t* O -NAIC CRBT

SUPREME HEADQUARTERS IXUED POTKRS EUROPE PiRIS, MÏANCE

AG 6123^/^-583/56 DOG 29 November, 1956.

SUBJECT î Infrastructure Criteria Governing Wair Headquarters Construction.

TO : See Distribution

REFERENCE: XOG 6123/L2/B-92/53, Infrastructure - Criteria Governing War Headqusirters Construction, dated f February 1953 amended by LOG 6123/Ï2/E-689/53, datôd 10 July 1953-

1. SHZ1EE has revised the criteria governing War Headquarters construction formerly approved by the Kilitary Representatives Committee in DEF 342167 dated 24 June I953 in tho light of the new strategy under the assumption that atomia and thermo-nuclear weapons were likely to be used to attack these headquarters. This revision has been conducted as follows:" ^

a. A first draft of these revised criteria and standards has been prepared and sent to all nations and Major Subordinate Commands for comments. A copy of this draft (AG 6I23/12/E-3IO/56 LOG dated 5 June 1956) has been forwarded to you under AG 6100/&-399/56 LOG dated 16 July 1956 following oar SHAPTO 1248 dated 11 July I956, in reply to your SGM-462-56 dated 27 Jooe 1956.

b. The comments received from nations and Major Subordinate Commands have been Incorporated in tha attached final version insofar as SEIME considers them militarily acceptable.

2. It is recommended that these criteria be approved.

FOR OHE SUPRME /J.T.TET) CCMitAHDER EUROEE1

1 Enclosure;

SHAEE Iimitirg Criteria and Standards for the Establishment of Major War Headquarters.

DISTOZBU HON :

-.y PIERRE BRISAC lit Gen, French Amty Deputy Chief of Staff Logistics and Administration,

(see over)

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SHftPE CffilL RECORDS CENTRAL REGISTRY CONTROL aUatBSR Dls^L (/:.

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AG 6I23/L2/E-533/56 LOG Infrastructure criteria governing War Headquarters construction.

DISTOIHJTION: Action; SGB

Sifo : O DIC SOTJ 3H ClHCWCfRQH CINCMT CHTCiraED MOD BEDGItM MOD CANADA MOD DENMARK MOD ERAHCE MOD GERMANY MOD GREECE MOD ITALY MAF ITXEMBOURG MOD NORWAY ( MOD HETHEaUHDS

thru NMR (SHAPE) BELGIUM) CANADA)

t! DENMARK) FRAHCE)

GERMANY) greece) italy) LUXEMBOURG) ÏÏC0OTAY) BE3HEELANDS)

MOD PCROTGALfthru Port. Mil. Attache PARIS) MOD TURKEY (thru HMR (SHAPE) TURKEY) MOD ÜK ( " " " UK) SECDEF US ( " u " US) SACLANT SGLO (including copies for Controller

for Infrastructure)

English French

SHAPE; DEIWAV DCPMDP DCO DCLA

, SECY SHAPE CENTRAL RECCEfflS ÈÏÏMR PANDP

QANDT SI& DIV PANDA BUDFIN AIKGEF AIRQPS PROG HQ CCMDT LOG

242

1 O 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 O O 2 2 5

94 French translation follows.

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NAXC saCSET

SHAPE LHiITIHO CR IIERIl AND STANDARDS FCR TtIS ESTABLISHMENT QF MAJCR WAR HEADQUARTERS

G-EIiERAX.

1. The limiting criteria and standards set forth in this document are to be used in planning the 3cope, equipment, furnishing and signals installations for approved Allied War Headquarters of the NATO Infrastructure Program above the level of Army or comparable,

2, All War Headquarters will be planned on an austerity basis,

3« It is recognized that the planning of each War Headquarters presents different problems depending on the type, size and mission of the headquarters ^nd the availability of existing utilities. Since it is impracticable to promulgate firm standards covering all varying conditions, these limiting principles will be regarded as a guide to be adhered to as far as possible.

4. Except where expecially justified, no living accommodation for the staff working in any Y/ar Headquarters will be provided. Eull utilization should be made of existing accommodation at a reasonable distance as determined ty the local commander.

