Nota Sains Ting 2 Bab 1

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  • 8/12/2019 Nota Sains Ting 2 Bab 1

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    Krehc-krehc Agrh

    8.Krehc-krehc agr`h mgrfuces` uctuo ngcegshc rhceshcehc(st`nui), yhce ngruphohc pgrumhlhc a` sgogi i ce o th.

    =.]hceshcehc (st`nuius) `hihl pgrumhlhc yhce tgrlhs`i kiglsunmgr-sunmgr tgrtgctu ahc `h mkigl ngcygmhmohc krehc-

    krehc agrh uctuo mgrtcaho mhihs ogphahcyh.:.Jkctkl rhceshcehc yhce mkigl a`ogshc kigl nhcush `hihl

    - sgctulhc, tgohchc, sho t, sgduo, lhmh, mhlhc o`n h, mucy`

    ahc jhlhyh.

    1.Zgthp shtu ahrphah krehc agrh o th sgcst f tgrlhahplhcyh shtu dgc`s rhceshcehc.

    7.Zgnuh krehc-krehc agrh yhce igceohp agcehc pgcgrnh /rgsgptkr agrh (sgcskry rgjgptkrs) h`tu luduce shrhf (cgrvg

    gca`ces), yhce mkigl ngcegshc rhceshcehc.

    Agrh Zgctulhc

    8.Agrh sgctulhc hahihl agrh yhce sgcst f tgrlhahprhceshcehc sgctulhc yhce a`ogchohc kigl kmdgo yhce

    tgrtgctu.

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    Ztruotur ouit nhcush

    Agrns ihp`shc ahihnhc

    8.Qgra r ahrphah ihp`shc tgmhi t su pgcelumuce (jkccgj tvgt`ssug).

    =.Ohyh agcehc ohp ihr ahrhl uctuo ngcehceout cutrgc,kosegc og agrn s ahc ngnmhwh ogiuhr ohrmkc a`kosah.

    :.Ztruotur ih`c yhce a`dunph` ahihn agrn`s hahihl ktktegcthc (nusjig f mrgs), ogigcdhr pgiul (swght eihcas) ahc

    t su ha`pks (ignho).

    1.Agrn`s dueh ngcehcauce` 'luduce shrhf' (cgrvg gca`ces)uctuo ngcegshc ogsho thc, sgduo, phchs, sgctulhc ahctgohchc.

    7.Luduce shrhf dueh a`ogchi` sgmheh` rgsgptkr agrh (sgcskryrgjgptkrs) ogrhch `hcyhcyh mkigl ngcegshc pgimheh` agrh

    a` sgiurul mhlhe`hc oui t.

    Gpagrns ihp shc iuhr

    8.Gp`agrn s a`mhr s kigl ihp shc sgi-sgi nht` yhce ogrhs phahpgrnuohhc.

    =.Zgi-sgi nht` `tu ngcehcauce` ogrht`c.:.Ihp`shc gp`agrn`s yhce phi`ce rgcahl a`phcee`i ihp`shc

    Nhip`el`hc. Zgi-sgi ahihn ihp`shc tgrsgmut sgct hsh

    ngnmhlhe` uctuo ngcelhsiohc sgi-sgi mhru.

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    Qhlhp ogpgohhc oui t

    8.Ouit oth ngnpucyh` thlhp ogpgohhc yhce mgrmgzha` sgt`hp mhlhe`hc yhce mgrih`chc phah mhahc.

    =.@c` hahihl ogrhch rgsgptkr (pgcgrnh) t aho shnh rhth phahsgthp mhlhe`hc oui t.

    :.Zgmheh` jkctkl, iahl ahc luduce dhr hahihl igm`l sgcst fmgrmhca`ce tun t oho , sou hthu thpho thcehc.

    1.Qhlhp ogpgohhc (sgcstv ty) ouit mgrehctuce ogphah auhfhotkr4

    h)Ogtgmhihc gp`agrn`s- Mhlhe`hc oui t yhce c`p`s igm`lsgcs`t`f tgrlhahp rhceshcehc.

    m)Mihcehc rgsgptkr - Mhlhe`hc oui t yhce mhcyhom`ihcehc rgsgptkr igm`l sgcs`t`f tgrlhahp sgctulhc.

    7.Ogpgohhc ouit phah mhlhe`hc-mhlhe`hc yhce mgrih`chcphah tumul nhcush.

    h)Iglgr, p`p ahc luduce dhr .- Mhlhe`hc `c` ngnpucyh` gp`agrn s yhce c`p s sgrth

    rgsgptkr yhce mhcyho, yhce sgcs t f tgrlhahp

    rhceshcehc sgctulhc.

    m)Qhpho thcehc (phin).- Mhlhe`hc `c` ngnpucyh` mhcyho rgsgptkr yhce

    sgcst f ogphah rhceshcehc sgduo ahc phchs.

    j)Qhpho oho ahc s`ou (skigs hca gimkws)- hahihl ourhce sgcs t f tgrlhahp sgctulhc ogrhch `h

    ngnpucyh` gp`agrn s yhce tgmhi sgrth m ihcehc

    rgsgptkr yhce sga`o`t.

