Note de conjoncture de l'Insee (Dec 2012)


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Cmrlnsl|r cl dg q|odmngsmhk

Flgk*D|n Sgplrkmlr

_cgnsl|r~ lk nel`Ncrmn G|clkm~Flgk*@rgkhm~ H|prgrcFlgk*@rgkhm~ L|cldmkl

Gcrmlk Vgbegrsneh|b

Nhksrmo|sl|r~Orh| Gcf

Pmknlks Gdelkn*Ildg~N}qrmlk OlnedlrIrihmrl Ohrl}Fhnld}k Oh|~~grcI|mddg|jl Negksldh|q

Prhkmw|l Nhrcl}F|dml Cfmrmi|mgkF|~smkl C|rgkcKmnhdg~ Fih|Khjml Fl~~Ndhpm~ Blrcrgmk^gkcrmkl DlohkKmnhdg~ Dgigrcl@rgkhm~ Jgrmngd

Gddgh|m JmriegklGdlum~ Jhksg|sdhcml QlrlmrgOr|kh W|mddl

Kgsegk _ljmdg^hqeml _lkg|cJgrml _l}^og~smlk _mh|Chrmgk _h|nelrJgrml ^gdgIgormld ^bdlkgrcEdkl ^h|gd@rcrmn Sgddls

Gkkg Sl~sg~Olkhs Srmkw|mlr^hqeml Pmddg|jl

^lnrsgrmgs cl rcgnsmhkls jm~l lk qgilNgselrmkl @rl~~hk*JgrsmklvJh|~~g OdgmoldFgnw|ldmkl Nh|rolsClkm~l Jg|r}*C|qrl}

^lnrsgrmgsKgsegdml Negjqmhk

Dl~ khsl~ cl nhkfhkns|rl ~hks cm~qhkmodl~ c~ dl|rqgr|smhk ~|r dl ~lrpl|r mkslrkls cl dMk~ll cgk~ dg r|*ormw|l Nhkfhkns|rl * Gkgd}~l cl dg nhkfhkns|rl dgcrl~~l 6 yyy+mk~ll+`r+

M^^K 1900*0?05

Mjqrl~~mhk cgqr~ chn|jlks~ `h|rkm~FH\PL * QG_M^

_cgnsmhk gnelpl dl 7> cnljorl ?17?


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SH\FH\_^ QG^ CDGK

P\L CLK^LJODL + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 9

_LSH\_ ^\_ DG Q_NCLKSL Q_PM^MHK + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 79

NHKFHKNS\_L @_GKGM^L

Lkpmrhkkljlks mkslrkgsmhkgd cl dg @rgknl+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

negkil~ lusrml|r~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Fgqhk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 773

Nemkl ls G~ml jlrilksl+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 77

NHJQSL^ CL^ QG]^ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +775NHJQSL G^^HNM CL DG @_GKNL + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7??

DL^ JHS^ CL DG NHKFHKNS\_L+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +7>7

NDGM_GIL^ Dl qhmc~ cl~ cqlk~l~ qr*lkigil~ kl qrhirl~~l qd|~ clq|m~ ?11= + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 5?

Nhjqsmsmpms*nhs ls sg|u cl jgril cgk~ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh 6 w|lddl~ r|qs|rl~ clq|m~ ?115 8 + 71?

sgs~*\km~ 6 |kl `gdgm~l o|cisgmrl jhmk~ eg|sl w|gsslkc| 8 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 71=


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Sh|fh|r~ qg~ cdgk

Nhjjl qrp| cgk~ dl Qhmks cl nhkfhkns|rlchnshorl$ dl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~ hks

dirljlks gnndr g| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?%"1$? , gqr~ "1$7 ,-+ Clrrmrl nl jh|pljlksclk~ljodl gqqgrgm~~lks cl irgkcl~ cmplrilknl~ 6dgnsmpms g klssljlks gnndr g|u sgs~*\km~ ls g|_h}g|jl*\km$ sgkcm~ w|lddl ~l~s cl kh|plg|nhksrgnsl cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh ls g ne|s g| Fgqhk+

G| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ dgnsmpms ngdlrgms cgk~dl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~ %1$1 ,-$ ~h|~ dl``ls c|rlsh|r dg khrjgdl g| _h}g|jl*\km$ ls c|knhksrlnh|q g|u sgs~*\km~+ Lddl ~l nhksrgnslrgms cgk~dg vhkl l|rh %*1$> ,- ls lk @rgknl %*1$? ,-+ Dl~lkw|sl~ cl nhkfhkns|rl k mkcmw|lks qg~cgjdmhrgsmhk `rgknel c| ndmjgscl~ g``gmrl~ clq|m~qd|~ml|r~ jhm~ ls dl~ qrljmrl~ chkkl~ cgnsmpmscm~qhkmodl~ dgm~~lks jjl gsslkcrl |kl rlne|sl cldgnsmpms$ lk qgrsml qgr nhksrlnh|q c| rlohkc cl dgqrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl c| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl+

Sh|sl`hm~$ dg cljgkcl$ mkslrkl nhjjl luslrkl$

~ljodl `gmrl qrl|pl c|kl nlrsgmkl r~m~sgknl+ Gmk~m$dl~ lkw|sl~ cl nhkfhkns|rl kl dgm~~lks qg~ gsslkcrlcl cnrhnegil cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ls dl~ chkkl~ cl nhk~hjjgsmhk cm~qhkmodl~ `hkssgs c|kl w|g~m*~sgomdms$ ~ljodgks nhk`mrjlr w|ldg ogm~~l c| qh|phmr cgnegs cl~ jkgil~ ~lrgmsgjhrsml qgr dg cmjmk|smhk cl dl|r sg|u cqgrikl+

Gmk~m$ qh|r ~lrpmr nlssl cljgkcl$ dl~ lksrlqrlkl|r~gnnlks|lrgmlks dl|r c~shnbgil+

Nlsslr~m~sgknlcldgcljgkcllk@rgknlclprgms~lqh|r~|mprl g| qrljmlr ~ljl~srl ?17>$ qlrjlssgks dgnsmpms cl qrhirl~~lr kh|plg|$ dirljlks$ g|

qrljmlr ~ljl~srl ?17> %"1$7 , qgr srmjl~srl-+

Dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ gnndrlrgmlks gmk~m w|ldw|l ql|$~h|~ dl``ls c| rlcjgrrgil cl dg cljgkcljhkcmgdl$ ls cl dg cqrnmgsmhk qg~~l cl dl|rh+^h|~ de}qhse~l c|k gnnhrc g|u sgs~*\km~qlrjlssgks cl dmjmslr dgjqdl|r c| nehn o|cisgmrl$dl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~ rlcjgrrlrgmlks lk l``lsqrhirl~~mpljlks co|s ?17> %"1$? , q|m~ "1$> ,g|u qrljmlr ls cl|umjl srmjl~srl~-+ C|kl qgrs$ dgcljgkcl mksrml|rl cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh nl~~lrgms cl

ogm~~lr irnl d gqgm~ljlks cl~ slk~mhk~`mkgknmrl~ ls dhrmlksgsmhk |k ql| jhmk~ rl~srmnsmplcl~ qhdmsmw|l~ o|cisgmrl~+ Cg|srl qgrs$ dl~nhkhjml~ jlrilksl~ gnndrlrgmlks dirljlks$c| `gms khsgjjlks cl dg~~h|qdm~~ljlks qg~~ cldl|r~ qhdmsmw|l~ jhksgmrl ls o|cisgmrl+

Dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl ~lrgms w|gks lddl clkh|plg| g shkl lk @rgknl$ kh sgjjlks dgnhk~hjjgsmhk cl~ jkgil~+ Gqr~ gphmr `hrsljlksqrhirl~~ `mk ?17?$ dl~ qrdpljlks~ ~|r dl~jkgil~ `lrgmlks |kl qg|~l g| qrljmlr ~ljl~srl?17>$ jgm~ dl~ rlplk|~ cgnsmpms nhksmk|lrgmlks clrgdlksmr+ Dl rlsh|r cl~ igmk~ cl qrhc|nsmpms

~qhksgk~ ~|r dl|r r}sejl cgpgks*nrm~l$ gjhrnclq|m~ `mk ?177$ nhkc|mrgms lk l``ls cmjqhrsgksl~qlrsl~ cljqdhm~ jgrnegkc~ %|k ql| jhmk~ cl31 111 qgr srmjl~srl co|s ?17>-+ Dg ogm~~l cldljqdhm shsgd ~lrgms sh|sl`hm~ |k ql| qd|~ `gmodl$ c|`gms c|kl g|ijlksgsmhk c| khjorl cljqdhm~ gmc~cgk~ dl ~lnsl|r khk jgrnegkc+ Dl sg|u cl nejgilgsslmkcrgms 71$= , jm*?17> %71$< , lk @rgknl

jsrhqhdmsgmkl-+G|*cld cl~ `d|ns|gsmhk~ srmjl~srmlddl~ c| qh|phmrcgnegs$ nld|m*nm ~lrgms ~|r |kl slkcgknl ogm~~mrl%*1$?,~|r|kgkg|cl|umjlsrmjl~srl?17>-$jgm~nlssl ogm~~l rl~slrgms ~|``m~gjjlks jhcrl qh|rw|l nlddl c| sg|u cqgrikl cl~ jkgil~ qlrjlssl|k jgmksmlk cl dl|r nhk~hjjgsmhk+

Cmplr~ gdg~ ~hks g~~hnm~ nl ~nkgrmh+ Dl sg|ucmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ `rgkgm~l~ l~sg|fh|rce|m rldgsmpljlks dlp+ \k gf|~sljlksjgrw| dg ogm~~l$ khk mk~nrms cgk~ khsrl ~nkgrmh$

l~s chkn qh~~modl$ jjl ~m rmlk cgk~ dl~ lkw|sl~g|qr~ cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ kl qlrjls clk cnldlr cl~~mikl~ gpgks*nh|rl|r~+ dmkplr~l$ dnhkhjml`rgkgm~l qh|rrgms ok`mnmlr c|k ~h|smlk lusrml|rqd|~ mjqhrsgks w|l qrp|$ ~m dgnndrgsmhk lk nh|r~cgk~ dl~ qg}~ jlrilks~ qrlkgms cl dgjqdl|r h| ~mdgqgm~ljlks cl~ slk~mhk~ ~|r dl~ jgrne~ `mkgknmlr~cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh cildgms rgqmcljlks dl~nhjqhrsljlks~ cl cqlk~l cl~ nhk~hjjgsl|r~ lscl~ lksrlqrm~l~+

P|l c)lk~ljodl

Cnljorl ?17? 9

^H\^ LJOG_IH

Q\ODMGODL DL ?1 CNLJO_L ?17? ??E11


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G| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ dgnsmpm s g `gmodljlksqrhirl~~ cgk~ dl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~

Dl~ sgs~*\km~ ~|r dl|r dgknl G| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ dgnsmpms g qrhirl~~ |k r}sejl jhcl~sl cgk~dlk~ljodl cl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~ %"1$? , gqr~ "1$7 , g| cl|umjl

srmjl~srl ?17?-$ gpln cl `hrsl~ esrhikms~ lksrl dl~ qg}~+ Gmk~m$ lddl gklssljlks gnndr g|u sgs~*\km~ %"1$9 , gqr~ "1$> ,-$ ~h|slk|l qgr dlc}kgjm~jl cl dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl+

_lohkc ormsgkkmw|l$ne|sl fgqhkgm~l

Gqr~ srhm~ srmjl~srl~ cl rlqdm$ dnhkhjml ormsgkkmw|l g `hrsljlks rlohkcm%"7$1 , gqr~ *1$3 ,-+ Lddl g qrh`ms cl ~h|smlk~ qhkns|ld~$ gpln dl ~|rnrhscgnsmpms dm g| nhksrlnh|q c| F|omd cl dg rlmkl ls g|u Fl|u Hd}jqmw|l~+ dmkplr~l$ dnhkhjml fgqhkgm~l ~l~s klssljlks rlqdml %*1$= , gqr~ 1$1 ,-+ Dgnhk~hjjgsmhk cl~ jkgil~ g rln|d gpln dq|m~ljlks cl~ ~|oplksmhk~ dgnegs cl pemn|dl~ ls dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ kmqqhkl~ hks ~h|``lrs c| rgdlksm~~ljlksidhogd c| nhjjlrnl g~mgsmw|l gmk~m w|l cl~ slk~mhk~ cmqdhjgsmw|l~ gpln dgNemkl lk `mk cl srmjl~srl+

Dgnsmpms g qrhirl~~ lk

@rgknl ls lk Gddljgikl jgm~ grln|d lk Msgdml ls lk L~qgikl

Cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh$ dgnsmpms ~l~s dirljlks rlqdml g| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?

%*1$7 , gqr~ *1$? ,-+ Dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl g nhksmk| cl rln|dlr jgm~ dl~luqhrsgsmhk~$ khsgjjlks lk Gddljgikl ls lk L~qgikl$ hks klssljlks qrhirl~~+G| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ dgnsmpms g qrhirl~~ lk @rgknl %"1$? ,- ls lkGddljgikl %"1$? ,- jgm~ g cl kh|plg| ogm~~ lk L~qgikl %*1$> ,- ls lk Msgdml%*1$? ,-$ |k r}sejl sh|sl`hm~ jhmkcrl w|g| srmjl~srl qrnclks+

Dl nhjjlrnl jhkcmgd g rln|dg| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?

Dl nhjjlrnl jhkcmgd ~l~s dirljlks rlqdm g| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?%*1$? ,- qkgdm~ qgr dl jgkw|l cl c}kgjm~jl cgk~ dl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~nhjjl cgk~ dl~nhkhjml~jlrilksl~+ Dl~ nhkhjml~cG~ml jlrilksl hkslkl``ls nhksmk| cl rgdlksmr qlkcgks ds ls dl~ negkil~ cgk~ nlssl vhkl ~l ~hksklssljlks nhksrgns~ lksrl f|mk ls ghs ?17?+ Md~ hks kgkjhmk~ rlohkcm lk~lqsljorl+

Gshkml cl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~g| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17?Dl ndmjgs cl~ g``gmrl~ l~s

cirgc lk L|rhql ls g| FgqhkLk khpljorl ?17?$ dl ndmjgs cl~ g``gmrl~ ~l ~ms|l sh|fh|r~ klssljlks lk cl~~h|~c| ~l|md cluqgk~mhk g| Fgqhk ls cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh %n`+ irgqemw|l 7-+ Cgk~ nl~cl|u nhkhjml~$ dgnsmpms nhksmk|lrgms chkn cl ~l rlqdmlr g| w|gsrmjlsrmjl~srl 6*1$? , g| Fgqhk ls *1$> , cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh+

Dnhkhjml gjrmngmkl`rlmkl `mk ?17?

G|u sgs~*\km~$ dl ndmjgs cl~ g``gmrl~ ~l~s rlqdm lk khpljorl$ jgm~ md cljl|rl g|kmplg| c| ~l|md cluqgk~mhk+ Dnhkhjml gjrmngmkl kl rl~slrgms chkn qg~ ~|r dlr}sejl ~h|slk| c| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl %"1$> , g| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17?gqr~ "1$9 , - jgm~ lddl nhksmk|lrgms csrl ~h|slk|l qgr ~l~ jhsl|r~ mkslrkl~$

5 Khsl cl nhkfhkns|rl

P|l clk~ljodl

7 * Dl ndmjgs cl~ g``gmrl~ l~s cirgc cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh

^h|rnl 6 M^J$ Jgrbms


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khsgjjlks dg nhk~hjjgsmhk qrmpl ls dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cgk~ dg nhk~sr|nsmhk+Dh|rgigk ^gkc} w|m g `rgqq dg nsl L~s c| qg}~ `mk hnshorl gjq|slrgmsdirljlks dgnsmpms g|u sgs~*\km~+

^sgikgsmhk c| nhjjlrnl

jhkcmgd

Dgnsmpms cl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~ ngdlrgms g| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17? %1$1 ,-

ls dl nhjjlrnl jhkcmgd kl nrhsrgms qg~ %1$1 ,-+ Dl~ nhjjgkcl~ dluqhrsgsmhkrlsrgnl~ qgr dl~ lkw|sl~ g|qr~ cl~ cmrlnsl|r~ cgnegs %QJM- rl~slks lk l``lscirgcl~$ jjl ~m dl~ nhkhjml~ jlrilksl~ chkklks cl~ ~mikl~cgnndrgsmhk+Lk Nemkl$ khsgjjlks$ dl r}sejl cl qrhirl~~mhk cl dg qrhc|nsmhkmkc|~srmlddl ~l rlcrl~~l clq|m~ w|ldw|l~ jhm~+

Co|s ?17>$ dl~ sgs~*\km~ pmslrgmlks dl qmrl ls dgnsmpmsjhkcmgdl igiklrgms lk c}kgjm~jl

Dg rlqrm~l ~l nhk`mrjlrgmsco|s ?17> cgk~ dl~

nhkhjml~ jlrilksl~

Dgnsmpms cgk~ dl~ nhkhjml~ jlrilksl~ ~g``lrjmrgms co|s ?17>+ Lk Nemkl$dg~~h|qdm~~ljlks jhksgmrl jm~ lk |prl clq|m~ qd|~ml|r~ jhm~ ls dl~qrhirgjjl~ cl `mkgknljlks cmk rg~sr|ns|rl~ q|odmw|l~ `gphrm~lrgmlks |k rligmkcl c}kgjm~jl+ Cgk~ dl ~mddgil cl dg Nemkl$ dl~ g|srl~ nhkhjml~ g~mgsmw|l~gnndrlrgmlks dl|r sh|r+ Dl~ mjqhrsgsmhk~ cl~ nhkhjml~ jlrilksl~igiklrgmlks gmk~m lk pmi|l|r ls qrhirl~~lrgmlkscl 7$? , qgr srmjl~srl g| qrljmlr~ljl~srl ?17>+