5. In all cases special consideration will be given to improving protection by extensive camouflage and concealment,

6. A H major V'ar Headquarters must be planned on the basis that a direct attack upon them with atomic weapons is probable. The plans selected must therefore provide a capability of sunÄVLng such an attack to the extent feasible. Such a capability to survive may be achieved by one of the following means:

a. Protection, that is, by construction of subterraoean facilities

b; Dispersion, that is, by the partitioning of the staff into a sufficiently large number of separated groups.

c. Mobility, that is, by making the headquarters transportable so that its location can be changed frequently,

d. Combinations of" the above methods.

Enclosure to letter j'.G 6123/12/E-583/56 L 0 G

to Standing Group. (l5 pages).

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MIL » GUIItANCE OU PLANNING FOR HEADQUARTERS REIgHTG CM PHYSICAL PROTECTION PULT.

7« Cover. Not lésa than 100 meters of earth or rock, overhead and all around will he provided. More cover will "be provided to the extent feasible at the site, considering engineering, military and economic factors,

8. Number and Selection of Sites. Only one site will be excavated, the location of which nust bo selected with great care to secure a reasonable balance between economy and military security. Sites so remote as to roquire excessive access road construction cannot be considered.' It is desirable, but not absolutely essential* that the site be accessible to existing power and water supply. No site should be closer than 16 kilouetres to the boundaries of a potential atonic target. (See para 35)»

Entrances. !Bvo or norc entrances will be provided, any over two being of an emergency nature of tho niriinun size for use by personnel consistent with economy in construction. Vtooro located on the sano slope, two entrances must be separated by at least 700 netrc3; this distance can be reduced when entrances are separated by" a ridge. The entrances will be connected directly and not through the headquarters, in order to avoid the offects of a blast wt .'e being increased by its reaching a dead end.

The entrances will be: a. CaconfIagoG and/or concealed. b. Protected against:

(1) Direct hit by a 250 kg. botib; (2) Direct hit Iy an AP rocket or cannon fire fron low flying

aircraft; (3) Small arms and nortar attacks from the ground.

c. Provided with snail areas for security check posts.

10. Facilities. Th« following facilities nay be provided but will not be duplicated. Biese requirenents are for general guidance only. Tbc specific requirements vary with the size and role of. the headquarters, r -ocific justification for space allowances in War Roous, Operations Centers, Briefing and -Conference Roors, and Tole-conference R O G T I O "ill be required in each case.

; a. Office Space. Office space provided nust not duplicate space for individuals

for whom space is otherwise provided, for instance in the war roous and rooms for signals installations. Sincc the headquarters will normally function 24 hours a day on a.3hif"t basis, office spacc will only be provided for 50 to 80$ of the number of individuals to work in the headquarters, according to the type of headquarters, as is justified in eafch case. The space is to be calculated on a basis of 3.5 square metres per individual. In no case should tho number of office spaces provided exceed one third of the total approved wartime establishment.

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b. Offices of Very Importanli Persona (VXPs) ( 1 ) The following are considérée! V I P S Î

i. Commander ii. Deputy Commander (s) iii.Chief (s) of Staff.

(2) Office space allowance for each VIP will not be ever JO square metres, including an ante-room or other requiremsnts

c. War Room (1) This will accommodate the working level joint teams from

G-2 and G~3 who v«'ill be constantly engaged in the reception examination and visual plotting of combat information as it comes from subordinate commands.

(2) It should bc large enough to house a team of 10 to 24 all ranks, depending on the type and size of the Headquarters, and fitted with sufficient panels to permit the display of large scale nflps covering all combat areas. It should contain a large'simple table.

(3) Adjoining the frar Room there should be work room, sufficiently lrirge to house a team of draftsmen with their tables and equipment. The room mfiy be fitted with s Impie racks for maps, overlays and drawing equipment and should be adequately fitted with wall points for electric curren t,

{4) The War Room and its adjuncts should be provided with security systems to, guard" COSMIC TOP SECRET information.

d. Operations Centers (l) A Joint Command and Operations Center (j.C.O.C.) is

required at Army Grc up /ATA? level and associated Nntval command level, and above. It will provide an area v.herein the detailed planning and direction of current operations can be conducted. Joint teams of 10 to 24 officers, depending on the sise and type of Headquarters, with desk space s will generally be roquirod to man the J.C.O.C.. 3he room should be sufficiently largo to provide display of large scale maps of the combat area. Space for joint communications facilities will be provided adjacent to a J.C.O.C..