    6.Ogeuchhc ogpgohhc oui t ahihn ogl`auphc sglhrhc4 Qgnpht suct ohc phah mhahc.

    - Rgsho`t m`hshcyh a`mgr` suct`ohc phah igcehc hthupuceeuce (p`ceeui).

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    - @c` hahihl ogrhch mhlhe`hc oui t c` ngnpucyh`gp`agrn`s yhce tgmhi.

    - D ha`, pgsho t hohc ourhce ngrhsh ogsho thc hphm`iha`suct`o.

    Ngnmhjh 'Mrh iig'.- Ngceeuchohc luduce dhr ogrhch mhlhe`hc luduce

    dhr ngnpucyh` gp`agrn`s yhce c`p s sgrth mhcyho

    rgsgptkr, yhce sgcs t f tgrlhahp rhceshcehc nhch-

    nhch sgctulhc.

    Agrh Mhu

    Agrh mhu hahihl agrh yhce mkigl ngcegshc rhceshcehc(st`nui) yhce a`lhsiohc kigl mhlhc o`n h yhce thdhn (pucegct

    jlgn`jhis).

    Ztruotur lauce nhcush

    8.L`auce nhcush ngnpucyh` rkceeh yhce a`pgcul` agcehct su gp`tgi un

    (gp`tlgi`un

    t`ssug).=.Rhah

    pgrnuohhc t`su

    gp`tgi`un

    tgrahpht sgi-sgi

    agrh (sgcskry

    jgiis) yhce

    a`ogchi`

    sgmheh` sgi-sgi

    pgcel`au

    (kifhj tkry jgiis).

    :.Rgrnuohhcrkceeh l auce

    hahihl ignmhp

    ogrhch tgrahpht nuous (nujus) yhce a rgnmgsohc kigl sgi-

    sgi ogigcdhr.

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    1.]kceeh l`auce ngnpucyh` sgphshce pgnmuohhc iuhrhc(iumhce l`auce) yhce ngnpucyh` muiu uctuo ngchp s

    lhmuo ahr` uahrh yhce a`sgaut ngihiu` l`auce.

    Rrksgs ngcegshc mhu kigl l`auce4

    8.Mhu ahihn mgctuo nkigoui o`n h yhce a`sgaut og ahihnrkceeh l auce (rkceeh chshi) hohc ihrut ahihn nuous ahc

    ngrhceshce sgi-sgi agrh.

    =.Zgi-sgi agrh yhce a rhceshce hohc ngcelhsiohc `npuis.:. @npuis hahihl syhrht nhoiunht yhce mgregrho phcths a`

    sgphcdhce shrhf.

    1.@npuis yhce a rhceshce hohc a`lhcthr og ktho. Ktho hohcngcthfsr npuis tgrsgmut sgmheh` mhu.

    Ogpgohhc (sgcs t v ty) l`auce ogphah rhceshcehc. (Fhotkr)

    Ogouhthc mhu.- Mhu yhce igm`l ouht hohc igm`l nuahl a`ogshc kigl

    l auce mgrmhca`ce agcehc mhu yhce igm`l ignhl.

    - D `oh sgi-sgi agrh a rhceshce kigl mhu yhce ouht,mhu-mhu yhce ih`c (yhce igm`l ignhl mhucyh) taho

    hohc a`ogshc phah nhsh yhce shnh.

    Oglha rhc nuous ahihn l`auce.- Nuous yhce mhcyho hohc ngceurhceohc ogpgohhc

    l auce ogrhch ourhce mhlhc-mhlhc on h yhce

    ngrhceshce sgi-sgi agrh.

    - Zgmhiocyh, ogt`hahhc nuous ngcygmhmohc rkceehl auce ogrce ahc ngcygmhmohc mhu taho ahpht

    a`ogshc agcehc mgtui.

    - Zgnhsh sgisgnh, sgi-sgi agr`h a`i`tup` agcehc nuousyhce mhcyho. @hcyh ngcelhihce sgi-sgi agrh

    ahr`phah a`rhceshce kigl mhlhc o`n`h.

    - Kigl tu, krhce yhce ngcel`ahp sgisgnhngnpucyh` ogjgohphc l`auce yhce ourhce.

    Agrh ]hsh

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    8.Agrh rhsh hahihl shihl shtu yhce ahpht ngcegshcrhceshcehc yhce a`lhsiohc kigl mhlhc on h mgrpgrsh.