\k gnnhrc o|cisgmrlg|u sgs~*\km~ 8

Lk dsgs gns|ld cl dg dim~dgsmhk gjrmngmkl$ cl~ eg|~~l~ cmjqs~ ls cl~ ogm~~l~cl cqlk~l~ chmplks lksrlr lk pmi|l|r g| 7lr fgkpmlr ?17>$ qh|r |k jhksgksclkpmrhk 3$9 qhmks~ cl QMO+ Qh|r dl~ jkgil~$ dl nehn ~lrgms cl dhrcrl cl 3$0qhmks~ cl dl|r rlplk| cm~qhkmodl+ Sh|sl`hm~$ khsrl ~nkgrmh ~gqq|ml ~|rde}qhse~l w|l dl~ g|shrms~ gjrmngmkl~ qgrpmlkcrgmlks |k nhjqrhjm~ w|mqlrjlssrgms cl dmjmslr dl~ eg|~~l~ cmjqs~ lkpmrhk 7 qhmks c| rlplk| cl~jkgil~+ Lddl~ cnmclrgmlks igdljlks cl kl qg~ jlssrl lk gqqdmngsmhkmksirgdljlks dl~ nh|ql~ o|cisgmrl~ g|shjgsmw|l~ cgk~ dl~ cqlk~l~+

Dgnsmpms gjrmngmklr~m~slrgms

Lk h|srl$ dl~ jkgil~ ls dl~ lksrlqrm~l~ gjrmngmk~ jhksrlrgmlks |kl `hrslngqgnms cl r~m~sgknl nl nehn `m~ngd+ Dl~ eg|~~l~ cmjqs~ nhknlrklrgmlksgpgks sh|s dl~ jkgil~ dl~ qd|~ gm~~$ w|m lk gjhrsmrgmlks dl~ nhk~w|lknl~ lkrc|m~gks dl|r sg|u cqgrikl+ Dl~ lksrlqrm~l~$ chks dl~ jgril~ ~hks sr~ dlpl~$nhjqlk~lrgmlks lk qgrsml dl~ eg|~~l~ cl nhsm~gsmhk~ ~gdgrmgdl~+ Lddl~ qrh mslrgmlksigdljlks cl nhkcmsmhk~ cl nrcms sh|fh|r~ `gphrgodl~ qh|r g|ijlkslr dl|r~cqlk~l~ cmkpl~sm~~ljlks+ Lk`mk$ dl rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dmk`dgsmhk ~h|smlkcrgms dlqh|phmr cgnegs cl~ jkgil~ ls dg qrhc|nsmhk rlohkcmrgms klssljlks cgk~ dl~rimhk~ sh|nel~ g| srmjl~srl qrnclks qgr dh|rgigk ^gkc}+ Dgnsmpms g|usgs~*\km~ nrhsrgmschkn g| qrljmlr srmjl~srl?17> |k r}sejljhcr%"1$3 ,-q|m~ lddl rlsrh|plrgms |k r}sejl cl nrhm~~gknl |k ql| ~|qrml|r g| cl|umjlsrmjl~srl ?17> %"1$< ,-+

_lohkc c| Fgqhk G| Fgqhk$ dl rlqdm cl dgnsmpms kl ~l qrhdhkilrgms qg~ co|s ?17> ls dnhkhjmlkmqqhkl qrhirl~~lrgms kh|plg| %"1$> , qgr srmjl~srl-+ Dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~qrh`mslrgmlks cl dgnndrgsmhk c| nhjjlrnl jhkcmgd ls dg cljgkcl qrmplrlsrh|plrgms |k ql| cl c}kgjm~jl$ khsgjjlks dmkpl~sm~~ljlks+ Dl_h}g|jl*\km$ qg~~~ dl~ *nh|q~ c| ~lnhkc ~ljl~srl ?17?$ ~mk~sgddlrgms cgk~|k r}sejl cl nrhm~~gknl `gmodl+ Dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl ormsgkkmw|l rl~slrgms`rlmkl qgr dg qh|r~|msl cl dl``hrs cl nhk~hdmcgsmhk o|cisgmrl ls dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~qsmrgmlks cl dg `gmodl~~l cl dgnsmpms cgk~ dl rl~sl cl dL|rhql+

Dg vhkl l|rh 6 plr~ cl~ fh|r~ jlmddl|r~

Dl~ slk~mhk~ `mkgknmrl~hks rln|d

Gpln dgkkhknl qgr dg Ogkw|l Nlksrgdl L|rhqlkkl %ONL- c| dgknljlks cl ~hkqrhirgjjl cl rgnegs~ chodmigsmhk~ ~h|plrgmkl~$ dl~ slk~mhk~ ~|r dl~ clssl~

~h|plrgmkl~ l|rhqlkkl~ ~l ~hks klssljlks gqgm~l~ clq|m~ ds ?17?+ Dl`mkgknljlks cl~ gilks~qrmp~ rl~sl kgkjhmk~cm` mnmdl 6 dg ogm~~l cl dmknlrsms|cl~|r dl jgrne cl~ clssl~ ~h|plrgmkl~ l|rhqlkkl~ kl ~l~s qg~ srgk~jm~l g|

Cnljorl ?17? =

P|l c)lk~ljodl


10/92

jgrnec|nrcmsogkngmrllsdl~nhkcmsmhk~chnsrhmclnrcms~l~hksidhogdljlksrl~~lrrl~ g| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh+ Dl~ sg|u gnnhrc~ g|ulksrlqrm~l~ khk `mkgknmrl~ lk L~qgikl ls lk Msgdml hks$ lk rlpgknel$ gjhrn |klogm~~l clq|m~ ds+ dehrmvhkcl dg qrpm~mhk$ dgqgm~ljlks c|rgodl cl~ slk~mhk~~|r dl~ clssl~ ~h|plrgmkl~$ w|l dgnnhrc mkslrih|plrkljlksgd c| 3 cnljorl?17? ~|r dg clssl cl dg Irnl clprgms nhk`hrslr$ ~l srgc|mrgms qgr |klgjdmhrgsmhkcl~ nhkcmsmhk~ cl `mkgknljlks cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh+

Dg nhk~hdmcgsmhk o|cisgmrlcgk~ dg vhkl l|rh ~gssk|l

dirljlks lk ?17>

Lk rqhk~l g|u slk~mhk~ ~|r dl~ jgrne~ cl~ clssl~ ~h|plrgmkl~$ lsnhk`hrjjlks dl|r~ lkigiljlks~$ dg qd|qgrs cl~ sgs~ l|rhqlk~ jlsslks lk|prl cl~ jl~|rl~ mjqhrsgksl~ cl rc|nsmhk cl~ c mnms~ q|odmn~+ Dgnhk~hdmcgsmhk o|cisgmrl ~l qh|r~|mprgms lk ?17> jgm~ lddl g|rgms |kl mkslk~msidhogdljlks jhmkcrl w|l dgkkl qrnclksl qh|r dlk~ljodl cl dg vhkl l|rh+Lk Msgdml$ dl~ eg|~~l~ idhogdl~ cmjqs~$ } nhjqrm~ dl~ sgul~ mkcmrlnsl~ %SPG-$ ~ljhcrlrgmlks klssljlks lk ?17>+ Lk rlpgknel$ lk L~qgikl$ dl``hrs clnhk~hdmcgsmhk ~l qh|r~|mprgms g| jjl r}sejl w|lk ?17? ls md ~gnnlks|lrgms lk@rgknl+

Dgnsmpms rln|dlrgms `mk ?17?+++ Dgnsmpms ~l rlqdmlrgms cl kh|plg| cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh g| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl%*1$>,-+ ^ldhk dl~ chkkl~ cgnsmpms cm~qhkmodl~ f|~w|lk hnshorl$ dg qrhc|nsmhkjgk|`gns|rmrl ~g``gm~~lrgms 6 dl QMO ~l nhksrgnslrgms gmk~m cgk~ dl~ w|gsrl qd|~irgkcl~ nhkhjml~ cl dg vhkl l|rh+

+++ q|m~ ~l ~sgomdm~lrgmsco|s ?17>

Dgnsmpms ~l ~sgomdm~lrgms co|s ?17> %1$1 , g| qrljmlr srmjl~srl ?17> q|m~"1$7 , g| cl|umjl srmjl~srl ?17>-+ C|kl qgrs$ dnhkhjml l|rhqlkklqrh`mslrgms cl dgnndrgsmhk cl dg cljgkcl w|m d|m l~s gcrl~~l qgr ~l~qgrslkgmrl~ ls dg nhksrmo|smhk nhjqsgodl c| nhjjlrnl lusrml|r dg nrhm~~gknlrl~slrgms qh~msmpl dehrmvhk cl dg qrpm~mhk+ Cg|srl qgrs$ cl~ jngkm~jl~mkslrkl~ `gphrm~lrgmlks igdljlks dg ~sgomdm~gsmhk cl dgnsmpms+ Dl rlqdm c| qh|phmrcgnegs cl~ jkgil~ ~gssk|lrgms co|s ?17> irnl dg jhcrgsmhk cldmk`dgsmhk ls cl dl``hrs cl nhk~hdmcgsmhk o|cisgmrl ls dg nhk~hjjgsmhk cl~jkgil~ ~l ~sgomdm~lrgms co|s ?17>+ Lk h|srl$ gqr~ ~srl sr~ `hrsljlks gf|~sclq|m~ ?177$ dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ ~l ~sgomdm~lrgms+ Nlssl ~sgomdm~gsmhk~lrgms `gphrm~l qgr dgjdmhrgsmhk qrhirl~~mpl cl~ nhkcmsmhk~ cgnn~ g| nrcms lsqgr dl rlcrl~~ljlks cl~ qlr~qlnsmpl~ cgnsmpms+

Cl~ srgflnshmrl~ sh|fh|r~cmplrilksl~

Dl~ srgflnshmrl~ cl~ cm``rlks~ qg}~ cl dg vhkl l|rh rl~slrgmlks kgkjhmk~cmplrilksl~ %n`+ irgqemw|l ?-+ Lk Gddljgikl$ dl~ jhsl|r~ mkslrkl~ ~lrgmlks qd|~q|m~~gks~w|l cgk~ dl~g|srl~qg}~$ khsgjjlks dg nhk~hjjgsmhk cl~jkgil~ lsdmkpl~sm~~ljlks cgk~ dg nhk~sr|nsmhk+ Gqr~ gphmr rln|d g| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl


P|l c)lk~ljodl

? * Cmplrilknl~ cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh

^h|rnl~ 6 L|rh~sgs$ ngdn|d~ Mk~ll


11/92

?17?$ dgnsmpms gddljgkcl rlohkcmrgms gmk~m co|s ?17>+ Lk Msgdml$ dgnsmpms ~lrlqdmlrgms lknhrl `mk ?17? ls co|s ?17>$ jgm~ lddl ~l ~sgomdm~lrgms g| cl|umjlsrmjl~srl ?17>+ Lk L~qgikl$ lk rlpgknel$ dl r}sejl cl nhksrgnsmhk cl dgnsmpmskl ogm~~lrgms qg~+

Nhksrlnh|q lk @rgknl g| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17?

Dgnsmpms g qrhirl~~lk @rgknl

g| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?

Dgnsmpms ~l~s rlcrl~~l lk @rgknl g| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17? %"1$? , gqr~*1$7 , g| cl|umjl srmjl~srl ?17?-+Lk qgrsmn|dmlr$ dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrlg klssljlks rlohkcm %"7$1 , gqr~ * 7$1 ,-$ khsgjjlks cgk~ dl ~lnsl|r cl dgnhb`gnsmhk*rg` mkgil$cgk~ dg `gormngsmhk cl jgsrmld~cl srgk~qhrs~ ls cgk~ nlddlcl omlk~ cw|mqljlks+ Lksrgkl qgr dl c}kgjm~jl cl dgnsmpms jgk|`gns|rmrlls ~h|slk|l igdljlks qgr dg ohkkl slk|l cl~ cqlk~l~ cl~ jkgil~ lk~lrpmnl~$ dg qrhc|nsmhk cl ~lrpmnl~ jgrnegkc~ g gnndr %" 1$3 , gqr~" 1$7 ,-+ Lk rlpgknel$ dgnsmpms cgk~ dg nhk~sr|nsmhk g ~l|dljlks `gmodljlksqrhirl~~ %"1$7 , gqr~ " 1$< ,- ls dg qrhc|nsmhk cklriml g rln|d %*7$3 ,gqr~ " ?$? ,-+

Dg cljgkcl ~l~s g``lrjml C| ns cl dg cljgkcl$ dgnsmpms g s ~h|slk|l qgr dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ %"1$< ,- lsqgr dl rlohkc cl dg nhk~hjjgsmhk cl~ jkgil~ %"1$> , gqr~ *1$? ,-+ Dl~cqlk~l~ cl~ jkgil~ lk qrhc|ms~ jgk|`gns|r~$ lk qgrsmn|dmlr cl qrhc|ms~cegomddljlks*slusmdl$ hks gmk~m klssljlks qrhirl~~$ sgkcm~ w|l dl|rnhk~hjjgsmhk cklriml ~l~s rlqdml+ Lk`mk$ dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ khk`mkgknmrl~ g dirljlks ogm~~ %*1$3 ,-+

Dl~ lkw|sl~ cl nhkfhkns|rl ~l~sgomdm~lks |k kmplg| og~

lk khpljorl

Cgk~ dl~ ~lrpmnl~ nhjjl cgk~ dmkc|~srml$ dl ndmjgs cl~ g``gmrl~ rl~sl cirgc lkkhpljorl ls md ~sgodms klssljlks lk cl~~h|~ cl ~g jh}lkkl cl dhki slrjl%n + irgqemw|l >-+ Cgk~ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl$ dgqqrnmgsmhk cl~lksrlqrlkl|r~ ~|r dl|r~ qlr~qlnsmpl~qlr~hkklddl~ cl qrhc|nsmhk l~s ~sgodl clq|m~ds ls dl~ ngrkls~ cl nhjjgkcl ~l rlcrl~~lks lk khpljorl$ gqr~ gphmr

`hrsljlks rln|d lk hnshorl+ ^ldhk dl~ lkw|sl~ cl nhkfhkns|rl$ dgnsmpmsrl~slrgms `gmodl+

Dgnsmpms ~l rlqdmlrgms`mk ?17?+++

Dgnsmpmsrln|dlrgmsgmk~mg| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17?%*1$? ,-$ khsgjjlks qgrnlw|l dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl ~l rlqdmlrgms klssljlks %*7$< ,-+ Lk l``ls$ khk~l|dljlks dl ndmjgs cl~ g``gmrl~ cgk~ dmkc|~srml l~s cirgc$ jgm~$ lk h|srl$ dl~chkkl~ cl qrhc|nsmhk cm~qhkmodl~ f|~w| hnshorl dgm~~lks gsslkcrl |k kls rlqdmcl dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl 6 dgnw|m~ cl nrhm~~gknl `mk hnshorl qh|r dl

Cnljorl ?17? 77

P|l c)lk~ljodl

> * Dl~ lkw|sl~ cl nhkfhkns|rl ~l ~sgomdm~lks |k kmplg| og~

^h|rnl 6 Mk~ll


12/92

w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ~sgodms *?$< ,+ Nl rln|d cl dgnsmpms jgk|`gns|rmrl g|rgmscl~l``ls~clksrgkljlks c`gphrgodl~~|r dl rl~sl cl dnhkhjml ls dg qrhc|nsmhkrln|dlrgms cgk~ qrgsmw|ljlks sh|~ dl~ ~lnsl|r~ cgnsmpms %n`+ irgqemw|l 3-+Nhjjl g| srmjl~srl qrnclks$ dg cljgkcl$ mkslrkl nhjjl luslrkl$ `lrgmskgkjhmk~ qrl|pl c|kl nlrsgmkl r~m~sgknl ls$ qh|r dg ~lrpmr$ dl~ lksrlqrlkl|r~gnnlks|lrgmlks dl|r c~shnbgil+

+++ gpgks cl ~l rlcrl~~lrco|s ?17>

Nlssl r~m~sgknl cl dg cljgkcl qlrjlssrgms dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl cl ~l~sgomdm~lr g| qrljmlr ~ljl~srl ?17> ls dgnsmpms cgk~ dl~ ~lrpmnl~ cl rlsrh|plr|k ql| cl pmi|l|r+ Lk rlpgknel$ dg qrhc|nsmhk cgk~ dg nhk~sr|nsmhk ~l rlqdmlrgmsklssljlks cmnm jm*?17>+ G| shsgd$ dgnsmpms qrhirl~~lrgms ~|r |k r}sejl jhcl~slg| qrljmlr ~ljl~srl ?17> %"1$7 , qgr srmjl~srl-+

Qh|r~|msl cl dg cirgcgsmhk c| jgrne c| srgpgmd

Dljqdhm jgrnegkc lk `hrs rlqdm Jgdir dl dilr rligmk cgnsmpms g| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ dljqdhm cgk~ dl~~lnsl|r~ jgrnegkc~ khk girmnhdl~ g klssljlks rln|d %*3? 111-+ Gpln dg

`gmodl~~l cl dgnsmpms$ dg ~ms|gsmhk ~|r dl jgrne cl dljqdhm nhksmk|lrgms cl ~lcsrmhrlr cmnm jm*?17> 6 lk jh}lkkl$ 31 111 qh~sl~ qgr srmjl~srl ~lrgmlks~|qqrmj~ dehrmvhk cl dg qrpm~mhk+ Dl rlsh|r cl~ igmk~ cl qrhc|nsmpms~qhksgk~ ~|r dl|r r}sejl cgpgks*nrm~l$ gjhrn clq|m~ `mk ?177$ q~lrgms ~|rdljqdhm %n`+ irgqemw|l

Dl sg|u cl nejgil ~l~s sgodm 71$> , cl dg qhq|dgsmhk gnsmpl g| srhm~mjlsrmjl~srl ?17? %=$= , lk @rgknl jsrhqhdmsgmkl-+ ^g eg|~~l ~l qh|r~|mprgms dehrmvhk cl dg qrpm~mhk 6 md gsslmkcrgms 71$< , `mk ?17? ls 71$= , jm*?17>%rl~qlnsmpljlks 71$7 , ls 71$< , lk @rgknl jsrhqhdmsgmkl-+

Dl qh|phmr cgnegs ~l rlqdmlrgms lk ?17?

