racism at home, they served)
All racial/ethnic backgrounds served in the US Military300,000 Mexican American served25,000 “CODE TALKERS” (Native Americans) served1,000,000 African Americans served (Tuskegee Airmen)
Women in the Military - 35,000 volunteered to serveWorked as clerks, typists, airfield control towers,
mechanics, photographers andriversAnything to free up a soldier to fight
Mobilization
Wartime Work ForceWar production will employ our nation (ending
the Great Depression)Wages rose by more than 50% from 1940-1945Union membership roseLabor and Business agreed: No Strikes, No
LockoutsFinancing the War (US Gov’t vowed to spend
whatever necessary)Higher Taxes, War Bonds, borrowing financed the
$321 billion it took)
Mobilization
Daily Life on the Home Front (the war effected EVERYONE)
Shortages and ControlsPeople had money for first time since the 1920’s, but
many things were rationedMetal, rubber, nylon stockings, certain foodsRation cards (sugar, coffee, meat, butter, canned
fruit, shoes)Gasoline rationed too “Is this trip really
necessary?”Popular Culture
Books & MagazinesRadio & RecordsBaseball & Movies
Mobilization
Enlisting Public Support (Gov’t encouraged people to take part in the war effort)
Accept rationing, conserve precious resources
Hired writers and artists to create posters/ads to stir American patriotism
“VICTORY GARDENS” to grow veggies at home
“Blackouts”- People shuttered their homes at night
Civil DefenseRecycle efforts – metal, paper and other
war production materials (COLLECT AND CONSERVE)
Mobilization
Americans Join the Struggle (France in German hands, London under seige )
The Battle of the Atlantic Convoys used to get American Soldiers and supplies by the
German Uboats“Wolf Packs” hunted military and merchant shipsSonar and better tactics will decrease the “Wolf Pack’s”
successThe North Africa Campaign
Rommel and Montgomery fought for control of Northern Africa
When US troops arrived, they lost their first battle but learned and won later
Churchill and Roosevelt will meet at Casablanca and mapped out their strategy for the rest of the war: Europe first , then the Pacific
Only unconditional surrender from Italy and Germany
Retaking Europe
The Invasion of Italy (2 front war)US and British troops hit Sicily and the Italian
mainlandThe Fascist Italian government voted Mussolini
outAllied troops advanced thru Italy, nearing Rome,
and the Italians surrenderedThe Germans did not give up – (Fight or Die)Many months of brutal fightingFinally, Germans surrender, Mussolini shot by
Italians
Retaking Europe
War in the Soviet Union The Germans Advance – Hitler breaks “non-
aggression pact”Believing he could take Russia quickly, Hitler poured
into Russia100,000’s + Russian Soldiers taken prisoner Millions of Russian Soldiers and even more civilians
dig in for a fight(some saw German’s as liberators because Stalin was
brutal but quickly found out the Germans were worse. They were forced labor or executed)
As Red Army retreated, Germans destroyed everything
Russian’s asked America for LEND LEASE aid, and it was sent
As Germans threatened Moscow and other key cities, Stalin begged the Allies to attack Italy and take the pressure off Russia. The Allies weren’t ready and left Russia to deal with the full force of the German Army
Retaking Europe
The Battle of Stalingrad (Winter will hit and change everything)
Germany’s Army will bog down in the winterThe people of Stalingrad will hold out and the
battle will rage again in SpringWhen winter hit again, the Germans were stuck
without suppliesBy late January, 90,000 Germans surrendered.