    =.Iahl ngruphohc krehc mgrktkt yhce tgrigtho a` ahihnrkceeh nuiut.

    Ohwhshc rhsh i ahl nhcus`h.

    8.Rgrnuohhc iahl ngnpucyh` agrh / tuchs rhsh (thstg muas).Quchs rhsh `c` ngcygmhmohc pgrnuohhc iahl ohshr ahc

    ngceegrutu (spktty).

    =.Zgthp tuchs ngnpucyh` mhcyho rgsgptkr rhsh yhce mkiglngcegshc rhsh sgsuhtu mhlhc.

    :.Zgt hp tuchs rhsh hahihl sgcst f tgrlhahp shtu dgc s rhshtgrtgctu shlhdh.

    1.Iahl nhcush ngnpucyh` gnpht ohwhshc / mhlhe`hc,yhce nhch nhsce-nhsce sgcs t f tgrlhahp rhceshcehc

    rhsh tgrtgctu shlhdh.

    h)mhlhe`hc agphc i`ahl hahihl igm`l sgcs`t`f tgrlhahprhsh nhc s ahc nhsc

    m)mhlhe`hc mgihohce iahl igm`l sgcs t f tgrlhahp rhshphl`t

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    j)nhchohih mhlhe`hc s s iahl igm`l sgcs t f tgrlhahprhsh nhshn.

    Rrksgs ngcegshc rhsh kigl iahl nhcush

    8.]hsh nhohchc lhcyh ahpht a`ogshc hphm ih nhohchctgrsgmut mgrhah ahihn mgctuo jgjh r (iqu a fkrn).

    =.Hphm ih nhohchc a`nhohc, h r i ur (shivh) a rgnmgsohc a`ahihn nuiut uctuo ngihrutohc nhohchc.

    :.Nhohchc yhce tgihl a ihrutohc hohc ngrhceshce tuchsrhsh (thstg muas) uctuo ngcjgtusohc `npuis.

    1.@npuis tgrsgmut hohc a`lhcthr og ktho ngihiu` s`stgn shrhfuctuo a thfsrohc sgmheh` rhsh.

    7.]hsh ihzht sgsuhtu nhohchc tu a`lhsiohc kigl oknm`chsogsgnuh gnpht dgc`s rhsh (thstgs).

    Lumucehc hcthrh agr h mhu ahc agr h rhsh

    8.]kceeh l auce ahc rkceeh nuiut hahihl mgrshnmuce.D ha , agrh rhsh ahc agrh mhu hahihl shice mgroh thc.

    =.Hphm`ih sgsgkrhce ngcel`ahp sgisgnh, sgigrh nhohccyhhohc mgrourhce ogrhch l`aucecyh tgrsunmht agcehc igca`r

    / nuous (nujus).

    :.Nuous hohc ngcygmhmohc sgi-sgi agrh mhu ourhcea rhceshce kigl mhu nhohchc. Kigl tu, sgigrh nhohc

    sgsgkrhce pgcel`ahp sgigsgnh `tu hohc mgrourhcehc.

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    Agr h Rgcagcehrhc

    8.Agrh pgcagcehrhc hahihl agrh yhce mkigl ngcegshcsunmgr mucy` yhce a`lhsiohc kigl kmdgo mgregthr.

    =.Agrh ogsg`nmhcehc hahihl agrh yhce mgrthceeucedhwhmuctuo ngcehwhi ogsg`nmhcehc (gqu`i`mr`un) hphm`ih

    mhahc mgregrho.

    h)Qgi ceh tgrmhlhe` ogphah t eh mhlhe`hc h tu4 tgi`ceh iuhr tgi ceh tgcehl tgi ceh ahihn.

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    m)Qgi ceh iuhr ahc tgi ceh tgcehl a`pgcul` agcehcuahrh.

    j)Qgi ceh ahihn a`pgcul` agcehc jgjh r.:.Qum Gusthjl h ahc shiur sgphrh muiht hahihl mhlhe`hc

    tgi ceh yhce t aho tgrimht ahihn pgcagcehrhc.

    1.Qum Gusthjl h ngce`nmhce` tgohchc phah ogauh-auhmgihl egegcahce tgiceh.

    7.Zhiur sgphrul muiht ngcehwhi ogsg`nmhcehc mhahc (mkaygqu`i`mr`un)4

    h)Zhiur sgphrul muiht tgra r ahrphah t eh t um yhce a` sagcehc sgdgc s jgjh r yhce a`phcee i 'gcakiynpl'.

    m)Rgregrhohc ogphih hohc ngnpgcehrul` oghahhcgcakiynpl.j)Rgregrhohc gcakiynpl hohc ngrhceshce sgi-sgi agrh

    uctuo ngcegiuhrohc `npuis.

    a)@npuis tgrsgmut hohc a`lhcthr og ktho uctuo ngcegshcogauauohc ahc hrhl pgregrhohc ogphih.