Dmk`dgsmhk |k kmplg| `gmodl Dl kmplg| dlp c| nejgil ls dl clir dmjms c|smdm~gsmhk cl~ ngqgnms~qrhc|nsmpl~ nhksmk|lrgmlks cl `rlmklr dl~ qrl~~mhk~ mk`dgsmhkkm~sl~$ jjl ~m dgqrhirl~~mhk cl~ qrmu gdmjlksgmrl~ nhk~n|smpl g|u eg|~~l~ cl~ qrmu cl~ jgsmrl~qrljmrl~ mkslrplk|l~ clq|m~ co|s ?17? clprgms ~l qh|r~|mpl+ Lk h|srl$ gpln dg

7? Khsl cl nhkfhkns|rl

P|l c)lk~ljodl

3 * G| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl rln|dlrgms `hrsljlks

^h|rnl 6 Mk~ll


14/92

eg|~~l c| sg|u cqgrikl+ Nld|m*nm ~sgodmrgms `mkgdljlks 70$7 , jm*?17>$ |kkmplg| mk`rml|r cl 1$3 qhmks ~hk kmplg| |k gk g|qgrgpgks+ Dl~ jl~|rl~kh|plddl~ lk qrdpljlks~ hodmigshmrl~ g``lnslrgmlks lk l``ls lk jgfhrms cl~rlplk|~ lk ikrgd qgrik~ nh|rs slrjl+

_ln|d cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks

_lqdm cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlkslk osmjlks

Lk rgm~hk cl~ cdgm~ cl rgdm~gsmhk cgk~ nl ~lnsl|r$ dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cgk~ dlosmjlks g s ~h|slk| clq|m~ dl co|s cl dgkkl qgr dl~ qmn~ cl jm~l~ lknegksmlr ho~lrp~ `mk ?177+ Jgm~ dl~ jm~l~ lk negksmlr cl dhiljlks~ mkcmpmc|ld~ls nhddlnsm`~ ~hks hrmlksl~ dg ogm~~l clq|m~ dl co|s cl dgkkl ls$ qgrsmr c|w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ dgnsmpms cgk~ dl osmjlks cnrhnelrgms chkn+

@gmodl~~l cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlkscl~ lksrlqrm~l~

Dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ khk `mkgknmrl~ nhksmk|lrgms cl ogm~~lr g|w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17? %*1$> ,- gpgks cl ~l ~sgomdm~lr qrhirl~~mpljlks g|qrljmlr ~ljl~srl ?17>+ Dl nhkslusl rl~slrgms lk l``ls ql| qrhqmnl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks 6 dl~ qlr~qlnsmpl~ cgnsmpms ~hks cirgcl~ ls dl sg|u c|smdm~gsmhk

cl~ ngqgnms~ cgk~ dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl l~s |k kmplg| sr~ og~+ Lk h|srl$jjl ~m$ clq|m~ ds$ dl~ nhkcmsmhk~ chnsrhm cl~ nrcms~ ~l ~hks ~sgomdm~l~ ls dl~sg|u cmksrs qrmp~ hks ogm~~$ dg cirgcgsmhk cl dg ~ms|gsmhk `mkgknmrl cl~lksrlqrm~l~ `rlmklrgms dl|r l``hrs cmkpl~sm~~ljlks+

Dl nhjjlrnl lusrml|r r~m~sl

Dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ gnndrlrgmlksdirljlks

Dg cljgkcl gcrl~~l dg @rgknl rl~slrgms jgrw|l qgr dl rln|d cl dgnsmpms lkL~qgikl ls lk Msgdml ls ~lrgms gmk~m jhmk~ c}kgjmw|l w|l dl nhjjlrnl jhkcmgd+Lddl ok`mnmlrgms sh|sl`hm~ c| rlcrl~~ljlks cl dg cljgkcl gddljgkcl lslusrg*l|rhqlkkl ls dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ gnndrlrgmlks chkn dirljlks cmnmjm*?17>+

Gdg~ 6 mkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~$ `mkgknl~ q|odmw|l~gjrmngmkl~$ rlohkc c| nhjjlrnl jhkcmgd

Mkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ Jgdir dg cirgcgsmhk cl dl|r ~ms|gsmhk `mkgknmrl %ls khsgjjlks dg `hrsl ogm~~lcl dl|r sg|u cl jgril- ls dmknlrsms|cl ~|r dg c|rl cl dg nrm~l$ dl sg|ucmkpl~sm~~ljlks l~s g|fh|rce|m rldgsmpljlks dlp$ ~hk kmplg| cl ?119+ Qgrnhk~w|lks$ dl sg|u c|smdm~gsmhk cl~ ngqgnms~ l~s sr~ mk`rml|r ~g jh}lkkl cldhki|l qrmhcl cgk~ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl+ \k gf|~sljlks dg ogm~~l cldmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ l~s chkn qh~~modl$jjl ~m rmlk cgk~ dl~ chkkl~nhkfhkns|rlddl~ ls dl~ lkw|sl~ g|qr~ cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ kl qlrjls clk cnldlr cl~mikl~ gpgks*nh|rl|r~+

@mkgknl~ q|odmw|l~gjrmngmkl~

Md kl ql|s srl lund| w|l dgnnhrc w|l srh|plrhks dl~ g|shrms~ gjrmngmkl~ ~|r dlnehn o|cisgmrl cl co|s cgkkl ~hms jhmk~ `gphrgodl dgnsmpms w|mk~nrms lkqrpm~mhk$ phmrl w|md k} gms qg~ cgnnhrc+ Cgk~ nlssl e}qhse~l$ dnhkhjmlgjrmngmkl ~lrgms klssljlks `rlmkl lk co|s cgkkl ?17>$ nl w|m rlfgmddmrgms ~|rdg cljgkcl jhkcmgdl gcrl~~l dg @rgknl ls q~lrgms ~|r dgnsmpms lk @rgknl+

_lohkc c| nhjjlrnl jhkcmgd dmkplr~l$ dgnndrgsmhk clq|m~ ds cgk~ dl~ qg}~ jlrilks~$ qh|rrgms qrlkcrlqd|~ cgjqdl|r w|gsslkc|+ Cl jjl$ dgqgm~ljlks cl~ slk~mhk~ ~|r dl~ jgrne~`mkgknmlr~ cl dg vhkl l|rh lkrlim~sr clq|m~ nls s$ qh|rrgms$ ~md ~gjqdm`mgms$dmorlr qd|~ rgqmcljlks dl~ nhjqhrsljlks~ cl cqlk~l cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh+Dnhkhjml `rgkgm~l qh|rrgms gdhr~ ok`mnmlr c|k ~h|smlk lusrml|r qd|~mjqhrsgks w|l qrp| mnm+


P|l c)lk~ljodl


15/92

Cnljorl ?17? 7 qhmks nhksrl *1$? qhmks qrp|-+

Jgdir |kl nrhm~~gknl |k ql| qd|~ `hrsl w|lqrp|$ dg ~ms|gsmhk ~|r dl jgrne cl dljqdhm

~l~s csrmhrl qd|~ `hrsljlks w|gksmnmq+

Dljqdhm cl~ orgknel~ jgrnegkcl~ khkgirmnhdl~ g lk l``ls rln|d cl 3? 111 qh~sl~$nhksrl *>7 111 qrp| lk hnshorl+ Lk`mk$dmk`dgsmhk clk~ljodl g phd| nhjjl gsslkc| 6lddl ~l~s sgodml "7$= , dg `mk c| srhm~mjlsrmjl~srl ?17?+

Qh|r dl w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ kh|~gksmnmqhk~ |k rlqdm cl dgnsmpms 6 lddl rln|dlrgmscl 1$? ,$ gdhr~ w|l kh|~ dg qrph}mhk~ ~sgodl lk

hnshorl+ Dg cljgkcl$ chjl~smw|l nhjjllusrml|rl$ rl~slrgms gshkl+ Dg qrhc|nsmhkjgk|`gns|rmrl ogm~~lrgms qd|~ w|gksmnmq qgrnhksrlnh|q c| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ls nl rln|d`rlmklrgms igdljlks dgnsmpms cl~ orgknel~ cl

~lrpmnl~+

Dl jgrne cl d)ljqdhm ~l cirgclrgms qd|~ w|lqrp| lk hnshorl 6 39 111 qh~sl~ ~lrgmlks

~|qqrmj~ cgk~ dl~ orgknel~ jgrnegkcl~ khkgirmnhdl~ g| w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl %>< 111 qrp|qrncljjlks-+ Lk`mk$ dmk`dgsmhk ~lrgms qd|~jhc r l w | g k s m n mq dhr~ c | Qh mk s c lnhkfhkns|rl+ Lddl ~sgodmrgms lk cnljorl ?17?

7$3 ,$ nhksrl "7$= , qrp| g|qgrgpgks+

Dgnsmpms g qrhirl~~ g| srhm~mjls rm j l~ sr l $ g d hr ~ w |l k h |~ d gqrph}mhk~ ~sgodl

Gqr~ |k cl|umjl srmjl~srl lk dilr rln|d%*1$7 ,-$ dgnsmpms g qrhirl~~ g| srhm~mjlsrmjl~srl %"1$? ,- gdhr~ w|l$ dhr~ c| Qhmks clnhkfhkns|rl chnshorl$ kh|~ qrph}mhk~ w|lddl~lrgms ~sgodl %n`+ irgqemw|l 7-+ Lk qrljmlr dml|$ dg

Cnljorl ?17? 79

_lsh|r

~|r dg qrnclksl qrpm~mhk

7* Irgqemw|l cl~ rm~w|l~ g~~hnm g| Qhmks cl nhkfhkns|rl chnshorl ?17?ls nrhm~~gknl rgdm~l

^h|rnl 6 Mk~ll

^H\^ LJOG_IH



18/92

qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl g ~|rqrm~ lkqrhirl~~gks klssljlks lk ghs %n`+ irgqemw|l ?-+

Gdhr~ w|l kh|~ dg qrph}mhk~ lk dirl ogm~~l ~|rdlk~ljodl c| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl %*1$7 ,-$ lddl~l~s gmk~m mk~nrmsl lk klssl eg|~~l %"7$1 ,-+ Lk

qgrsmn|dmlr$ dg qrhc|nsmhk cl jgsrmld~ clsrgk~qhrs~$ ~h|slk|l qgr cl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ lk `hrsleg|~~l$ g klssljlks rlohkcm %">$? ,-+ Lk h|srl$ dgqrhc|nsmhk cl dmkc|~srml cl dg nhb`gnsmhk ls c|rg``mkgil ~l~s rlcrl~~l %" , nhksrl"1$7 , qrp|-$ jgdir dl kls rln|d cl dgnhk~hjjgsmhk cklriml %*>$5 , nhksrl *>$< ,gsslkc|-+ C|kl qgrs$ dg nhk~hjjgsmhk cl qrhc|ms~jgk|`gns|r~ g qrhirl~~ qd|~ w|l qrp| %"1$9 ,nhksrl "1$3 , gksmnmq-+ Dg nhk~hjjgsmhkgdmjlksgmrl ls nlddl cl slusmdl*n|mr hks rlohkcmgqr~ |k cl|umjl srmjl~srl lk klssl ogm~~l+Cg|srl qgrs$ dg nhk~hjjgsmhk cl ~lrpmnl~ g

dirljlks qd|~ g|ijlks w|gksmnmq 6 dgnhk~hjjgsmhk cl ~lrpmnl~ jgrnegkc~ ehr~nhjjlrnl g nr cl 1$? , gdhr~ w|l kh|~ dgqrph}mhk~ ~sgodl+ Lk qgrsmn|dmlr$ dg nhk~hjjgsmhkcl ~lrpmnl~ cl srgk~qhrs~ g klssljlks rlohkcm$ lsnlddl cl ~lrpmnl~ ceolriljlks*rl~sg|rgsmhk gnl~~ cl ogm~~lr+

G nhksrgrmh$ dmkpl~sm~~ljlks g dirljlks ogm~~$nhjjl gsslkc|+ Md g rln|d cl 1$? ,$ nhksrl 1$7 ,qrp|+ Nld|m cl~ jkgil~ g cmjmk| cl 1$7 , lsnld|m cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ khk `mkgknmrl~ %LK@-$ cl1$3 ,$ nhjjl qrp|+ Dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl~ LK@ lknhk~sr|nsmhk kg qg~ s g|~~m c}kgjmw|l

w|gksmnmq$ jgm~ nld|m lk qrhc|ms~ jgk|`gns|r~ gjhmk~ rln|d w|gsslkc|+

Nhjjl qrp| lk hnshorl$ dl~ mjqhrsgsmhk~ hksklssljlks rln|d g| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl %*1$0 ,nhksrl *1$5 , qrp|-$ rl`dsgks dg `hm~ |klcljgkcl chjl~smw|l ql| c}kgjmw|l ls dlnhksrlnh|q cl``ls~ qhkns|ld~ g| cl|umjlsrmjl~srl %n`+ `mnel negkil~ lusrml|r~-+ Gnhksrgrmh$ dg klssl eg|~~l cl~ mjqhrsgsmhk~l~qgikhdl~ ls gddljgkcl~ ksgms qg~ gksmnmql lk


_lsh|r ~|r dg qrnclksl qrpm~mhk

? * Lkw|sl~ cl nhkfhkns|rl ls qrhc|nsmhk cgk~ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl

^h|rnl 6 Mk~ll


19/92

hnshorl ls dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ `rgkgm~l~ hksqrhirl~~ cl 1$< ,$ gdhr~ w|l kh|~ gsslkcmhk~ |krln|d cl 1$> ,+ Lk qgrsmn|dmlr$ dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ cljgsrmld~ cl srgk~qhrs hks s sr~ c}kgjmw|l~%"9$3 ,-+ G| shsgd$ dg nhksrmo|smhk cl~ negkil~

lusrml|r~ dg nrhm~~gknl cl dgnsmpms g s cl"1$> qhmks$ nhksrl "1$? qhmks qrp|+ Nlddl cl~pgrmgsmhk~cl~shnb~gscl*1$>qhmks$nhksrl*1$?qhmks qrp|+

Omlk w|l dgnsmpms gms ~|rqrm~ qh~msmpljlks$ dg~ms|gsmhk c| jgrne cl dljqdhm ~l~s qd|~ cirgclw|gksmnmq dhr~ c| Qhmks 6 dljqdhm cl~ orgknel~jgrnegkcl~ khk girmnhdl~ g lk l``ls rln|d cl3? 111 qh~sl~$ nhksrl *>7 111 qrp| lk hnshorl+Dmksrmj luqdmw|l nls ngrs 6 md g rln|d cl >7 111qh~sl~$ nhksrl *0 111 qrp|+ G nhksrgrmh$ dljqdhm g|k ql| jhmk~ rln|d w|l qrp| cgk~ dmkc|~srml lscgk~ dl~ ~lrpmnl~ jgrnegkc~ ehr~ mksrmj+

Lk`mk$ dl idm~~ljlks gkk|ld cl dmk`dgsmhkclk~ljodl~l~ssgodm7$=,dg`mkc|srhm~mjlsrmjl~srl ?17?$ nhjjl qrp|+ Dmk`dgsmhk cgk~ dl~~lrpmnl~ g sh|sl`hm~ cgpgksgil cmjmk| w|l qrp|$lk rgm~hk c|kl ogm~~l cl~ qrmu cl~sdnhjj|kmngsmhk~ qd|~ `hrsl w|gksmnmq+ Gmk~m$dmk`dgsmhk ~h|~*fgnlksl dg `mk c| srmjl~srl g smk`rml|rl cl 1$7 qhmks khsrl qrpm~mhk %"7$? ,nhksrl "7$> , gksmnmq-+ dmkplr~l$ dg ogm~~l cl~qrmu cl dklriml g s jhmk~ `hrsl w|gksmnmq$ lsdl|r idm~~ljlks gkk|ld g gmk~m jhmk~ ogm~~ g|srhm~mjl srmjl~srl %"$1 , nhksrl , g|qgrgpgks-+

Cnljorl ?17? 7=

_lsh|r ~|r dg qrnclksl qrpm~mhk


20/92


21/92

Ch~~mlr

^H\^ LJOG_IH



22/92


23/92

Dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl lk @rgknlclq|m~ ?115 6 w|lddl~ r|qs|rl~ 8

Cnljorl ?17? ?>

Nhjjl dl rl~sl cl dnhkhjml `rgkgm~l$ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl g sc|rljlks sh|nel qgr dg nrm~l clq|m~ ?115$ ls dg qrhc|nsmhk kg sh|fh|r~

qg~ rlsrh|p ~hk kmplg| gksrml|r+ Dgkgd}~l$ cgk~ dg qrljmrl qgrsml c|ch~~mlr$ cl~ cm``rlksl~ sgql~ cl dg c~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk lk @rgknl clq|m~dl co|s cl~ gkkl~ 51 jls lk pmclknl w|l nlrsgmkl~ c}kgjmw|l~c`gphrgodl~ lkrlim~srl~ clq|m~ ?115 sgmlks lk `gms cf d|prl+ Gmk~m dgogm~~l c| sg|u cl jgril ls dg cirgcgsmhk c| ~hdcl nhjjlrnmgd gpgmlksnhjjlkn c~ dg qrmhcl ?117*?119+ Dl cnrhnegil cl~ qrmu cgk~ dgorgknel cgsl$ w|gks d|m$ cl~ gkkl~ =1$ jgm~ ~l~s gnnlks| g| co|s cl~gkkl~ ?111+