330,000 deadRussian losses were worse. More than 1,000,000
died in Stalingrad
Retaking Europe
The Allied Air War (Allied planes also went after military and civilian targets)
Carpet Bombing –scattering large numbers of bombs over a wide area
Allied bombing of Germany intensified when US entered the war
Hundreds of bombers would rain destruction on German cities
In 1943, Allies stepped up their bombing in advance of invasion
British and German citizens took to spending nights underground to survive
40,000 Germans will die in 4 nights in bombings on HamburgBy 1944, US and British coordinated attacks
Americans bombed by day, British bombed by night3,000 planes a day took flight
Retaking Europe
Allies attack from England
Allies attack from Africa
Germany/Axis powers now had to deal with a 3 front war. Even with this, the Allies put to the test and had to commit everything they had to the effort to push Germany back
Russia Attacks from the East
Stalin (and some US Generals) were calling for the invasion of western Europe
Operation Overlord would be launched from EnglandGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower named Supreme
CommanderTHE PLAN: To attack Europe from Britain in
Normandy Massive troops buildup began
Germany, in response, fortified their defenses in N. France
SUBTRIFUGE: The British were masters of trickery. (youtube: D-Day Deception)A plan was devised to trick the Germans into thinking the
attack would come at Calais not Normandy Spys were turned and sent fake messages “Secret” battle plans were planted Fake troop build up across from Calais
Retaking Europe
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
D-Day4,600 invasion craft crossed the British Channel1,000 RAF aircraft bombed the coastline of
France23, 000 airborne parachuted behind enemy lines
(British and American)150,000 troops landed along 60 miles of French
coastHeavy casualties (2,000 on one beach), but the
Allies gained control (10,000 Allied casualties in one day)
Within 1 week, ½ million troops and their equipment were ashore
By late July, over 2 million Allied troops in France
D-DAY (June 6, 1944)
Liberating France (Aug. ‘44)August, 1944 – The French Resistance began an
uprising as Allied troops nearedFirst objective, retake Paris . . . then on to
GermanyHitler ordered Paris burned, the generals ignored
the orderMassive celebration as the Germans gave up
control of ParisBy late September, Allied troops were nearing
Germany
The Battle of the Bulge (Dec.‘44 – Jan.‘44)
Hitler’s last attempt to stop the Allies in a counter attack on Allied lines
Several units fought against overwhelming German attack and held off assault
80,000 Allies forces died, 100,000 German forces died
After this battle, German general (not Hitler) realized the war was lost
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
The War in Europe EndsSoviet Forces Advance
As Allied bombers continued to pound German cities, Soviet forces hit from the east
Fighting between Germany and USSR was horrific9 million Russian soldiers (and as many as 9 million civilians)
died3 million German soldiers diedSoviet leaders viewed the capture of Berlin a matter of honorSoviet Army meets up with Allied Armies outside Berlin
Germany Surrenders Hitler refused to leave Berlin (as his generals suggested)Went into his bunker and committed suicideA few days later, Germany surrendered (May 8, 1945) V-E
DayWar in Europe was over, but the War in the Pacific still
going on
The War in Europe Ends
The Yalta ConferenceFeb, 1945 – THE BIG THREE (Roosevelt,
Churchill & Stalin) met in YaltaPlanned what would happen after the war ended
Split Germany (and Berlin) into 4 zonesStalin agreed to elections in Eastern Europe
and to help in Japan(promises he later broke)
The War in Europe Ends
Berlin
Persecution in GermanyNazi Policies: The belief in “Aryan Superiority” drove German
policiesAnti-Semitism: discrimination or hostility (often violent)
directed at JewsAnti-Semitism became official policy under the Nazi’sEventually 2/3 of Europe’s Jewish population (6 million +)
murderedOne-Day Boycott then a total boycott of Jewish owned
businessesGerman Citizenship stripped from JewsJews attacked as “enemies of the Germans” in the mediaJews expelled from German schoolsIdentification worn on clothing; Names changed to identifySS used to enforce German policiesMost Jews believed they could endure until Hitler lost power
(they were wrong)
The Holocaust
Kristallnacht (The Night of the Broken Glass) Nearly every Synagogue destroyed, 1000’s arrested and
sent to “Labor Camps” Jews forced to pay fines to pay for damages to German
property on that nightRefugees Seek an Escape
1 in 4 Jews fled Germany (with Nazi encouragement) to nearby countries
Few countries welcomed the refugees – The Great Depressions
A conference was called to discuss the refugees. 32 nations refused to take them in
The Holocaust
From Murder to GenocideThe Warsaw Ghetto: An enclosed city
Received little food (hunger, starvation the norm)Crowding brought disease; 1000’s died each monthStill the Nazi’s sought more efficient ways to kill the Jews
The Einsatzgrupppen (Mobile Killing Squads)Sent to kill Communist leaders and Jews in German
occupied territoriesRounded up Jews, dug a big ditch and shot themBabi Yar: 33,000 Jews killed in 2 days and put in a mass
graveWannsee Conference
Nazi officials met to discuss what to do with the Jews“Final Solution” = Genocide
The Holocaust
The Death Camps (Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, Sobibor, Treblinka &
others)Sorting process as trains deposited Jews
The ones they could use for labor were sent to camps The young, old, infirmed, etc were sent to the showers Nazi’s decided that poison gas would be the most efficient way to kill Showers designed to allow as many to be killed at a time as possible
Fighting Back Underground Resistance Escape Survival
Rescue and Liberation US knew as early as 1942, but no political will to do anything
about it 1944 – FDR created War Refugee Board (WRB) to try to help
those threatened by the NAZI’s. It will help save more than 200,000 lives
As Allies advanced on Germany, the camps were abandoned. Thousands will die before the rescuers get to them.
