MORE REVOLUTIONS

A World After WWI

Revolution?

• Fear change?• Embrace change?• Consequences?• Benefits?

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III. Imperial China Collapses

A. China on the verge of a Revolution!1. Foreign countries controlled trade &

economic resources (imperialism)2. wanted to build up (industrialization) 3. Need for modernization 4. Shaky Start for the New Republica) The event that triggered civil war in China

was the death of General Yuan Shikai

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b) Kuomintang = Nationalist Party1) Sun Yixian – first President = great leadera) Sun hoped to establish a modern government based on

the “Three Principles of the People”: (1) nationalism—an end to foreign control (2) people’s rights—democracy(3) people’s livelihood—economic security for all Chineseb) main weaknesses of the new republic 1) Weak central rule2) lack of respect from other nations3) country needed modernizing4) Lacked a military to FORCE it into place

6Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek

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2. World War I Spells More Problems

a) believed that Allies would return control of Chinese territories that Germany had imperialized before WWI

b) Treaty of Versailles gave Japan those territories.

c) Response: May Fourth Movement 1) Started with 3000 angry students uprising in

Beijing and the movement spread a national movement - the people wanted to

establish a strong & modern nation

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C. The Communist Party in China1. Mao Zedong- (1921) organizes a

COMMUNIST movementa) would become China’s greatest

revolutionary leader.b) Believed that the peasants could be

the true revolutionaries

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2. Lenin Befriends Chinaa) 1923, Lenin sent military advisers &

equipment to the Nationalists1) Wanted to defeat the warlords2) Lenin allies with them3) in return allowed the Chinese

Communists to join the Kuomintang. (Nationalist Party)

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3. Peasants Align with the Communists

a) Sun Yixian dies 1925b) Nationalist named Jiang Jieshi

(formerly called Chiang Kai-shek) headed the Kuomintang

1. Had business and banker supporters2. promised democracy & political rights to all

Chinese.

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1) Nationalist government became less democratic & more corrupt

1) Less freedoms, rights, say in gov’t, equality

c) many peasants began to support the Chinese Communist Party

d) Mao divided land that the Communists won among the local farmers

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4. Nationalists & Communists Clash!a) Nationalists turn against the Communistsb) 1928, Jiang became president of the

Nationalist Republic of China1) Jiang ordered the Shanghai Massacre a) Nearly wiped out the Chinese Communist

Party.

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b) Nationalist Republic of China1) Great Britain & the United States

formally recognized the new government

2) the Soviet Union did not!

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D. Bloody Civil War Rages in China

1. 1930, Nationalists vs. Communists2. The Long March

Mao’s (red army) Communists vs. Jiang’s Nationalists1. Communists outnumbered and they fled2. 6000 mile journey, over a year long3. 10,000-30,000 reached safely in NW China4. Jiang’s forces couldn’t reach them, so the Red Army survived in caves5. at least 2/3 of the original marchers did not complete the journey but more people joined the Communists along the way

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2. Civil War suspendeda) 1937, the Japanese launched an all-out

invasion of Manchuria, China.b) Invasion and bombing spread c) By 1938, Japan held control of a large part

of Chinad) Nationalists & Communists temporarily

united to fight the JapaneseEventually, sparks up…WWII

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IV. Nationalism in India & Southwest Asia!

A. Setting the Stage…..1. end of World War Ia) broke up the Ottoman &Austrian Empire b) Treaty of Versailles said “imperialized land”

would receive more “Self-determination” [control in their own government]

c) India - nationalism & democratic ideas growing

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B. Indian Nationalism grows

1.Remember: Gandhi, Sepoys, Rebellion against the British rule???

World War I increases Nationalist Activitya) By the end of WWI, British had established

a Parliament in Indiaa) Gave Indians more of a say in their gov’t

b) But the British put in policies like the Rowlett Acts

a) allowed the government to jail protesters without trial for as long as two years

1) Causing violent protests!

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2) British government promised reforms that would eventually lead to self-government if Indians served in WWI

3) Indian National Congress Party and the Muslim League fought to end foreign rule in India completely!

2) They wanted complete independence!

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2. Amritsar Massacrea) demonstration alarmed the

British1) especially the alliance of

Hindus & Muslims (worked together for independence)

2) British Government had OUTLAWED public meetings

b) British believed People were openly defying the ban

c) troops fired on the crowd without warningkilled 400 Indians, 1,200 wounded.

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C. Gandhi’s Tactics of Nonviolence

1. Mohandas K. Gandhia) leader of the independence movementb) Teachings blended ideas from all of

the major world religions 1) Hinduism2) Islam3) Christianity

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2. Non-cooperation!!

a) 1920, the Congress Party decided to practice/live by:

1) civil disobedience(a) the deliberate & public refusal to obey an

unjust law(b)nonviolence as the means to achieve

independence2) weaken the British government’s

authority & economic power over India.

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3. Boycotts

a) refuse to 1) buy British goods2) Attend government

schools3) pay British taxes4) vote in elections5) a) despite Gandhi’s pleas

for nonviolence, protests often led to riots.

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5. The Salt March

a) 1930, Gandhi organized a demonstration to defy the hated Salt Acts.

1) British laws2) could buy salt from no other source

but the government. 3) had to pay sales tax on salt

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b) walked about 240 miles to the seacoast

c) began to make their own salt by collecting seawater & letting it evaporate

d) Police officers with steel-tipped clubs attacked the demonstrators

e) won worldwide support for Gandhi’s independence movement

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D. Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule

1. 1935, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act.

a) provided local self-governmentb) limited democratic electionsc) not total independence2. Indian Muslims feared that Hindus

would control India if it won independence

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E. Nationalism in Southwest Asia1. Ottoman Empire was forced to give up all

its territories except Turkey2. Turkey becomes a Republic

2. People have a say, elections, voting.

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a) Mustafa Kemal -Ataturk—“father of the Turks.”

1) successfully led Turkish nationalists in fighting back the Greeks (who tried to invade and conquer them) & their British backers

2) Helped to overthrow the Ottoman sultan

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Reform in Turkey

2) 1923, Kemal became the president of the new Republic of Turkey, the first republic in Southwest Asia

a) separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation

b) abolished religious courts & created a new legal system based on European law

c) granted women the right to vote & to hold public Office

d) launched government-funded programs to industrialize Turkey & to spur economic growth

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2. Persia Becomes Iran

a) the British tried to take over all of Persia.b) triggered a nationalist revolt in Persiac) 1921 Persian army officer seized power. d) 1925 he deposed the ruling shah.

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e) Persia’s new leader is Reza Shah Pahlavi

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1) established public schools2) built roads & railroads3) promoted industrial growth4) extended women’s rights5) kept all power in his own hands6) 1935, changed the name to the

traditional name Iran

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3. Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions

a) powerful Arabian family began a successful campaign to unify Arabia

1) 1932, renamed Saudi Arabia 2) Government based on custom, religion,

& family ties3) no efforts to begin to practice

democracy

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4. Oil Drives Development

a) land around the Persian Gulf has nearly two-thirds of the world’s known supply of oil (Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait)

b) oil brought huge profitsc) Western nations tried to dominate

this region