Qh|r jml|u nhjqrlkcrl dg c}kgjmw|l cl dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl `rgkgm~lclq|m~ dl co|s cl~ gkkl~ ?111 ls mclksm`mlr dg nhksrmo|smhk rl~qlnsmpl cl~cm``rlks~ qh~sl~ cl cljgkcl$ dg cl|umjl qgrsml gkgd}~l dl~ w|mdmorl~

rl~~h|rnl~*ljqdhm~ cl~ 73 orgknel~ w|m dg nhjqh~lks+ Cl q|m~~gks~ gnsl|r~nhjj|k~ ql|plks gmk~m srl mclksm`m~$ w|m ~l rlsrh|plks cgk~ dgw|g~m*mksirgdms cl~ orgknel~+ Cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111$ dl rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dgqrhc|nsmhk$ ~h|~ dl``ls c|kl cndrgsmhk cl~ luqhrsgsmhk~$ l~s gssk| qgrdg r~m~sgknl cl dg nhk~hjjgsmhk `mkgdl w|m kl `gmodms qg~+ Clq|m~ ?115$ dlrgdlksm~~ljlks cl dg qrhc|nsmhk ~)gnnhjqgikl cl dg jhcrgsmhk cldlk~ljodl cl~ nhjqh~gksl~ cl dg cljgkcl+ Clrrmrl nl~ `gnsl|r~nhjj|k~$ cl irgkcl~ esrhikms~ cgk~ dgjqdms|cl c| rgdlksm~~ljlks

~hks ho~lrpl~$ sgks nld|m cl~ gkkl~ ?111 %lk `hknsmhk khsgjjlks cl dgc}kgjmw|l cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks-$ w|l nld|m cl ?115+ Jgm~ g|n|k dmlk kl ql|ssrl sgodm g| kmplg| ~lnshrmld lksrl dgjqdl|r c| rgdlksm~~ljlks c|kl qgrs$ lsdl~ c}kgjmw|l~ c| sg|u cl jgril$ c| ~hdcl nhjjlrnmgd ls cl~ qrmu cg|srlqgrs+

Lk`mk$ dg srhm~mjl qgrsml rlpmlks ~|r dg il~smhk cl~ `gnsl|r~ cl qrhc|nsmhk qgrdl~ lksrlqrm~l~ jgk|`gns|rmrl~ clq|m~ dg nrm~l cl ?115+ Dl ngqmsgd ls dl srgpgmd

~l ~hks jhmk~ gf|~s~ w|gsslkc| g| rligrc cl dl|r nhjqhrsljlks qg~~$ ~momlk w|l dg qrhc|nsmpms idhogdl cl~ `gnsl|r~ %QI@- gqqgrlksl g sr~`hrsljlks rgdlksm+ Dg qlr~m~sgknl cl nl qekhjkl g|fh|rce|m$ qr~ cl < gk~gqr~ dl co|s cl dg nrm~l$ slkc gnnrcmslr de}qhse~l c|kl r|qs|rl

~sr|ns|rlddl cl dg QI@+

Flgk*@rgkhm~ L|cldmklIgormld ^bdkgrcGcrmlk Vgbegrsneh|b

Cqgrsljlkscl dg nhkfhkns|rl


24/92

Dg c~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk cl dnhkhjml `rgkgm~l clq|m~ dgnrm~l ~mk~nrms cgk~ dg nhksmk|ms cl~ gkkl~ w|m dhks qrncl

qgrsmr c| co|s cl~ gkkl~ 51$ dljqdhm jgk|`gns|rmlr7 nhjjlknl ogm~~lr

slkcgknmlddljlks$ g|*cld cl~ l` ls~ cl n}ndl 6 nl~s |kl cl~ jgkmrl~ egoms|lddl~ clcgslr dgc~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk+Dljqdhmjgk|`gns|rmlr l~sgmk~m qg~~ cl -+

\kl qgrsml cl nl cnrhnegil cl dgnsmpms jgk|`gns|rmrl kl~s lk rgdms w||kgrsl`gns$c g| negkiljlks chrigkm~gsmhk cl~lksrlqrm~l~$w|m hks luslrkgdm~ clkhjorl|~l~ gnsmpms~ w|m ksgmlks qg~ dl|r n|r cl jsmlr+ Nls l``ls g s l~smj lkpmrhk ?< , cl dg ogm~~l cl dljqdhm mkc|~srmld ~|r dg qrmhcl %n + lkngcr ?-+ Mdrl~sl jhcrls kl rljls chkn qg~lk w|l~smhk dg rgdms cl dg c~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhkc|rgks nlssl qrmhcl+

+++ jgm~ dl ~hdcl lusrml|rl~s w|mdmor lk jh}lkkl+++

Cl 7=51 7=5=$ dl ~hdcl lusrml|r cl dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl> g cmjmk| cl70$7 Jc~ %n`+ irgqemw|l 3-$ jgm~ dl c`mnms ho~lrp dg `mk cl~ gkkl~ 51 g |klhrmimkl qrhogodljlks n}ndmw|l$ dg nrhm~~gknl sgks qgrsmn|dmrljlks `hrsl lk@rgknl nl~ gkkl~*d+ Lk jh}lkkl ~|r dg qrmhcl$ dl ~hdcl lusrml|r l~s cgmddl|r~dgriljlks qh~msm` %3$9 Jc~-+

+++ ls dl~ jgril~ ~l rlk`hrnlks+ Dl sg|u cl jgril cl dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl g qrhirl~~ ~|r dg qrmhcl$ cl?9$0,>3$1,%n + irgqemw|l -%?- Hk nhjqgrl chkn mnm$ dhr~w|l dl~ chkkl~ ~hks cm~qhkmodl~$ dl~ kmplg|u cl~ gkkl~7=5=$ ?111$ ?119 ls ?17?+%>- Cgk~ sh|s dl ch~~mlr$ dl~ chkkl~ c| ~hdcl lusrml|r nhknlrklks dmkc|~srmljgk|`gns|rmrl ehr~ nhb`gnsmhk ls rg``mkgil$ dl ~hdcl lusrml|r cl nl ~h|~*~lnsl|r sgkslusrjljlks ~lk~modl g|u `d|ns|gsmhk~ c| qrmu c| qsrhdl+


25/92

Cnljorl ?17? ?- l~ssrhjql|r$ ngr md qh|rrgms dgm~~lr nrhmrl w|l dg qgrs cl dmkc|~srmljgk|`gns|rmrl cgk~ dl shsgd l~s rl~s ~sgodl+ Lk rgdms$ dg qgrs lkpgdl|r g ogm~~ cl 79$9 , 77$= , ~|r nlssl qrmhcl+

Lk~|msl$ ~m dg ~ms|gsmhk cl dmkc|~srml l~s f|il qrhnn|qgkslg|fh|rce|m$ nl~s lk qgrsmn|dmlr qgrnl w|l dmkc|~srml rlqr~lksl|kl qgrs mjqhrsgksl cl~ negkil~ nhjjlrnmg|u$ ls w||k c`mnmscl dg ogdgknl nhjjlrnmgdl chms srl `mkgkn lk pgdl|r$ ls khk qg~lk phd|jl+

Lk`mk$ nl~s dg pgdl|r gfh|sl lk pgdl|r w|m l~s qrm~l lk nhjqslcgk~ dl ngdn|d cl~ jgril~ cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ ls w|m ~lrs cslrjmklrnl w|m ql|s srl rlplr~ g|u ~gdgrm~+

Qh|r sh|sl~nl~ rgm~hk~$ nl~s dg qgrs cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sl lk pgdl|rw|m l~s dg qd|~ qlrsmklksl qh|r gqqrnmlr dgjqdl|r cl dgc~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk lk @rgknl$ khsmhk rlslk|l cgk~ sh|~ dl~rgqqhrs~ ~|r nl ~|fls$ khsgjjlks qgr Giemhk ls gd+ %?113- lsIgddhm~ %?17?-+

%7- Khsgjjlks dl~ gjdmhrgsmhk~ slnekhdhimw|l~+ Gmk~m$ cgk~ dmkc|~srmlg|shjhomdl lk @rgknl md `g|s mksirlr dl``ls w|gdms 6 dl clrkmlr jhcdlc|k nhk~sr|nsl|r l~s cl jlmddl|rl w|gdms w|l dl clrkmlr jhcdl cl nlnhk~sr|nsl|r 71 gk~ g|qgrgpgks+ Nls l``ls l~s qgrsmn|dmrljlks mjqhrsgkscgk~ dmkc|~srml$ nhksrgmrljlks cg|srl~ ~lnsl|r~ 6 |kl qhjjl h| |kl~gknl cgk~ |k ~gdhk cl nhm``|rl ~hks idhogdljlks cl w|gdmsnhjqgrgodl~ lksrl 7=51 ls ?17?$ nl w|m kl~s$ omlk ~r$ qg~ dl ng~ qh|rdl~ pemn|dl~ g|shjhomdl~ ls lknhrljhmk~ qh|r dl~ qrhc|ms~ dlnsrhkmw|l~

ls mk`hrjgsmw|l~+


28/92

?5 Khsl cl nhkfhkns|rl


Lkngcr ? * Dl~ rgm~hk~ ~sr|ns|rlddl~ cl dg c~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk clq|m~ >1 gk~7

_ln|d ~sr|ns|rld cl dmkc|~srml lk @rgknl 6 l``ls~|o~sms|smhk ls l``ls rlplk| +

Dl rln|d ~sr|ns|rld c| ~lnsl|r mkc|~srmld cgk~ dnhkhjml~luqdmw|l qgr cl|u l``ls~ qrmknmqg|u 6 dl``ls rlplk| ls dl~ igmk~cl qrhc|nsmpms ~lnshrmld~+ Dhr~w|l dl~ pgrmgsmhk~ cl dgnhk~hjjgsmhk~luqdmw|lks qgrdl~ pgrmgsmhk~ c| rlplk|$ hk qgrdlcl``ls rlplk|+ Hr cl khjorl|u r~|dsgs~7 ~|iirlks w|l dl~dg~smnms~*rlplk| cl dg cljgkcl cl omlk~ mkc|~srmld~ lk @rgknl~hks mk`rml|rl~ d|kms$ |kl g|ijlksgsmhk c| rlplk| slkcgks gphmr |k l``ls qd|~ mjqhrsgks~|r dg nhk~hjjgsmhkcl ~lrpmnl~ w|l~|r dg nhk~hjjgsmhk cl omlk~$ nl w|m nrl |kl cmplrilknl lksrldg cljgkcl cl omlk~ ls dg cljgkcl cl ~lrpmnl~+ Dnhkhjml cgk~

~hk lk~ljodl g nhkk| cl~ igmk~ cl qrhc|nsmpms mjqhrsgks~qlkcgks dg qrmhcl 7=51 * ?119+ Dl~ rlplk|~ hks chknidhogdljlks qrhirl~~ ls$ gmk~m$ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl g l||kl slkcgknl ~sr|ns|rlddl ~sgiklr cgk~ |kl nhkhjml w|mksgms qd|~ lk rgssrgqgil$ nhjjl nl `|s dl ng~ lk @rgknl qgrsmrcl~ gkkl~ 51+ @hksgik ls Oh|edhd %?110- cgslks jjl cl~gkkl~ 01 dg qrmhcl qgrsmr cl dgw|lddl dl rlplk| l~s clplk|~|``m~gjjlks dlp qh|r w||kl cljgkcl qh~msmpl mk`d|lkigsmpljlks ~|r dg qgrs cl dg cljgkcl nhk~gnrl g|u qrhc|ms~mkc|~srmld~+

Cl qd|~$ dl ~lnsl|r mkc|~srmld g nhkk| cl~ igmk~ cl qrhc|nsmpmsqd|~ mjqhrsgksw|l nl|u cl dlk~ljodl cl dnhkhjml+ Nl ~lnsl|rg chkn q| ogm~~lr dl~ qrmu rldgs m `~ cl ~l~ omlk~+ Hr$

ljqmrmw|ljlks?$ ddg~smnms cl ~|o~sms|smhk lksrl dl~ omlk~mkc|~srmld~ ls dl~ g|srl~ omlk~ ls ~lrpmnl~ l~s mk`rml|rl 7 6 dgogm~~l cl~ qrmu mkc|~srmld~ kl~s qg~ lugnsljlks nhjqlk~l$ lkslrjl~ cl cljgkcl ~|qqdjlksgmrl+ G|srljlks cms$ ~m dl qrmu c|komlk jgk|`gns|r l~s cmpm~ qgr cl|u$ dl~ jkgil~ klkgneslrhks qg~ cl|u `hm~ qd|~ jgm~ qrh`mslrhks qh|r nhk~hjjlrcgpgksgil cg|srl~ omlk~ ls ~lrpmnl~+^m sh|~ dl~ omlk~ nhkkgm~~lks|kl ogm~~l cl qrmu$ dl~ jkgil~ g|rhks chkn slkcgknl jhcm`mlrdl|r ~sr|ns|rl cl nhk~hjjgsmhk lk `gpl|r cl ~lrpmnl~+ Gmk~m$ |klqrhc|nsmpms qd|~ `hrsl cgk~ dmkc|~srml w|l cgk~ dl~ ~lrpmnl~ gqh|r nhk~w|lknl$ pmg nls l``ls ~|o~sms|smhk $ |kl cljgkclqd|~ `gmodl cl omlk~ jgk|`gns|r~ w|l cl ~lrpmnl~+

^ldhk Cljjh|~ %?177-$ nl~ l``ls~ cl ~sr|ns|rl cl dg cljgkcl

~lrgmlks rl~qhk~godl~ clkpmrhk >1 , cl dg ogm~~l cl dljqdhmmkc|~srmld lksrl 7=51 ls ?119+

Dl``ls cl~ negkil~ nhjjlrnmg|u

Dg|ijlksgsmhk cl~ negkil~ lusrml|r~ g cl~ l``ls~ nhksrg~s~~|r dljqdhm jgk|`gns|rmlr+ C|k ns$ nldg qlrjls |klg|ijlksgsmhk cl~ coh|ne~ cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ mkc|~srmlddl~`rgkgm~l~+ Cl dg|srl$ dg|ijlksgsmhk cl dg nhkn|rrlknl ~|r dljgrne jhkcmgd cl~ omlk~$ khsgjjlks cl dg qgrs cl qg}~jlrilks~$ q~l ~|r dg nhjqsmsmpms*qrmu cl~ lksrlqrm~l~`rgkgm~l~$ dluqhrsgsmhk nhjjl ~|r dl jgrne mksrml|r+

Dg w|gksm`mngsmhk cl dl``ls c| qrhnl~~|~ cl jhkcmgdm~gsmhk ~|r dg

c~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk kl `gms sh|sl`hm~ qg~ nhk~lk~|~ g| ~lmk cl dg

dmssrgs|rl nhkhjmw|l+ Dl~ gqqrhnel~ nhkhjsrmw|l~ chkklkslk l``ls cl~ r~|dsgs~ ql| ~mikm`mngsm`~+

srgplr~ |kl gqqrhnel nhjqsgodl$ Cljjh|~ %?177-$ w|gksm`mldl qhmc~ cl dg jhkcmgdm~gsmhk cgk~ dl~qlrsl~ cljqdhm mkc|~srmld 7> , lksrl 7=51 ls ?119+ Nlssl nhksrmo|smhk gsslmkcrgms ?5 , ~|rdg qrmhcl rnlksl %?119*?177-+

\klogm~~l nhjqsgodl 6 luslrkgdm~gsmhk ls mksrmj

Cl qd|~$ cl|u qekhjkl~ jgfl|r~ ~hks dhrmimkl c|kl ogm~~l$nhjqsgodl$ c| qhmc~ cl dmkc|~srml cgk~ dl ngdn|d cl dg pgdl|rgfh|sl shsgdl lk @rgknl clq|m~ >1 gk~ 6 dluslrkgdm~gsmhk lsdmksrmj+ Nl~ qekhjkl~ nhksrmo|lks rc|mrl grsm`mnmlddljlks

dl~ pgdl|r~ gfh|sl~ ls dljqdhm jgk|`gns|rmlr$ qh|pgks gmk~mgjqdm`mlr dmjqrl~~mhk cl c~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk ho~lrpl$ lschmplks srl qrm~ lk nhjqsl+

qgrsmr cl~ gkkl~ 51$ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl g lk l``lsnhjjlkn luslrkgdm~lr g| ~lmk jjl c| slrrmshmrl rgkgm~+ Clkhjorl|u ~lrpmnl~$ g|qgrgpgks cgk~ |kl jjl lksrlqrm~l * lschkn nhk~mcr~ nhjjl nhk~sms|gks cl dg pgdl|r gfh|slmkc|~srmlddl * hks s ~h|~*srgms~ cl~ lksrlqrm~l~ cl ~lrpmnl~+

Dl~ ljqdhm~ gmk~m luslrkgdm~~ hks ri|dmrljlks qrhirl~~ clq|m~>1 gk~ 6 md~ rlqr~lksgmlks ?< , cl dljqdhm mkc|~srmld lk ?119nhksrl = , lk 7=51+

Lk h|srl$ jjl qh|r cl~ snel~ cmrlnsljlks dml~ dgqrhc|nsmhk$ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl `gms dgriljlks gqqld dmksrmj+ Dljqdhm mksrmjgmrl ~l~s olg|nh|q gnnr| qlkcgks dl~gkkl~ =1$ dl khjorl cmksrmjgmrl~ g|ijlksgks cl ?