NUREMBERG TRIALS: Crimes against Humanity
The Holocaust
The Japanese AdvanceThe Philippines Fall
After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese move to take control of Asia
The Philippines taken – 76,000 Filipinos and Americans taken prison
Bataan Death March – 10,000 die on march, 15,000 die in camps
Defending China and BurmaJapan takes control of China and Burma, ending
British aid to the rebels2 Aircraft Carriers were out at the time of attack2 were damaged but reparable
The War in the Pacific
The War at SeaPearl Harbor had crippled the US Navy, but
not totallyDoolittle Raid
After PH, the US needed to strike back (for morale reasons)
Plan devised to hit Japan and fly to China and land
Most pilots survived (many captured by Japanese in China)
Minimal damage but a HUGE morale boost for US and its military
The War in the Pacific
Allied Victories Turn the TideThe Battle of Midway
Japan wanted to deal a final blow to the US NavyThe base on Midway was the key to their plansUS had a surprise for Japan – the 2 aircraft carriers
damaged were fixedJapan lost 4 carriers, 250+ planes, & most of its
skilled pilotsLast offensive attack by Japan
The Battle of Guadalcanal1st island the Allies try to retake6 month battle – Japanese and Allies reinforced their
troopsJungle warfare – fanatical Japanese fighters – heavy
casualties1st Japanese controlled territory the Allies took back
The War in the Pacific
Island Hopping
Struggle for the IslandsIsland Hopping
Strategy to block food and supplies was successful Japanese fighters were still fierce fighters
The Philippines CampaignPlanners wanted to “hop” over the Philippines, but
McArthur pressedTough battles (Leyte Gulf), Japanese did not want to lose
this baseKAMIKAZES: used for the first time, to great effect Japanese Navy virtually destroyed, the Allies marched on
toward Japan80,000 Japanese troops died, less than 1,000 taken
prisoner
The War in the Pacific
The closer the US got the Japan, the deadlier the fighting became
Iwo Jima and Okinawa (now on to Japanese soil)
Iwo Jima (700 miles from Japan) 74 days of bombing to “soften up” the Japanese fighters 100,000+ US troop vs. 25,000 Japanese soldiers = 1 month of
brutal battle Only 216 Japanese fighters taken prisoner US lost 25,000 on this little island
Okinawa (350 miles from Japan) US – 1,300 warships, 180,000+ troops Japan – 100,000 defenders who would fight until the death
2000 kamikaze attacks on US warshipsBanzai attacks – to kill as many as possible before they
were killedOnly 7,200 surrenderedUS lost 50,000+ on this little island
War in the Pacific
The Manhattan ProjectSuper Secret Project to Build the Atomic Bomb
Einstein letter to FDR Best scientists put on the project with unlimited funding Segmented into different parts of project (only a few knew whole
plan) **Hanford, WA** **Oak Ridge, TN** **Los Alamos, NM** Race to develop an atomic weapon Los Alamos NM test sight
Scientists sent letter to FDR to urge him NOT to use the weapon Truman informed of successful test (3 weapons ready for use)
The Decision to Drop the Bomb 1. A Massive Invasion (millions of casualties) 2. Naval Blockade (long, conventional bombing needed) 3. A Demonstration (might not work, only 3 bombs) 4. Softening the Allied Demands 5. Drop the Bomb
The War in the Pacific
Japan SurrendersAugust 6, 1945 – The Enola Gay drops bomb on
HiroshimaJapan given 3 days to surrender or another bomb
droppedAugust 9, 1945 – Nagasaki is bombedAugust 14, 1945 – Japan surrenders
(J-V Day)
Effect of the use of the Atomic BombQuick surrender by Japan, end of World War 2Displayed U.S. power to USSR/worldShowed U.S. would use any means necessary to winEstablished the U.S. as THE SUPERPOWER of the
world
The War in the Pacific Ends
Instantly: 5-10 mile radius incineratedDeaths: More than 150,000-200,000 died
instantlyCities destroyedJapanese culture forever altered
US – Only country EVER to use an atomic bombBegan the “COLD WAR” arms race with the
Soviet Union
Impact of the Atomic Bomb
Use your books to find 2-3 facts about each area on the worksheet
You can work in groups of 2-4, but each must complete the worksheet
If time, teacher will use power points to review each different group that was covered
Book Work (p.623-629)
What were the conditions life for African Americans just before WWII?