    Ngohcsng pgcagcehrhc tgi ceh8.Mucy` a`lhcthr ahr shtu ohwhshc og ohwhshc ih`c ahihn

    mgctuo egiknmhce.

    =.Jup`ce tgiceh ngceunpui egiknmhce mucy` ahcngcehrhlohccyh tgrus ogphah shiur tgi`ceh.

    :.Zhiur tgi`ceh ngcehrhlohc egiknmhce mucy` tgrsgmut ogegegcahce tgi ceh.

    1.Qgi ceh mgregthr hphm`ih `h ngcgrnh egiknmhce mucy .7.Egthrhc egiknmhce mucy`

    a`ehcahohc/a`pgre`htohc/a`pgrtceohtohc ( ctgcsf ga)

    sgmhcyho == ohi kigl ksogi.

    6.Egthrhc yhce a`pgrtceohtohc tu ognua`hccyh a`lhcthr ogokoigh ngihiu` t ceohp mudur.

    5.Egthrhc t`ceohp mudur ngcygmhmohc gcakiynpl ahihnokoigh uctuo mgregthr ahc ngrhceshce sgi-sgi shrhf a`

    ahihn okoigh.

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    0.@npuis a`lhcthr ahr okoigh og ktho ngihiu` shrhf hua tkructuo a thfsrohc sgmheh` mucy .

    Agrh Rgceilhthc

    8.Agr`hpgcei`lhthc

    hahihl agrh

    yhce mkigl

    ngcegshc

    rhceshcehc

    jhlhyh (ielt

    stnuius).

    =.Nhcus`hngnpucyh` auh nhth yhce tgrigtho ahihn skogt tgceokrho(souii).

    :.Nhth nhcush mgrmgctuo sfgrh ahc sga`o t ngckcdki.1.Ztruotur nhth nhcus`h4

    h)Nhth nhcus`h tgra`r` ahr`phah t`eh ihp`shc t`su `h`tu4 soigrh (ihp`shc phice iuhr) okrk`a (ihp`shc tgcehl) rgt`ch (ihp`shc phi`ce ahihn).

    m)A` mhlhe`hc lhahphc, nhth a icauce` kigl ogikphonhth yhce mkigl tgrtutup agcehc sgca`r`cyh.

    j)Nhth dueh a icj rohc kigl h r nhth yhce a`lhsiohc kiglogigcdhr h r nhth (tghr eihca).

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    Ngohcsng Rgceilhthc

    8.Rgnmgctuohc ngd phah rgt`ch.h)Ohcth nhth (igcs) ahihn nhth nhcush hahihl ohcthjgnmuce yhce iuts`chr (trhcsphrgct jkcvgx igcs).m)Jhlhyh yhce ahthce ahrphah kmdgo hohc ngihiu`

    ohcth sgtgruscyh a`mgceokoohc (mgct) ahc a fkousohc

    ogphah rgt ch.

    j)@ngd yhce a fkousohc phah rgtch a`ohwhi kigl ktkt si h(j`i hry nusjigs).

    a)Ktkt s`i`h (rgihxht`kc hca jkctrhjt`kc kf j`i`hry nusjigs)mgrtcaho uctuo ngcehwhi ogtgmhihc ohcth nhth(tl`jocgss kf tlg gyg igcs).

    g)Ogtgmhihc ohcth hohc mgrumhl uctuo ngnmkiglohcnhth uctuo ngi lht kmdgo agoht ahc dhul.

    =.Oguphyhhc nhth uctuo ngnfkous ogphah kmdgo phahdhrho yhce mgrmgzh a`ogchi sgmheh`

    hoknkahs` (hjjknnkaht`kc).:.Qcahohc c` a`ihouohc kigl ktkt s i h yhce ngceumhl

    ogtgmhihc ohcth nhth ahc agcehc tu ngceumhl dhrho

    fkouscyh.

    1.Zgsgkrhce yhce mgrpgceilhthc ckrnhi ahphtngnfkousohc kmdgo ahr dhrho =7jn l ceeh `cf c t . D hrho

    =7jn a`ogchi sgmheh` dhrho n c`nun mhe` pgcei`lhthc

    dgihs.

    7.Zgsuhtu kmdgo ngnmhioohc (rgfigjts) jhlhyh ahihn sgnuhhrhl.

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    6.Lhcyh jhlhyh ahihn ohwhshc phcahcehc tgrtgctu shlhdhhohc ngnhsuo` nhth.

    5.Jhlhyh a`mgceokoohc phah okrcgh (jkrcgh), egignh r(hqugkus lunkur), ohcth nhth (igcs) ahc egignhjh

    (v`trgkus lunkur).