29/92

7==1*?111 6 dl ~hdcl lusrml|r jgk|`gns|rmlr clpmlks~sr|ns|rlddljlks lunclksgmrl

G| nh|r~ cl~ gkkl~ =1$

dl qhmc~ cl dmkc|~srmlogm~~l cl kh|plg|+++

C|rgks dl~ gkkl~ =1$ dg qgrs cl dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl$ sgks lk slrjl~ cl

pgdl|r gfh|sl w|lk slrjl~ cljqdhm$ nhksmk|l cl cmjmk|lr$ rl~qlnsmpljlks cl79$9 , 7 ,+ Dg nhksrmo|smhk cl dluslrkgdm~gsmhkrl~slrgms jmkhrmsgmrl ~|r nlssl qrmhcl$ ~m omlk w|lddl kl rljls qg~ lk ng|~l dgrgdms cl dg c~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk+

+++ dl~ qrmu cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sljgk|`gns|rmrl ~l ~sgomdm~lks+++

Lk rlpgknel$nlssl qrmhcl ~l cm~smki|lcl dg qrnclksl qgr dg ~sgomdmsc| qrmu cldg pgdl|r gfh|sl jgk|`gns|rmrl %1$1 , qgr gk-$ w|m cnrhnel gmk~m c| qrmu cl dgpgdl|r gfh|sl shsgdl$ w|m l~s d|m lk qrhirl~~mhk cl 7$< , qgr gk+

Nl cnrhnegil l~sqlrjm~qgr cl~nhs~ ~gdgrmg|u|kmsgmrl~~sgodl~ cgk~ dg orgkneljgk|`gns|rmrl 6 ~m dl nhs c| srgpgmd qgr ssl g gnndr$ qrhirl~~gks cl >$> , qgrgk lk slrjl~ rld~ %3-$ dl~ igmk~ cl qrhc|nsmpms ~hks igdljlks qd|~ c}kgjmw|l~$ >$< , qgr gk+ Cgk~ nl nhkslusl$ c|kl qgrs dg pgdl|r gfh|sl jgk|`gns|rmrl lk

phd|jl nrhs c~hrjgm~ g|sgks w|l dg pgdl|r gfh|sl shsgdl$ cg|srl qgrs dl sg|u cljgril l~s idhogdljlks ~sgodl ~|r dg qrmhcl$ ehr~ l``ls~ cl n}ndl+

+++ ls dl ~hdcl lusrml|r~gjdmhrl

Nlssl ~sgomdms cl~ qrmu cl dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl ~gnnhjqgikl c|klgjdmhrgsmhk cl dg nhjqsmsmpms qrmu cl dg @rgknl> , ?5 ,+

+++ ls dl ~hdcl lusrml|r~l cirgcl

Qgr gmddl|r~$ lk cqms c)|kl nhjqsmsmpms qrmu sh|fh|r~ `gphrgodl$ dl ~hdcl lusrml|rcl dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl ~l cirgcl qrhirl~~mpljlks 6 cl " 71$< Jc~ lk?111$mdqg~~l*71$9Jc~lk?119+Lkn|j|d~|rdgqrmhcl$dl~hdclnh|rgksl~s sh|sl`hm~klssljlks qh~msm + Nlnm qh|rrgms mknmslr rldgsmpm~lr dg cirgcgsmhk c|~hdcl lusrml|r$ lk nhk~mcrgks w|l dl c`mnms cl `mk cl qrmhcl l~s n}ndmw|l+Sh|sl`hm~$ dg nrhm~~gknl c| QMO gsslmksl lk ?119 %" ?$> ,$ nhksrl 3$? , lk 7=5=ls >$9 , lk ?111-$ cl jjl w|l dl kmplg| c| sg|u c|smdm~gsmhk cl~ ngqgnms~ clqrhc|nsmhk %59$1 , nhksrl 5=$5 , lk 7=5= ls 55$5 , lk ?111-$qgrsmn|dmrljlks

Cnljorl ?17? ?=


%3- Dl igmk cl qh|phmr cgnegs qh|r dl~ ~gdgrm~ ~sgodms 7$3 , qgr gk jgm~ dl nhs c|

srgpgmd qgr ssl rld l~s qd|~ c}kgjmw|l ngr dl qrmu cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sl jgk|`gns|rmrl klqrhirl~~l qg~ gdhr~ w|l dl c`dgsl|r cl dg nhk~hjjgsmhk g|ijlksl cl 7$= ,+%


30/92

`gmodl~ qh|r |k eg|s cl n}ndl$ ls dg cirgcgsmhk nhksmk|l clq|m~ ?11? c| ~hdcllusrml|r qdgmclks qd|ss qh|r |k qekhjkl ~sr|ns|rld+

?115*?17? 6 dg nrm~l gnndrl dl jh|pljlks

Nl~scgk~nlnhksluslw|mkslrpmlksdgnrm~lcl?115+Dgqrmhclw|mgnhjjlknco|s ?115 kl~s qg~ nhjqgrgodl g|u srhm~ qeg~l~ qrnclksl~$ q|m~w|l dl n}ndlnhkfhkns|rld kl~s prgm~ljodgodljlks qg~ slrjmk+

\kl nlrsgmkl nhksmk|msqrpg|s qgr rgqqhrs dg

qrmhcl qrnclksl+++

\klnlrsgmklnhksmk|msqrpg|sqgrrgqqhrsdgqrmhclqrnclksl6dgogm~~lcldgqgrs cl dg orgknel lk pgdl|r gfh|sl lk l|rh~ nh|rgks~ ls lk ljqdhm ~l qh|r~|ms%rl~qlnsmpljlks *7$5 ls *7$> qhmks cl qh|rnlksgil-$ dl qrmu cl pgdl|r gfh|sljgk|`gns|rmrl rl~sl jhmk~ c}kgjmw|l w|gmddl|r~ lk L|rhql %* ? , lk @rgknl$nhksrl "5 , lk L~qgikl ls "9 , lk Gddljgikl lksrl ?119 ls ?177-+ Dgc~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk nhksmk|l csrl qd|~ mjqhrsgksl lk @rgknl+ Dl sg|u cl jgrilnhksmk|l igdljlks cl ~l cirgclr %*0$5 qhmks~$ lksrl ?119 ls ?177-+

+++ jgm~ dg ogm~~l c| sg|ucl jgril ~)gnnlks|l+++

Dgjqdm mngsmhkcl dg ogm~~lc| sg|u cl jgril ~luqdmw|l qgr dl rgdlksm~~ljlks sr~jgrw| cl dg qrhc|nsmpms %"1$= , qgr gk clq|m~ ?119$ nhksrl >$7 , ~|r dgqrmhcl ?117*?119- lk dgo~lknl cgf|~sljlks ~mjmdgmrl cl~ ~gdgmrl~ rld~+ Nlqekhjkl$ w|m l~s gkgd}~ lk csgmd cgk~ dg srhm~mjl qgrsml cl nl ch~~mlr$ l~sigdljlksho~lrpcgk~dlrl~slcldnhkhjml`rgkgm~l$gmk~mw|lcgk~cg|srl~qg}~ sld~ w|l dGddljgikl ls dl _h}g|jl*\km$ ls ~luqdmw|l lk qgrsml qgr dgqh~msmhk cgk~ dl n}ndl+

+++ ls dg cirgcgsmhk c| ~hdcllusrml|r ~ljodl rgdlksmr

Dg slkcgknl c| ~hdcl lusrml|r l~s jhmk~ klssl clq|m~ dg nrm~l+ Cl ?115 ?171$dg cirgcgsmhk ~)l~s qh|r~|mpml2 lddl ~)l~s lk~|msl or|sgdljlks gnnlks|llk ?177$~h|~ dl``ls c)|k qmn cmjqhrsgsmhk~+ Jgm~ dl ~hdcl lusrml|r g klssljlks rlohkcmlk ?17?$ ~m omlk w|l ~g cirgcgsmhk clq|m~ ?119 ~ljodl ~)gssk|lr$ nl w|m ql|s

srl rgqqrhne cl dg cqrnmgsmhk cl dl|rh ~|r dg qrmhcl+

Nhjjlks luqdmw|lr dg csrmhrgsmhk c| sg|u cl jgril ls c|~hdcl nhjjlrnmgd cgk~ dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl clq|m~?117 8

Dg nhjqsmsmpms ehr~ nhs~~l ~lrgms cirgcl

cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111

Sh|s ~l qg~~l nhjjl ~m dl~ lksrlqrm~l~$ g| nh|r~ cl~ gkkl~ ?111$ gpgmlks cjhcrlr cgpgksgil dl|r~ qrmu w|l cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ =1 qh|r rl~slr nhjqsmsmpl~$gdhr~ jjl w|lddl~ klk gpgmlks qg~ dl~ jh}lk~ ngr dl~ nhs~ ~gdgrmg|u |kmsgmrl~

>1 Khsl cl nhkfhkns|rl


9 * C`dgsl|r cl~ pgdl|r~ gfh|sl~ jgk|`gns|rmrl~

^h|rnl 6 L|rh~sgs


31/92

kl cmjmk|gmlks qg~+ Nlssl ogm~~l cl~ qrmu l~s rgqqrhnelr cl dg `hrslgqqrnmgsmhk cl dl|rh ~|r dg qrmhcl2 lddl g ~gk~ ch|sl s knl~~gmrl qh|rqr~lrplr dg nhjqsmsmpms*qrmu cl~ lksrlqrm~l~+

Nhjjlks luqdmw|lr w|l nl qekhjkl kl ~hms qg~ ho~lrp cgk~ dl~ g|srl~ qg}~cl dg vhkl l|rh 8 \kl luqdmngsmhk ~h|plks gpgknl %qgr luljqdl$ Igddhm~$ ?17?-r~mcl cgk~ dg igjjl cl~ qrhc|ms~ `rgkgm~+ Lk l``ls$ qh|r w|l dl~ lksrlqrm~l~igrclks |kl dgsms|cl cgk~ dg `mugsmhk cl~ qrmu$ dl|r~ qrhc|ms~ chmplks ~lcm``rlknmlr$ khsgjjlks qgr dl|r w|gdms+ Cgk~ dl ng~ nhksrgmrl$ `gnl dgnhkn|rrlknl jhkcmgdl gnnr|l$ khsgjjlks cl dg qgrs cl~ nhkhjml~jlrilksl~$ dg knl~~ms cl qr~lrplr g| jgumj|j dg nhjqsmsmpms*qrmu ikrlcl~ qrl~~mhk~ `hrsl~ ~|r dl~ qrmu cl plksl+ Cl `gms$ cl~ mkcmngsmhk~ c|kl ~sgikgsmhkcl dg igjjl cl dg qrhc|nsmhk `rgkgm~l gqqgrgm~~lks cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111+ Qgrluljqdl$ dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ cl~ qrhc|ms~ eg|sl ls jh}lkkl slnekhdhiml ogm~~lksgdhr~ w|lddl~ g|ijlksgmlks cgk~ dl jjl sljq~ lk Gddljgikl 0+ Dg w|gdmsjh}lkkl cl~ qrhc|ms~ lk @rgknl g|rgms gmk~m g|ijlks qd|~ `gmodljlks w|lkGddljgikl9+

Nlssl go~lknl cl jhksl lk igjjl ql|s gphmr cl~ hrmimkl~ j|dsmqdl~ w|m hks somlk mclksm`ml~ cgk~ dg dmssrgs|rl rnlksl 6 `gmodl~~l cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cgk~ dgrlnelrnel ls dl cpldhqqljlks$ cm``mn|ds~ gmrl nrhsrl dl khjorl clksrlqrm~l~luqhrsgsrmnl~$ lsn+ \k nlrndl pmnml|u qh|rrgms gdhr~ ~srl lkndlkne qh|rdmkc|~srml `rgkgm~l 6 dmkngqgnms cl `mulr cl~ qrmu cl plksl ~|``m~gjjlks dlp~g``lnsl dl~ jgril~ ls chkn dl~ qrh`ms~$ nl w|m rc|ms dmknmsgsmhk ls dg ngqgnms mkpl~smr ls g|ijlkslr dl~ qgrs~ cl jgrne+

Dg cl|umjl qgrsml cl nl ch~~mlr gkgd}~l dg c}kgjmw|l cl dgnsmpmsjgk|`gns|rmrl g| kmplg| ~lnshrmld qh|r slkslr cl nhjqrlkcrl dl~srgk~`hrjgsmhk~ * qgr`hm~ cmplrilksl~ ~ldhk dl~ orgknel~ * cl dmkc|~srml rgkgm~l

ls cqgrsgilr dl~ luqdmngsmhk~ qh~~modl~$ chks dg qlrsmklknl ql|s cm``rlr lk`hknsmhk cl~ ~lnsl|r~+

Cnljorl ?17? >7


%0- @hrsl~$ %?17?-%9- @hksgik ls Ig|dmlr%?115-


32/92

Dgkgd}~l ~lnshrmlddl cl~ cm` rlks~ qh~sl~ cl cljgkcl qlrjlscl jlssrl lk pgdl|r cl~ r|qs|rl~ mkslrplk|l~ clq|m~ ?115

Qh|r jml|u nhjqrlkcrl dg c}kgjmw|l cl dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl `rgkgm~lclq|m~ dl co|s cl~ gkkl~ ?111$ nlssl qgrsml gkgd}~l dl~ 73 orgknel~ w|m dgnhjqh~lks %n`+ lkngcr >-+ G|*cld cl dmksrs c|kl nhkkgm~~gknl qd|~ `mkl cldmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl$ dmclksm mngsmhk cl ri|dgrms~ h| dmkplr~lcesrhikms~ cgk~ dg c}kgjmw|l cl nl~ orgknel~ ql|s lk l``ls qlrjlssrl clcqgrsgilr dl~ cm``rlksl~ e}qhse~l~ gpgknl~ cgk~ dg qrljmrl qgrsml+

\kl jsehcl qh|r rldmlr$ qh|r negw|l s}ql cl qrhc|ms~$ dl~phd|smhk~ cl dg qrhc|nsmhk ls nlddl~ cl dg cljgkcl

\kl jsehcl qlrjlssgkscmclksm mlr dl~ nhksrmo|smhk~ cl dg

cljgkcl `mkgdl dg qrhc|nsmhk

Qd|~ qgrsmn|dmrljlks$ l~s gkgd}~ dw|mdmorl*rl~~h|rnl~ ljqdhm~ cl negn|k cl~73 qrhc|ms~ w|m nhjqh~lks dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl$ g`mk cmclksm`mlr dl~nhksrmo|smhk~ rl~qlnsmpl~ cl dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl$ cl dg ngqgnms luqhrslr$ h|lknhrl c|k qrhodjl cl nhjqsmsmpms ~|r dl jgrne mksrml|r+ Nl ~hks dl~ljqdhm~ `mkgd~ cl dg qrhc|nsmhk w|m ~hks s|cm~+ Qh|r nl `gmrl$ dw|mdmorlrl~~h|rnl~*ljqdhm~ cl negw|l orgknel l~s rnrms g`mk cgssrmo|lr dg cl~smkgsmhk`mkgdl cl~ nhk~hjjgsmhk~ mkslrjcmgmrl~+

Qgr luljqdl$ dl~luqhrsgsmhk~ c|k qrhc|ms chkk rlnh|prlrhks cgk~ nlssl qgrsmldg hm~ dluqhrsgsmhk cmrlnsl cl nl qrhc|ms$ jgm~ g|~~m ~hk luqhrsgsmhk lk sgks w|lnhk~hjjgsmhk mkslrjcmgmrl g}gks nhkc|ms dg `gormngsmhk c|k g|srl qrhc|msluqhrs+ Qh|r rgqqldlr w|l dg cl~smkgsmhk cl~ nhk~hjjgsmhk~ mkslrjcmgmrl~ l~s

>? Khsl cl nhkfhkns|rl


Lkngcr > 6 Dl~ cm``rlksl~ orgknel~ jgk|`gns|rmrl~

Qh|r cm~smki|lr dl~ cm``rlksl~ orgknel~ cgnsmpms mkc|~srmlddl~$ l~s |smdm~l dg khjlkndgs|rl cl~ nhjqsl~ kgsmhkg|u cl dMk~ll w|m qlrjlscl rqgrsmr dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl lk 73 orgknel~+ \kl orgknel rlirh|ql cl~ |kms~ cl qrhc|nsmhk ehjhikl~$ w|m `gormw|lks cl~qrhc|ms~ gqqgrslkgks g| jjl mslj cl dg khjlkndgs|rl cgnsmpms KG@ rlp+?+ Negw|l orgknel l~s r`rlknl qgr |k nhcl cl|u dlssrl~+

Dl~ 73 orgknel~ cl dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl

Nhcl cl|u dlssrl~

Cl~nrmqsmhk nh|rslcl dg orgknel Luljqdl~ cl qrhc|ms~

Qhmc~ cgk~ dgpgdl|r gfh|sljgk|`gns|rmrl

%?171- lk ,

Qhmc~ cgk~ dljqdhmjgk|`gns|rmlr

%?171- lk ,

NG Mkc|~srml girh*gdmjlksgmrl Sh|s qrhc|ms gdmjlksgmrl$ pmk$ sgogn 70$5 ?1$5

NO Slusmdl Egoms~$ neg|~~|rl~$ sm~~|~$ n|mr >$1 3$>

NN Ohm~$ qgqmlr Ohm~$ qrhc|ms~ cl jlk|m~lrml$ qgqmlr$ ngrshk~$mjqrl~~mhk cl dmprl~ ls fh|rkg|u 0$< 9$9