What were the following acts of government and what were they trying to achieve?
Executive Order 8802FEPC
Once the US entered the war, how were African Americans treated by the military?
Who were the Tuskegee Airmen?What was CORE and what were they formed
to do?
Quick Review
African AmericansEconomic Discrimination: Industry needed millions of
workersStill 1 of 5 African Americans out of work at the beginning
of warExecutive Order 8802: Desegregated Defense ProgramsFEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee) set up
to hear complaints about hiring/work practicesSoldiers and Segregation: Both served, but in different
unitsTuskeegee Airmen
Divided OpinionsMost whites believed African American soldiers satisfied
with conditions in the military and new opportunities in society
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) formed to fight for equality
Social Impact of the War
Mexican AmericansThe BRACERO Program: to meet the need for
agricultural workers during the war, 200,00+ Mexican workers were brought inAlso worked in military programs (aircraft industry)
Zoot Suit Riots: Mexican Bracero’s livedin BARRIO’s, especially in LA and SD. Military soldiers based in area conflicted with “Zoot Suiters”
Soldiers confined to base
Social Impact of the War
Native Americans (Culture Shock)Most N.A. lived on reservations in abject povertyMost N.A’s had never left the reservation, in their
entire life25,000 volunteered 23,000 worked in war industries“CODE TALKERS”
Unique unwritten language Difficult for Japanese to infiltrate
Social Impact of the War
Japanese AmericansJapanese Internment
Executive Order 9066 – Presidential order for interment of Japanese
Remove “any or all persons” of Japanese dissent (2/3 were American born)
They would be “interned” or contained during war Poor conditions common
Legal ChallengesThere were legal challenges to this policy
Korematsu v. US (1944) S.C. found US government acted within the rules of a nation at war. The S.C. would later overturn this ruling
Japanese Americans in the Military17,000+ will volunteer, would serve in segregated units
After the WarThose in camps returned to find their property had been takenThey had to start all over1988 – US Congress passed a law giving $20,000 to each
surviving internee or their family
Social Impact of the War
Camps were widespread in West
Working WomenNew Kinds of Jobs
Traditional jobs for women no longer enough for war effort Higher paying jobs in factories and plants opened as men
went to war By 1944, 19.4 million women working in war industries “Rosie the Riveter”
Benefits and Problems with Employment Women got more money and more self-confidence They earned less than men, often faced resentment for
working Had to juggle home and work
After the War “For the duration”, women expected to give up jobs when men
returned Most content to leave, but many wanted to stay
Social Impact
I. MobilizationI. How the US mobilized for warII. Effect of war on daily life
II. Retaking EuropeI. War in the Soviet Union (impact on Allies decisions)II. Invasion into ItalyIII. Invasion into Northern Europe (D-Day, Battle of the Bulge)
III. The HolocaustI. How/why the Nazi’s used the “Final Solution”II. US response to the Holocaust
IV. The War in the PacificI. Midway & GuadalcanalII. Island Hopping (Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa)III. The Atomic Bomb (Choices, Decision to use, Effects)
V. The War’s Social EffectsI. African Americans & MexicansII. Native AmericansIII. Japanese InternmentIV. Women
Review – Chapter 18
1) What factors motivated Italy, Germany and Japan and its leaders to pursue aggressive foreign policies during the 1930’s?
2) Do you think the Allies could have won World War II without the aid of the United States? EXPLAIN!!
3) What were some alternatives to using the atomic bomb against Japan? EXPLAIN whether or not you think dropping the atomic bomb was the best strategy and WHY
4) How might the events of World War II have been different if Germany had honored its non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union?
Ch 18 Essays