NC Nhb gnsmhk ls rg` mkgil Qsrhdl rg` mk$ ih|crhk~ 7$3 1$>

NL Nemjml Igv mkc|~srmld~$ lkirgm~ 9$? 3$?N@ Qegrjgnml Qrhc|ms~ qegrjgnl|smw|l cl og~l ls qrqgrgsmhk~ 3$7 ?$0

NI Ngh|sneh|n ls qdg~smw|l Qrhc|ms~ lk plrrl ls cl dg `morl cl plrrl$ qrhc|ms~ lk nrgjmw|l$nmjlks$ oshk ls qdsrl =$< =$5

NE Jsgdd|riml djlks~ jsgddmw|l~ qh|r dg nhk~sr|nsmhk$ |~mkgil$ h|smddgil$w|mkngmddlrml$ grjl~ 73$5 7$> 3$7

NF w|mqljlks~ dlnsrmw|l~ Jhsl|r~ dlnsrmw|l~$ `morl hqsmw|l$ dlnsrhjkgilr >$0 >$7

NB G|srl~ jgnemkl~ls w|mqljlks~ S|romkl~$ jgnemkl~*h|smd~$ g~nlk~l|r~ 0$3 0$7

ND7 G|shjhomdl G|shjhomdl~$ w|mqljlks~ %chks jhsl|r- $5 7>$1

^h|rnl~ 6 Nhjqsl~ Kgsmhkg|u


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mknd|~l$ kh|~ qgrdlrhk~ chkn cl cljgkcl `mkgdl gf|~sl+ Dg jsehcl ls ~l~e}qhse~l~ mclksm`mngsrmnl~ ~hks luqdmw|l~ lk csgmd cgk~ dlkngcr 3+

Dl rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl clq|m~

?115 l~s ho~lrp cgk~ dg w|g~m*mksirgdms cl~ orgknel~

\k kls rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dgnsmpmsjgk|`gns|rmrl cgk~ |kl jgfhrms

cl orgknel~ clq|m~ ?115+++

Dl r}sejl cl qrhirl~~mhk cl dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl g s qd|~ `gmodl g|nh|r~ cl~ gkkl~ ?111 w|l qlkcgks dg cnlkkml qrnclksl %1$9 , qgr gknhksrl ?$= , lk phd|jl-+ Nl rgdlksm~~ljlks ~l~s gnnlks| clq|m~?115$ q|m~w|ldg qrhc|nsmhk g ogm~~ lk jh}lkkl cl 7$0 , qgr gk %n`+ irgqemw|l 5- ls md l~snhjj|k dg qd|qgrs cl~ orgknel~ cgnsmpms+ Md l~s gmk~m ho~lrp cgk~ 7?orgknel~ ~|r 73 2 ~l|d~ dl~ jgsrmld~ cl srgk~qhrs ehr~ g|shjhomdl ls dl~ qrhc|ms~mk`hrjgsmw|l~ ls hqsmw|l~ `hks lunlqsmhk %n`+ irgqemw|l~ lk gkklul-+ Dgqrhc|nsmhk ogm~~l cgmddl|r~ clq|m~ ?115 cgk~ 77 orgknel~ ~|r 73+

+++ qrhphw| qgr dlrgdlksm~~ljlks cl dlk~ljodl

cl dg cljgkcl `mkgdl

Nl rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl clq|m~ ?115 ~l rlsrh|pl

cgk~ dlk~ljodl cl~ ljqdhm~ `mkgd~ cl dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl 6 dgnhk~hjjgsmhk gf|~sl %cl "7$9 , "1$> ,- ls dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ gf|~sl~ %cl"?$3 , 1$7 ,- hks klssljlks rgdlksm ls dmkpl~sm~~ljlks gf|~s g rln|d %*7$3 ,gqr~ "7$= ,-+ Dl~ mjqhrsgsmhk~ hks$ lddl~ g|~~m$ rgdlksm$ dirljlks qd|~ w|l dl~luqhrsgsmhk~$ qlrjlssgks cl rc|mrl dg pmsl~~l cl cirgcgsmhk c| ~hdcl lusrml|r$jgm~ mk~|``m~gjjlks qh|r dg ~sgomdm~lr5+

G| nh|r~ cl~ gkkl~ ?111$dl rgdlksm~~ljlks sgms jhmk~

ikrgdm~+++

G| nh|r~ cl~ gkkl~ ?111$ dl rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dg qrhc|nsmhk sgms cf l``lnsm`cgk~ dg w|g~m*mksirgdms cl~ orgknel~+ Sh|sl`hm~$ ~hk gjqdl|r sgms gdhr~ sr~cm``rlksl ~ldhk dl~ orgknel~+ Gmk~m$ ~mu orgknel~ kgpgmlks qg~ h| ql| rgdlksm%jhmk~ cl 7 , cl qlrsl cl sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl-+

+++ ls dg cljgkcl mksrml|rlgpgms r~m~s

Cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111$ dl rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl g s jhmk~jgrw| ls sgms nhknlksr ~|r dmkpl~sm~~ljlks gf|~s %"7$= , gqr~ ">$7 ,-$sgkcm~ w|l dg nhk~hjjgsmhk gf|~sl gpgms nhk~lrp dl jjl r}sejl clqrhirl~~mhk %"7$9 ,$ gqr~ "7$< ,-+ Mkplr~ljlks$ dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ gf|~sl~gpgmlks sr~ `hrsljlks rgdlksm %"?$3 , gqr~ "9$1 ,-$ ls klssljlks qd|~ w|l dl~mjqhrsgsmhk~ %">$0 , gqr~ ">


5 * Sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl cl dg qrhc|nsmhk jgk|`gns|rmrl ls cl~ qrmknmqgdl~ nhjqh~gksl~ gf|~sl~


%5- _gqqldhk~ sh|sl`hm~ w|l dgkkl ?177 l~s qgrsmn|dmrljlks c`gphrgodl qh|r dl ~hdcllusrml|r jgk|`gns|rmlr %n`+ ~|qrg-+


34/92

Srhm~ `gjmddl~ cl orgknel~jgk|`gns|rmrl~

Dl~ phd|smhk~ cl dgnsmpms jgk|`gns|rmrl ls cl ~l~ orgknel~ qr~lkslks chknnlrsgmkl~ ~mjmdms|cl~$ jgm~ g|~~m cl~ cmplrilknl~+ Dl~ orgknel~ ~hks gmk~mrlirh|ql~ lk srhm~ `gjmddl~ qh|r srl gkgd}~l~ cgk~ dg ~|msl cl nlssl qgrsml 6

Dl~ orgknel~ w|m hks r~m~s ~|r dg qrmhcl ?111*?119$ chks dg qrhc|nsmhk glk~|msl cmjmk| clq|m~ ?115 2

Dl~ orgknel~ qh|r dl~w|lddl~ dg qrhc|nsmhk g klssljlks rgdlksm g| co|s cl~gkkl~ ?111$ g| qhmks cl kl qd|~ qrhirl~~lr lksrl ?111 ls ?1192

Dl~ orgknel~ qh|r dl~w|lddl~ dg qrhc|nsmhk g nhksmk| cl nrhsrl clq|m~ dl c*o|s cl~ gkkl~ ?111$ ~gk~ rgdlksm~~ljlks clq|m~ ?115+

Dl~ orgknel~ w|m hks r~m~s f|~w| dg nrm~l cl ?115

Qrljmlr irh|ql 6 jsgdd|riml $ ngh|sneh|n ls qdg~smw|l~ $

g|srl~ jgnemkl~ ls

w|mqljlks~

Dl~ orgknel~ jsgdd|riml $ ngh|sneh|n ls qdg~smw|l~ ls g|srl~ jgnemkl~ lsw|mqljlks~ hks lk nhjj|k |kl qrhc|nsmhk w|m g klssljlks ogm~~ clq|m~?119 %lksrl *?$3 , ls *?$5 , qgr gk-$ gdhr~ w|lddl sgms rl~sl nrhm~~gksl cgk~ dl~gkkl~ ?111+ Dl irh|ql gmk~m `hrj rlqr~lksl >1 , cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sljgk|`gns|rmrl ls >7 , cl dljqdhm jgk|`gns|rmlr+

Qg~ cl rgdlksm~~ljlks cldgnsmpms cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111

G| ~lmk cl nl irh|ql$ dg nrhm~~gknl cl dg qrhc|nsmhk gpgms s rljgrw|godljlks~sgodl lksrl dl~ qrmhcl~ 7==1*?111 ls ?117*?119+ Dngrs c|kl qrmhcl dg|srl cl~ sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl jh}lk~ cl dg qrhc|nsmhk kl cqg~~l lk l``ls qg~1$< qhmks+ Dl~ sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl cl dg qrhc|nsmhk ~hks cl qd|~ rldgsmpljlks eg|s~cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111$ lksrl "7$7 , qh|r dg orgknel jsgdd|riml ls "?$9 ,qh|r dg orgknel g|srl~ jgnemkl~ ls w|mqljlks~ +

Cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111$ dgcljgkcl mksrml|rl `mkgdl r~m~sl$jgm~ dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ rgdlksm~~lks

Nhjjl dlk~ljodl cl~ orgknel~ jgk|`gns|rmrl~$ dg ~sr|ns|rl cl dg cljgkclgf|~sl ~l~s jhcm`ml cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111 qgr rgqqhrs g|u gkkl~ =1+ Dgcljgkcl mksrml|rl gf|~sl$ nhk~hjjgsmhk ls mkpl~sm~~ljlks$ g gnndr+ Lkrlpgknel$ dg cljgkcl lusrml|rl g nhksrmo| kigsmpljlks dg nrhm~~gknl cl dgqrhc|nsmhk cl nl~ qrhc|ms~$ gdhr~ w|lddl nhksrmo|gms qh~msmpljlks g|qgrgpgks+^|rnlsslqrmhcl$dgcljgkclmksrml|rlggmk~mq|qrlkcrldlrldgm~cldlusrml|r+

Dl `gms w|l dl~ mjqhrsgsmhk~ gmlks nr qd|~ pmsl w|l dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ ~|r dg qrmhclql|s srl ~mjqdljlks dg nhk~w|lknl c|kl cljgkcl mksrml|rl qd|~ c}kgjmw|lw|l cgk~ kh~ qg}~ qgrslkgmrl~$ jgm~ igdljlks srl dl ~mikl c|kl qlrsl clnhjqsmsmpms+

Clq|m~ ?115$ dg nhk~hjjgsmhkls dmkpl~sm~~ljlksogm~~lks `hrsljlks

Cl ?119 ?177$ dg qrhc|nsmhk cl nl~ srhm~ orgknel~ g nhkk| |k `hrs nh|qcgrrs$ gpln |kl ogm~~l c| sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl jh}lk nhjqrm~l lksrl *>$= qhmks~ls *1 , cl dg pgdl|rgfh|sl ls ?= , cl dljqdhm cl dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl+ Nl~ orgknel~qgrsgilks dg ngrgnsrm~smw|l nhjj|kl cgphmr nhkk| |kl `hrsl cndrgsmhk cl

dl|r qrhc|nsmhk cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111 %ogm~~l c| sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl qgr rgqqhrs dg qrmhcl qrnclksl lksrl *? , ls *71 , qgr gk-+




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\k rgdlksm~~ljlks cf gjhrncgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111+++

Gmk~m dg qrhc|nsmhk cl nl~ orgknel~ ~sgikl phmrl rln|dl cgk~ dg qrmhcl?117*?119$ gdhr~ w|lddl qrhirl~~gms$ ~ldhk dl~ orgknel~ c| irh|ql$ cl 7$3 , 5$9 , qgr gk cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ =1 ~g|` qh|r dg orgknel slusmdl $ h lddl rln|dgmscf+ Cgk~ nl nhkslusl$ dg cndrgsmhk nhk~sgsl clq|m~ ?115 ql|s ~mkslrqrslr

gdhr~nhjjl|klgjqdm`mngsmhkcldgcirgcgsmhkcldgnsmpmsclnl~orgknel~$lskhk nhjjl |kl prmsgodl r|qs|rl nhjjl cgk~ dl ng~ c| qrljmlr irh|ql+

+++ qgrnl w|l dg cljgkclmksrml|rl g rgdlksm+++

Dg ogm~~l cl dg cljgkcl cl dg qrmhcl ?117*?119 l~s ngrgnsrm~l qgr |klcndrgsmhk `hrsl cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks gf|~s ls$ cgk~ |kl jhmkcrl jl~|rl$ cl dgnhk~hjjgsmhk gf|~sl+ Lk l``ls$ lunlqs qh|r dl~ qrhc|ms~ ohm~$ qgqmlr $dmkpl~sm~~ljlks gf|~s rgdlksms sr~ `hrsljlks cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111+ Qh|r dl~qrhc|ms~ mk`hrjgsmw|l$ dlnsrhkmw|l ls hqsmw|l ls w|mqljlks~ dlnsrmw|l~ $dmkpl~sm~~ljlks gf|~s l~s jjl gshkl+

+++ ls dl ~hdcl lusrml|r~l~s cirgc

Cl qd|~$ qh|r nl~ qrhc|ms~$ dl nhjjlrnl lusrml|r ~l cirgcl qgrsmn|dmrljlkscgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111 6 dl c`mnms lusrml|r idhogd cl nl irh|ql rlqr~lksgms

77$1 , cl dl|r~ mjqhrsgsmhk~ lk ?119 nhksrl ~l|dljlks 7$? , lk ?111+ Gmk~m$ dlnhjjlrnl lusrml|r gf|~s nhksrmo|l kigsmpljlks dg nrhm~~gknl cl dgqrhc|nsmhk ls luqdmw|l$ w|lk go~lknl cl ~h|smlk cl dg cljgkcl mksrml|rlgf|~sl$ dg qrhc|nsmhk kl nrhm~~l qg~ cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111 qh|r nl~ orgknel~+Dg cirgcgsmhk k)l~s sh|sl`hm~ qg~ ikrgdl 6 lddl k)l~s qg~ ho~lrpl qh|r dl~qrhc|ms~ w|mqljlks~ dlnsrmw|l~ ls nemjml +

qgrsmr cl ?115$ nlrsgmkl~orgknel~ kl rgdlksm~~lks

qg~ cgpgksgil+++

^m nl~ orgknel~ hks lk nhjj|k dl nh|q cgrrs cl~ gkkl~ ?111$ lk rlpgknel dlnhjqhrsljlks cl nl~ orgknel~ lksrl ?115 ls ?177 pgrml g| ~lmk cl nl irh|ql+Qh|r dl~ orgknel~ nemjml $ mk`hrjgsmw|l$ dlnsrhkmw|l ls hqsmw|l ls w|mqljlks~ dlnsrmw|l~ $ dg nrhm~~gknl cl dg qrhc|nsmhk phd|l ql| lksrl dl~qrmhcl~ gpgks ls gqr~ nrm~l+ Dg ogm~~l cl dg qrhc|nsmhk l~s gmk~m dmjmsl clq|m~?115$ lk qgrsmn|dmlr irnl dg r~m~sgknl cl dg nhk~hjjgsmhk+

+++ gdhr~ w|l dg nrm~l cl ?115gjqdm`ml dg ogm~~l qh|r dl~orgknel~ ohm~$ qgqmlr 2 g|shjhomdl 2 slusmdl 2

nhb`gnsmhk ls rg``mkgil

Dl~ orgknel~ ohm~$ qgqmlr $ g|shjhomdl $ slusmdl ls nhb`gnsmhk lsrg``mkgil $ hks w|gks lddl~ nhkk| |kl giirgpgsmhk cl dg ogm~~l cl dgqrhc|nsmhk clq|m~ dg nrm~l qgr rgqqhrs g|u gkkl~ ?111+ Gmk~m ~|r dg qrmhcl?115*?177$ dg qrhc|nsmhk cl dg orgknel nhb`gnsmhk ls rg` mkgil qlrc qd|~ cl< , qgr gk %gqr~ *7$> , gpgks ?115-$ nlddl cl dg orgknel slusmdl qd|~ cl 9 ,%gqr~ *3$> , gpgks ?115-$ nlddl cl dg orgknel g|shjhomdl qr~ cl < , %gqr~|kl ~sgomdms cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111- ls nlddl cl dg orgknel ohm~$ qgqmlr qd|~ cl? , %gqr~ |kl ~sgomdms cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111-+

^m dgnsmpms ogm~~l cgpgksgil$ nl~s qrmknmqgdljlks c g| rln|d cl sh|~ dl~ qh~sl~cl dg cljgkcl$ lk qgrsmn|dmlr nld|m sr~ jgrw| cl dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl

%khsgjjlks dmkpl~sm~~ljlks-$ dlunlqsmhk cl dg orgknel g|shjhomdl qh|rdgw|lddl dl rlqdm cl~ luqhrsgsmhk~ fh|l dl rdl dl qd|~ mjqhrsgks+

Qgr rgqqhrs g| qrljmlr irh|ql$ nl~orgknel~ jgk|`gns|rmrl~ qr~lkslks chkn dgngrgnsrm~smw|l cgphmr nhkk| |kl ogm~~l cl dl|r cljgkcl mksrml|rl$ ~h|~ dl``lsc| rgdlksm~~ljlks jgrw| cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks$ ~gk~ w|l dl nhjjlrnllusrml|rklpmlkkl nhjqlk~lr$ dl~ mjqhrsgsmhk~ sgks ~}~sjgsmw|ljlks qd|~ c}kgjmw|l~w|l dl~ luqhrsgsmhk~+

Cnljorl ?17? >-+ ^gim~~gks c| sg|ucl jgril$ dg csrmhrgsmhk ~|r dg qrmhcl ?117*?119 l~s l``lnsmpljlksnhknlksrl cgk~ dl~ orgknel~ chks dg qrhc|nsmhk g `hrsljlks rgdlksm cgk~ dl~gkkl~ ?111 %irh|ql ?-+ Nlssl nhrrdgsmhk kl~s pmcljjlks qg~ |kl ng|~gdms$ls nl cg|sgks jhmk~ w|l dg ogm~~l c| sg|u cl jgril ql|s srl mkc|msl qgr dlrgdlksm~~ljlkscldgpgdl|rgfh|sl$c|`gmscldmklrsmlcl~`gnsl|r~clqrhc|nsmhk+

Qgr gmddl|r~$ md k} g qg~ cl nhrrdgsmhk gqqgrlksl lksrl dl~ pgrmgsmhk~ c| sg|u cljgril ls c| ~hdcl nhjjlrnmgd f|~w|lk ?119+ C|k ns$ cgk~ dl~ orgknel~ mk`hrjgsmw|l$ dlnsrhkmw|l ls hqsmw|l ls nhb`gnsmhk ls rg``mkgil $ dg ogm~~lc| sg|u cl jgril ~)l~s gnnhjqgikl c)|kl cirgcgsmhk nhksmk|l c| ~hdclnhjjlrnmgd+ Cl d)g|srl$ cgk~ dg orgknel nemjml $ dg ne|sl c| sg|u cl jgril

~l~s gnnhjqgikl c|k lunclks nhjjlrnmgd c|rgodl+ Ls$ d)mkplr~l$ cgk~ dgorgknel ngh|sneh|n ls qdg~smw|l $ dg|ijlksgsmhk c| sg|u cl jgril~gnnhjqgikl c|kl csrmhrgsmhk nhksmk|l c| ~hdcl nhjjlrnmgd+

Cl jjl$ hk kho~lrpl qg~ cl c}kgjmw|l qgrsmn|dmrl cl~ qrmu g| ~lmk cl~orgknel~ w|m hks r~m~s cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111+ Nhjjl cgk~ dl~ g|srl~orgknel~$ dl rgdlksm~~ljlks cl~ qrmu g s sr~ `hrs cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ =1$ ls ~l~sqh|r~|mpm cgk~ dl~ gkkl~ ?111+

Cnljorl ?17? >9


Sgodlg| 7

Sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl gkk|ld jh}lk c| c`dgsl|r cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sl qgr orgknellk ,

Orgknel 7=51*7=5= 7==1*?111 ?117*?119 ?115*?177

Irh|ql 7

Ngh|sneh|n ls qdg~smw|l $3

Jsgdd|riml =$9 7$0 7$7 1$7

G|srl~ jgnemkl~ ls w|mqljlks~ 3$7 *1$3 *?$1 7$5

Irh|ql ?

Slusmdl 5$1 *1$> *1$5 *7$7

Ohm~$ qgqmlr 5$1 7$? *7$? *>$9

Nhb`gnsmhk ls rg``mkgil 7$> 0$? 7$9 ?>$1

Nemjml 0$0 *?$3 1$1 ?$$= *3$3 *71$> *7>$1

w|mqljlks~ dlnsrmw|l~

G|shjhomdl& * * *7$? 5$

Mkc|~srml girh*gdmjlksgmrl 9$? 7$< 1$5 *7$1

Qegrjgnml 3$0 1$= *>$9 *7?$0

G|srl~ qrhc|ms~ jgk|`gns|r~ ls rqgrgsmhk >$3 *7$1 *1$3 7$=

G|srl~ jgsrmld~ cl srgk~qhrs& * * >$0 7$0

Lk~ljodl cl dg orgknel mkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl 0$0 1$1 *1$= *1$5

& ^l|dl~ cl~ chkkl~ giril~ jgsrmld~ cl srgk~qhrs ~hks cm~qhkmodl~ qh|r nl~ orgknel~ lksrl 7=51 ls 7==5+ Cl qd|~ dl~ chkkl~ qh|r ?177 kl ~hks qg~cm~qhkmodl~ qh|r nl~ orgknel~$ dg clrkmrl nhdhkkl nhrrl~qhkc chkn g| sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl jh}lk lksrl ?115 ls ?171^h|rnl~ 6 Nhjqsl~ Kgsmhkg|u


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Dl ngqmsgd ls dl srgpgmd ~l ~hks jhmk~ gf|~s~ w|gsslkc| clq|m~dg nrm~l$ ~m omlk w||kl qgrs c| rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dgqrhc|nsmpms idhogdl cl~ `gnsl|r~ gqqgrlksl l~s mkluqdmw|l

Nlssl qgrsml gkgd}~l dg il~smhk cl~ `gnsl|r~ cl qrhc|nsmhk * srgpgmd ls ngqmsgd * qgrdl~ lksrlqrm~l~ mkc|~srmlddl~ clq|m~ dg nrm~l+ Hk ~gqq|ml qh|r nldg ~|r dgnhjqsgomdms cl dg nrhm~~gknl %n` lkngcr


41/92

+++ cl qr`rlknl ~|r cl~ n}ndl~nhkfhkns|rld~ nhjqdls~

Lk jh}lkkl ~|r |k n}ndl$ dg nrhm~~gknl cl dg qrhc|nsmpms idhogdl cl~ `gnsl|r~jl~|rl dl~ igmk~ cl``mngnms cgk~ d|smdm~gsmhk cl~ `gnsl|r~ cl qrhc|nsmhk+ Lkrlpgknel$ dhr~w|hk rgm~hkkl ~|r |k n}ndl mknhjqdls$ nhjjl nl~s dl ng~ clq|m~?115$ dl~ pgrmgsmhk~ cl QI@ srgc|m~lks igdljlks dl~ pgrmgsmhk~ c| clir

c|smdm~gsmhk cl~ `gnsl|r~ cl qrhc|nsmhk+\k kls rgdlksm~~ljlks

gqqgrlks cl dg qrhc|nsmpmsidhogdl cl~ `gnsl|r~ clq|m~

?115+++

Cgk~ dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl$ dg qrhc|nsmpmsidhogdl cl~ `gnsl|r~ g klssljlksnhksrmo| ~h|slkmr dl c}kgjm~jl cl dgnsmpms ls chkn cl~ igmk~ slkcgknmld~ clqrhc|nsmpms c| srgpgmd qgr dl qg~~+ Gmk~m$ clq|m~ 7=51$ lddl nhksrmo|l lkjh}lkkl qh|r qd|~ cl ? qhmks~ dg nrhm~~gknl gkk|lddl cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sljgk|`gns|rmrl+ Lksrl ?115 ls ?177$ lddl g|rgms `hrsljlks rgdlksm$ q|m~w|lddl~lrgms lk dirl ogm~~l$ cl 1$? , qgr gk %n + irgqemw|l =-$ nhksrl |kl qrhirl~~mhkcl ?$? , qgr gk cl ?117 ?119+

+++ lk qgrsml qh|r cl~ rgm~hk~nhkfhkns|rlddl~

Dl `hrs rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dg QI@ clq|m~ ?115 ql|s ~luqdmw|lr lk qgrsml qgrdgjqdl|r cl dg nrm~l+ Md lum~sl lk l``ls cl~ rmimcms~ dg ogm~~l ~|r dl~ `gnsl|r~ clqrhc|nsmhk$ dl ngqmsgd nhjjl dljqdhm+ Dl~ qgrsml~ ~|mpgksl~ jlsslks gmk~m lk

pmclknl w|l dl ~shnb cl ngqmsgd ~l~s ql| gf|~s ls w|l ~hk clir c|smdm~gsmhk g`hrsljlks ogm~~+ Lddl~ rgqqlddlks igdljlks w|l dljqdhm cgk~ dl ~lnsl|rjgk|`gns|rmlr ~l~s jhmk~ gf|~s w|l kl dl dgm~~gms nrgmkcrl dg ne|sl cl dgnsmpms+Jngkmw|ljlks$ nlnm nhksrmo|l rc|mrl dg QI@ jl~|rl$ lknhrl qd|~ w|l dhr~c|k n}ndl cl qrhc|nsmpms egoms|ld+

Dgnn|j|dgsmhk c| ngqmsgd g klssljlks jhmk~ rgdlksmw|gsslkc|$ jgm~ ~hk sg|u c|smdm~gsmhk l~s sr~ `gmodl lkjh}lkkl clq|m~ ?115

Dl ~shnb cl ngqmsgd kls l~slk ?177 ~hk kmplg|

cgpgks nrm~l+++

Dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl g qgrsmn|dmrljlks omlk r~m~sclq|m~ dg nrm~l+ Md g nlrsl~ cnrhne lk ?11= %*7>$< ,-$ jgm~ l~s rlplk|

g|fh|rce|m dirljlks g|*cl~~|~ cl ~hk kmplg| cl ?119+Nlssl r~m~sgknl cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cgk~ dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl l~snhk`mrjl qgr |kl w|gsmhk nhkhjsrmw|l cl s}ql jhcdl nhrrlnsmhk clrrl|rw|m rlkc nhjqsl cl dg c}kgjmw|l cgf|~sljlks nh|rs slrjl plr~ |kl nmodl cldhki slrjl ls w|m ~nrms srgcmsmhkklddljlks nhjjl |kl nmodl cl sg|ucmkpl~sm~~ljlks+ nh|rs slrjl$ dg c}kgjmw|l cgf|~sljlks `gms mkslrplkmr dl~pgrmgsmhk~ qg~~l~ cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks ls cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sl cgk~ dg orgknel+Lddl jls lk pmclknl d l``ls*gnndrgsl|r qrhqrl g|u nhjqhrsljlks~cmkpl~sm~~ljlks 6 dgjqdms|cl cl~ pgrmgsmhk~ cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cgk~ dl n}ndl l~sqd|~ `hrsl w|l nlddl~ cl dgnsmpms %n` lkngcr 0-+

Cnljorl ?17? 37


= * Cnhjqh~msmhk cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sl jgk|`gns|rmrl ~ldhk ~l~ qrmknmqg|u cslrjmkgks~



43/92

Dmkpl~sm~~ljlks cl dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl ~gprl l``lnsmpljlks qd|~c}kgjmw|l negw|l gkkl clq|m~ ?119 w|l cgk~ dg qrpm~mhk cl dw|gsmhk$ w|mqh|rsgks rlsrgnl nhrrlnsljlks dl~ phd|smhk~ cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks clq|m~ dl co|scl~ gkkl~ 51+

C| `gms cl dg r~m~sgknl cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks$ dl ~shnb cl ngqmsgd or|s g nhksmk| nrhsrl$ ls g `mkgdljlks ql| rgdlksm %"1$0 , qgr gk clq|m~ ?115$ nhksrl "7$? ,~|r dg qrmhcl qrnclksl-+ Dl ~shnb cl ngqmsgd kls cl dg nhk~hjjgsmhk cl ngqmsgd`mul71 l~s w|gks d|m ~sgodl%"1$? , qgr gk-+ Md k} g chknqg~ cl qlrsl cl ngqgnmscl qrhc|nsmhk dml |kl ogm~~l c| ~shnb cl ngqmsgd$ km g| kmplg| cl dg orgkneljgk|`gns|rmrl$ km cgmddl|r~ g| kmplg| ~lnshrmld+

+++ jgm~ ~hk sg|u c|smdm~gsmhkl~s sr~ `gmodl

Dl sg|u c|smdm~gsmhk cl~ ngqgnms~ %S\N- l~s |k mkcmngsl|r w|gksmsgsm` w|m nelrnel gqqrhnelr dl rgsmh lksrl dg qrhc|nsmhk l``lnsmpljlks rgdm~l ls dg qrhc|nsmhkqhslksmlddljlksrgdm~godl$~shnbclngqmsgdchkk+DlS\Nq|odmqgrdMk~lll~sm~~| cl dLkw|sl srmjl~srmlddl cl nhkfhkns|rl ~|r dgnsmpms cgk~ dmkc|~srml ls mdrlkc nhjqsl cl dmkslk~ms gpln dgw|lddl dgqqgrlmd cl qrhc|nsmhk l~s |smdm~77+

Dl S\N l~s |k mkcmngsl|r rho|~sl cl~ `d|ns|gsmhk~ nhkfhkns|rlddl~ 6 lk l``ls$ lkrgm~hk cl~ cdgm~ cgf|~sljlks c| ~shnb cl ngqmsgd `mul g|u pgrmgsmhk~ mjqrp|l~cl dg cljgkcl$ dgf|~sljlks cl dg qrhc|nsmhk ~l srgc|ms nh|rs slrjl qgr |klpgrmgsmhkc| S\N+ Dl S\N `d|ns|l gmk~m g|sh|r c|kl jh}lkkl cl dhki|l qrmhcl~dlpgks 50 , ls ~g c}kgjmw|l rl`dsl rldgsmpljlks nhrrlnsljlks dl n}ndlnhkfhkns|rld cl dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl+

Dl S\N g `hrsljlks rln|d c~ dl~ qrljmrl~ jgkm`l~sgsmhk~ cl dg rnl~~mhk g|w|gsrmjl srmjl~srl ?115 ls g gsslmks |k qd|~ og~ g| cl|umjl srmjl~srl ?11= 97 ,$ ~hms qr~ cl 73 qhmks~ lk ngrs ~hk kmplg| cl dhki slrjl%n`+ irgqemw|l 71-+ Dl S\N ~l~s nlrsl~ rlcrl~~ sljqhrgmrljlks cgk~ dg qeg~lcl rlqrm~l lk ?171 %qh|r gsslmkcrl 5> ,- jgm~ rl~sl f|~w|lk ?17? cl~ kmplg|uog~ %md l~s qg~~ kh|plg| `mk ?17? lk cl~~h|~ cl 51 qhmks~-+ Lk jh}lkkl ~|r?115*?17?$ md ~sgodms 51 qhmks~$ ~hms 0 qhmks~ lk cl~~h|~ cl ~hk kmplg| cldhki slrjl+ Nlssl ~h|~*|smdm~gsmhk c| ~shnb cl ngqmsgd rc|ms nhjqsgodljlks dg

Cnljorl ?17? 3>


%71-Dgnhk~hjjgsmhkclngqmsgd`mul%NN@-jl~|rl$qh|r|klqrmhclchkkl$dgqlrslclpgdl|r c| ~shnb cl ngqmsgd `mul |smdm~ qgr |k qrhc|nsl|r$ c| `gms c| sljq~$ cl d|~|rlqe}~mw|l$ cl dho~hdl~nlknl hrcmkgmrl h| cl~ chjjgil~ gnnmclksld~ nh|rgks~+%77- Nls mkcmngsl|r l~s ngdn|d qgrsmr cl dg w|l~smhk ~|mpgksl6 Phsrl lksrlqrm~l`hknsmhkkl gns|lddljlks +++, cl ~l~ ngqgnms~cm~qhkmodl~+ Md l~sqrnm~ w|md~gims c|rgsmh %lk ,- cl phsrl qrhc|nsmhk gns|lddl ~|r dg qrhc|nsmhk jgumjgdl w|l ph|~ qh|rrmlvhoslkmr lk ljog|negks plks|lddljlks c| qlr~hkkld ~|qqdjlksgmrl+

71 * Sg|u c|smdm~gsmhk cl~ ngqgnms~ cl qrhc|nsmhk %S\N- cgk~ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl



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QI@ jl~|rl$ c~ dhr~ w|hk kl cm~qh~l qg~ c|k n}ndl nhkhjmw|l lksmlr+ Nlsslqrmhcl qrhdhkil cl `gmodl~~l c| S\N l~s nhsl|~l qh|r dmkc|~srmljgk|`gns|rmrl ngr lddl nhrrl~qhkc c| ngqmsgd ~h|~*|smdm~$ nl w|m csrmhrl ~grlksgomdms+

Dphd|smhk cl dljqdhm jgk|`gns|rmlr clq|m~ ?115 kl~s qg~lk dmikl gpln dl~ nhjqhrsljlks~ qg~~~

Dljqdhm jgk|`gns|rmlr ogm~~lslkcgknmlddljlks clq|m~

7=51+++

Dljqdhm ~gdgrm cgk~ dl ~lnsl|r cl dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl ogm~~lslkcgknmlddljlks clq|m~ 7=51 lk @rgknl+ Nl~s |kl cl~ jgkm`l~sgsmhk~nhknrsl~ c| qrhnl~~|~ cl c~mkc|~srmgdm~gsmhk+ G|sh|r cl nlssl slkcgknlogm~~mrl$ dljqdhmjgk|`gns|rmlrnhkkgs cl~ `d|ns|gsmhk~cl nh|rs slrjlrl`dsgksdl~ pgrmgsmhk~ nhkfhkns|rlddl~ cl dgnsmpms cgk~ nl ~lnsl|r+ Lk l``ls$ dljqdhm~gf|~sl gpln |k nlrsgmk cdgm g|u `d|ns|gsmhk~ cl dg pgdl|r gfh|sl$ nl w|hkgqqlddl dl n}ndl cl qrhc|nsmpms 6 dg qrhc|nsmpms rgdlksms `hrsljlks dhr~ cl~qm~hcl~ rnl~~m`~+^}jsrmw|ljlkslddlgnndrl dhr~cl~ qeg~l~ cl nrhm~~gknl+

+++ jgm~ g jhksr |kl nlrsgmklr~m~sgknl clq|m~ ?115

Dhr~ cl dg rnl~~mhk cl ?115*?11=$ dljqdhm cgk~ dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl~l~srlqdmjgm~dgjqdl|rclnlrlqdm~l~sgprldmjmslg|rligrccldgsr~`hrslnhksrgnsmhk cl dgnsmpms ho~lrpl cgk~ dmkc|~srml jgk|`gns|rmrl+ Gmk~m$ dgqrhc|nsmpms ehrgmrl c| srgpgmd g `hrsljlks rgdlksm clq|m~ dg nrm~l %"1$5 , qgr gknhksrl ">$9 , ~|r dg qrmhcl ?117*?119-$ jgdir dg eg|~~l nhk~sgsl g| nh|r~cl dg rlqrm~l cl ?11=*?171+

Nlssl r~m~sgknl kl~s qg~luqdmw|l qgr dl nhjqhrsljlks

egoms|ld cl dljqdhm

Dl rgdlksm~~ljlks cl dg qrhc|nsmpms kl ql|s ~luqdmw|lr qgr dg ~l|dl `gmodl~~l cldgnsmpms dhr~ cl nls qm~hcl rnl~~m` jgfl|r+ Nl cmgikh~smn$ cf sgodm cgk~ dgKhsl cl nhkfhkns|rl cl cnljorl ?171$ rl~sl prgm+ Md l~s nhk`mrj qgr |klw|gsmhk nhkhjsrmw|l cl s}ql jhcdl nhrrlnsmhk clrrl|r w|m jhcdm~l dgc}kgjmw|l cl~ el|rl~ srgpgmddl~ lk qrlkgks lk nhjqsl dg `hm~ dl|r~

cslrjmkgks~ cl nh|rs slrjl$ l~~lksmlddljlks dg pgdl|r gfh|sl$ ls cl dhki slrjl$dl r}sejl slkcgknmld cl qrhc|nsmpms w|m rl`dsl dmk`d|lknl c| qrhir~ slnekmw|l~|r dljqdhm+

Dgf|~sljlks cl dljqdhm l``lnsmpljlks ho~lrp ~gprl lk l``ls klssljlksjhmkcrl w|l nld|m ~|iir qgr dw|gsmhk$ q|m~w|l cl~ r~mc|~ qh~msm`~gqqgrgm~~lks c~ nh|rgks ?119 ls qlr~m~slks f|~w| g|fh|rce|m %n`+ lkngcr 9-+Gmk~m$ clq|m~ `mk ?119$ >3< 111 ljqdhm~ hks s qlrc|~$ nhksrl 091 111 ljqdhm~qrp|~ qgr dw|gsmhk %n`+ irgqemw|l 77-+



77 * Ljqdhm ho~lrp ls ~mj|d qgr dw|gsmhk cljqdhm cgk~ dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl%lk qlr~hkkl qe}~mw|l-



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Km dg ogm~~l cl dg c|rl c|srgpgmd qgr ssl+++

Dl~ h|smd~ cl il~smhk `dlumodl c| sljq~ cl srgpgmd %rlnh|r~ g|u el|rl~~|qqdjlksgmrl~$ nhksrgs~ sljq~ qgrsmld ls ~mjqdm`mngsmhk cl~ qrhnc|rl~ clnejgil qgrsmld qlkcgks dg rnl~~mhk cl ?115*?11=- hks qlrjm~ cl rc|mrl dgc|rl cl srgpgmd qgr ssl c|rgks dg nrm~l %*7$0 , cl ?119 ?177-+ Nlnm g

nhksrmo| ~h|slkmr dl kmplg| cljqdhm$ ls rgdlksmr dg qrhc|nsmpms qgr sslcg|sgks+ Sh|sl`hm~$ dw|gsmhk cljqdhm |smdm~l mnm `gms mkslrplkmr nhjjl pgrmgodlcljqdhm dl khjorl cel|rl~ srgpgmddl~+ Nlssl pgrmgodl l~s chkn kl|srl g|uphd|smhk~ cl dg `dlumomdms c| srgpgmd+ Gmk~m dg rslksmhk cljqdhm ho~lrplclq|m~ dg nrm~l$ kl ql|s srl mjq|sl |kl cmjmk|smhk cl dg c|rl cl srgpgmd$ nl~s|kl rslksmhk cel|rl~ srgpgmddl~ +

+++ km dphd|smhk cl dmksrmjkluqdmw|lks dg c|rl ls

dgjqdl|r cl nl n}ndl clqrhc|nsmpms

Dljqdhm mksrmjgmrl kl~s qg~ nhjqs cgk~ dljqdhm cl~lksrlqrm~l~ cl dg orgkneljgk|`gns|rmrl+ Md ~l~s qh|rsgks gpr srl |kl cl~ pgrmgodl~ cgf|~sljlksqrmpmdiml qgr dl~ mkc|~srmld~ qh|r gcgqslr nh|rs slrjl dl phd|jl cljqdhm g|umk`dlumhk~ c| n}ndl cgnsmpms+ Gmk~m dl phdgks cmksrmjgmrl~ |smdm~~ qgr dmkc|~srml gs `hrsljlks rc|ms cgk~ nl ~lnsl|r 6 qr~ cl 111 g| qrljmlr srmjl~srl ?11= hks sr~mdm~ %n`+ irgqemw|l 7?-+

Dgf|~sljlks cl dmksrmj g chkn q| nhksrmo|lr dg r~m~sgknl cl dljqdhmjgk|`gns|rmlr g| co|s cl dg nrm~l+ Sh|sl`hm~$ dljqdhm jgk|`gns|rmlr g nhksmk| jml|u r~m~slr lk ?11= ls ?171$ w|l nl w|l dgm~~gmlks gsslkcrl dl~nhjqhrsljlks~ egoms|ld~ gdhr~ jjl w|l dljqdhm mksrmjgmrl rlohkcm~~gms$qh|r w|g~mjlks rlplkmr$ co|s ?177$ ~hk kmplg| cl~ gkkl~ ?111+ Qgrnhk~w|lks$ dl rlnh|r~ dmksrmj kl ql|s qg~ luqdmw|lr dg r~m~sgknl cl dljqdhmmkc|~srmld clq|m~ dg nrm~l+

Lddl qh|rrgms ~luqdmw|lr qgrdgjqdl|r cl dg ogm~~l cl

dgnsmpms g| co|s cl dg nrm~l+++

Dg r~m~sgknl rldgsmpl cl dljqdhm mjjcmgsljlks gqr~ dg nrm~l ql|s ~luqdmw|lrqgr dgjqdl|r cl dg ne|sl cl dgnsmpms$ nhjqsl slk| cl~ rmimcms~ dg ogm~~l ~|r dlkmplg| cljqdhm+ Gmk~m$ nhjjl dl rldlpgms |k qrnclks ch~~mlr cl dg khsl clnhkfhkns|rl %Grih|grne ls gd+$ ?171-$ dl~ lksrlqrm~l~ `rgkgm~l~ hks cgohrcnhjjlkn qgr ildlr dl~ nrgsmhk~ cljqdhm$ gpgks chqrlr cl~ cl~sr|nsmhk~cljqdhm+ Cgk~ dg qd|qgrs cl~ orgknel~$ dljqdhm sgms lk cmjmk|smhk ri|dmrlgpgks dg nrm~l$ ls ~g r~m~sgknl rldgsmpl lk ?115*?11= ql|s ~mjqdljlks qrhplkmrc|`gmsw|ldlr}sejlclcl~sr|nsmhkcljqdhmkgqg~q|srlgnnr|dgeg|sl|rcldgf|~sljlks cl dgnsmpms+

Cnljorl ?17? 3$=,qgr gk ~|r dg qrmhcl 7==1 * ?119+

Dl~ pgdl|r~ c| s cl ^s|clks ~hks lksrl qgrlkse~l~+

w|gsmhk cl nh|rs slrjl 6

ljqdhm pg ljqdhm ljqdhms s s s: " " 0 >5 17= 1 =

> 7 3 0 9 1 > 7

"

pg Srlkcs s$

$ $ $ $

w|gsmhk cl dhki slrjl 6

ljqdhm pg Srlkcs s s: " "9< 35 1 1>=$ $ #

Ljqdhm ho~lrp cgk~ dg orgknel jgk|`gns|rmrl$ ljqdhm ~mj|d ls r~mc| %lk sg|u cl nrhm~~gknl-


Qh|r `gnmdmslr dg dlns|rl$ dl~ el|rl~ srgpgmddl~ hks s srgk~`hrjl~ lk qlr~hkkl~ qe}~mw|l~ cgk~ dl slusl


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Cnljorl ?17? 3=


Mkpl~sm~~ljlks gf|~s %nrhm~~gknl- Mkpl~sm~~ljlks gf|~s %gnndrgsmhk-

Luqhrsgsmhk~ gf|~sl~ %gnndrgsmhk-Luqhrsgsmhk~ gf|~sl~ %nrhm~~gknl-


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*3?+

Cljjh| D+$ ?177$ Dl rln|d cl dljqdhm mkc|~srmld lk @rgknl lksrl 7=51 ls ?119 * Gjqdl|r ls qrmknmqg|ucslrjmkgks~ 6 |k sgs cl~ dml|u $ nhkhjml ls ^sgsm~smw|l$ k3>5*331+

@hksgik D+ ls Ig|dmlr I+$ ?115$ Qlr`hrjgknl~ dluqhrsgsmhk cl dg @rgknl ls cl dGddljgikl $ _gqqhrs c|Nhk~lmd cGkgd}~l nhkhjmw|l$ Dg chn|jlksgsmhk `rgkgm~l+

@hksgik D+$ Ig|dmlrD+$ ls Vmikgih ^+$ ?115$ ^qlnmgdmvgsmhk Gnrh~~ pgrmlsml~ gkc Khrse*^h|se Nhjqlsmsmhk $Lnhkhjmn Qhdmn} k?>+

@hrsl~ J+$ ?17?$ ^qnmgdm~gsmhk dluqhrsgsmhk cl dg @rgknl ls cl w|gsrl irgkc~ qg}~ cl d\kmhk L|rhqlkkl lksrl7==1 ls ?11= $ Sr~hr Lnh$ k =5+

Igddhm~ D+$ ?17?$ Qgnsl qh|r dg nhjqsmsmpms cl d)mkc|~srml `rgkgm~l $ _gqqhrs g| Qrljmlr jmkm~srl

Mk~ll$ ?11=$ Dl nh|q cl `rlmk dg qrhc|nsmhk g|shjhomdl 6 ~g qgrs cgk~ dg rnl~~mhk $ Khsl cl nhkfhkns|rl$ jgr~?11=$ qq 79*?1+

Mk~ll$ ?17?$ Nhk~sr|nsmhk grhkg|smw|l ls nhk~sr|nsmhk g|shjhomdl$ cl|u ~lnsl|r~ w|m hks |k l``ls clksrgkljlksjgrw| ~|r dl rl~sl cl dnhkhjml $ Khsl cl nhkfhkns|rl$ jgr~ ?17?$ qq =7*=3+

Hysehrk _+ ls _gj~l} _+$ 7==5$ Irhyse$ Srgcl gkc Clmkc|~srmgdmvgsmhk $ MJQ$ Yhrbmki Qgqlr$ k=5(01+


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Nhkfhkns|rl`rgkgm~l

^H\^ LJOG_IH



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G| srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ dgnsmpms cl~nhkhjml~ gpgknl~ g dirljlks gnndr%"1$? , gqr~ "1$7 ,- nhjjl qrp| cgk~ dlQhmks cl nhkfhkns|rl chnshorl+ Lddl g gnndrg|u sgs~*\km~ ls g `hrsljlks rlohkcm g|_h}g|jl*\km irnl g|u Fl|u Hd}jqmw|l~ ls g|rg s s rgqgil cgns mp m s gqr~ dl~ nhki~lunlqsmhkkld~ cl f|mk+ Lk rlpgknel$ lddl ~l~s clkh|plg| nhksrgnsl cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh ls g ne|sg| Fgqhk+

^ldhk dl~ lkw|sl~ cl nhkfhkns|rl$ dl ndmjgs cl~g``gmrl~ ~lrgms sh|fh|r~ cirgc ls dgnsmpms cl~nhkhjml~ gpgknl~ ngdlrgms g| w|gsrmjlsrmjl~srl %1$1 ,-+ Lddl ~l nhksrgnslrgms g| Fgqhk$cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh$ } nhjqrm~ lk Gddljgikl$ lsg | _h} g |jl *\km + ^ l | d ~ dl ~ sg s ~ *\k m ~nhkkgsrgmlks |kl qrhirl~~mhk cl dgnsmpmsjgdir dl~ qlrsl~ cl qrhc|nsmhk hnng~mhkkl~qgr dh|rgigk ^gkc}+

G| qrljmlr ~ljl~srl ?17>$ dl~ nhkhjml~gpgknl~ gnndrlrgmlks jhcl~sljlks+ Dl~g|shrms~ gjrmngmkl~ qgrpmlkcrgmlks |kgnnhrc dmjmsgks dgjqdl|r c| `m~ngd ndm`` ls

dgnsmpms nhk~lrplrgms |k r}sejl jhcr g|usg s~*\km~+ Cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh$ l d dl ~l~sgomdm~lrgms$ ~h|slk|l qgr dl nhjjlrnl jhkcmgdls dgjdmhrgsmhk cl dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl 6 lddl

~l ~sgomdm~lrgms khsgjjlks lk Msgdml g| qrmksljq~?17> qgrnl w|l dgf|~sljlks o|cisgmrl ~lrgmsjhmk~ mkslk~l lk ?17> w|lk ?17? ls w|l dgogm~~l cl~ slk~mhk~ `mkgknmrl~ qlrjlssrgms |kdlks rlcjgrrgil cl dmkpl~sm~~ljlks+Dl~ nhkhjml~ jlrilksl~ igiklrgmlks lkc}kgjm~jl dehrmvhk cl dg qrpm~mhk+ G|

srhm~mjl srmjl~srl ?17?$ lddl~ hks dirljlksgnndr jjl ~m dl r}sejl cl nrhm~~gknl rl~sl

~lk~modljlks qd|~ `gmodl w|l c|rgks dl~ gkkl~?111+ d ehr mvhk cl dg qrp m~ mhk$ dl~g~~h|qdm~~ljlks~ o|cisgmrl~ ls jhksgmrl~

~h|smlkcrgmlks dg cljgkcl mksrml|rl ls dgnsmpmscl nl~ nhkhjml~ gnndrlrgms lknhrl+

Dl~ ogkw|l~ nlksrgdl~ jhomdm~lks clqd|~ lk qd|~ dl|r~ mk~sr|jlks~ khknhkplksmhkkld~

Dl~ ogkw|l~ nlksrgdl~ cl~ nhkhjml~ gpgknl~hks cl~ jgril~ cl jgk|prl rc|msl~+ Dl kmplg|cl~ sg|u cmksrs cmrlnsl|r~ l~s lk l``ls g| qd|~ og~em~shrmw|l g|u sgs~*\km~ %1$?< ,-$ g|_h}g|jl*\km %1$< ,-$ g| Fgqhk %1$7 ,- ls cgk~ dgvhkl l|rh %1$9< ,-+ Lddl~ jhomdm~lks lk rlpgknelclqd|~lkqd|~dl~mk~sr|jlks~khknhkplksmhkkld~+Cgk~ dg vhkl l|rh$ dg cnm~mhk cl dg ogkw|lnlksrgdl l|rhqlkkl co|s ~lqsljorl cgnelslrcl `ghk mddmjmsl cl dg clssl ~h|plrgmkl jgs|rms nh|rsl cl~ qg}~ w|m g|rhks ~hddmnms dlJngkm~jl L|rhqlk cl ^sgomdms g qlrjm~ |k klsgqgm~ljlks cl~ slk~mhk~ `mkgknmrl~+ Dl~ sg|u~h|plrgmk~ l~qgikhd~ ls msgdmlk~ ~l ~ms|lksrl~qlnsmpljlks g|sh|r cl


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Lk clehr~ cl dg vhkl l|rh$ dl~ sg|u ~h|plrgmk~nhksmk|lks ~l ~ms|lr cl~ kmplg|ulunlqsmhkklddljlks `gmodl~+ G|u sgs~*\km~$ dl~nhkcmsmhk~ cl `mkgknljlks cl~ lksrlqrm~l~~g~~h|qdm~~lks ls dg cljgkcl cl nrcms g|ijlksl+

G| Fgqhk$ dg ogkw|l nlksrgdl g cnmc$ `mk gprmd$ clkh|plddl~ jl~|rl~ khk nhkplksmhkklddl~ qh|rdmjmslr dgqqrnmgsmhk c| ]lk+ Dg Ogkw|lcGkidlslrrl g$ w|gks lddl$ nhksmk| ~hkhqrgsmhk cl rgnegs cl clssl q|odmw|l co|sl dg|shjkl ?177+

Cgk~ dl~ qg}~ jlrilks~$ dl~ ogkw|l~ nlksrgdl~hks klssljlks g~~h|qdm dl|r qhdmsmw|l jhksgmrlclq|m~ co|s ?17?$ gqr~ dl rgdlksm~~ljlks cldgnsmpms ls dl rl`d|u jgrw| cl dmk`dgsmhk+ Jgdirdg dirl eg|~~l rnlksl cl dmk`dgsmhk g| Or~md lslk Mkcl$ dl~ g|shrms~ jhksgmrl~ clprgmlksnhk~lrplr |kl qhdmsmw|l jhksgmrl gnnhjjhcgkslls `gnmdmslr gmk~m dgnn~ g| nrcms+

C l~ q hd ms mw |l ~ o |c i sg mr l~rl~srmnsmpl~ g| Khrc$ luqgk~mhkkm~sl~g| ^|c

G|u sgs~*\km~$ lk dsgs gns|ld cl dg dim~dgsmhk$cl~ eg|~~l~ cmjqs ls cl~ ogm~~l~ cl cqlk~l~qh|r |k jhksgks shsgd cl 3$9 qhmks~ cl QMO chmpl

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Note de conjoncture de l'Insee (Dec 2012)