(2) A special Operations Center is required at SHAPE.

e. Maritime Headquarters The requirements for tho War Rooms of Maritime Headquarters

vary considerably v;ith the -functions and size of the ComnKnds which they serve. In general the facilities allowed will be comparable to those in paragraphs 10 c. and d. above. Adequate justification will be required in each case. The space nust be sufficient to allow all the displays necessary to the command including:

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, NATO FZCm General Surface Plot Maritime Air Jlot Submarine Plot Merchant Shipping Plot.

f. Briefing and Conference Room

T; is room will provide enclosed briefing space for the Commander-in-Chief, Kc;- staff Officers and Subordinate Commanders. It should be located near thè; W^r Room, It should not be planned to accommodate more than 20 individuals.

g. Teleconference Room

Teleconference communications facilities are required at all headquarters above the army level. One installation should servo each headquarters and should be based on the following outline criteria!

(1) iHach installation will be composed of two rooms: a staff conference room of appropriate size and an adjacent equipment room of 15 square metres maximum size.

(2) Each room will be provided with security systems to safeguard COSMIC TCP SiDCRjiT information during teleconference periods. The physical security provisions for the equipment rooms will be as for a classified communications center in accordance •;;ith current directives.

(3) The conference room will be soundproofed. Tho equipment room will be provided with a system for the circulation and temperature control of the air in that room.

(4) A means for passing messages betv.utn the conference room and the equipment room will be made available. This means must not destroy the soundproofing of the confercnce room.

(5) The conference room, in addition to appropriate furniture, will have built in the wall adjacent to the equipment room, the viewing screens. Kse receiver-projectors attendant to the viewing screens will'be installed along the reverse wall, in the equipment room.

h. Sleeping Accommodation

(1) Sleeping accommodation should normally be provided outside the headquarters area in well dispersed billots.

(2) Accomodation facilities of the simplest type may bo provided in the protected area for one of the signals shifts not on duty. This accommodation will consist of minimum sleeping space only.

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N&TC > Fzcm (3) To allow for emergency sleeping accommo-

dation in the protected area, folding . metal—framed cots should be provided «n walls of corridors or in other practicable locations.

1* Messes and Kitchen - .

Cooking and messing facilities may be provided to serve personnel working in the headquarters. The size will be dependent on the strength of the headquarters, but it should be comparable to field kitchen standards and will provide space for eating on the most reduced basis for not more than one quarter of the main shift.

j. First Aid Station

Facilities will be provided to permit emergency medical treatment of casualties prior to evacuation. Xhe size will be governed by the location and adequacy of the nearest hospital or dispensary, and by facilities for evacuation, but will be limited to a maximum space of 60 square metres.

k. Itecontamination Center

Decontamination will normally be carried out in the neighbourhood of the living site. Facilities will be provided within the protected area to permit decontamination in emergency only, Kiese facilities will include:

(1) 2 to 6 showers with hot and cold water.

(2) Separate disposal of contaminated waste water to a collecting tank or disposal area.

(3) Special treatment of walls, floor and ceiling of the decontamination room itself,

(4) Storage space for uncontaminated clothing for the uedical personnel,

(5) Filtering of the air exhausted from the decontamination room, and facilities for changing tfaa filters.

The size will be governed by the size of the Headquarters but will be limited to a maximum of 60 square metres,

1. Stores

(1) Storage space should be provided for 7 days emergency food rations for the main shift, including the spare signals shift, working in the headquarters, and for 7 days storage of fuel for all power requirements. Uiese reserves will be in addition to the storage for consumption between resupplies.

(2) Small work rooms should be provided for engineer and signals maintenance requirements.

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(3) The requirement for any other administrative facility should he justified in each case.

11. Utilities. Utilities systems for each protected site will he provided in accordance with the following standards:

a. ffflter

(1) Daily water allowance will not exceud 50 litres per person.

(2) Storage for 7 days supply will be provided.

(3) Vfater storage necessary for motor coaling, a ic-conditioning and decontamination will be justified in each case.

b* Sanitary Installation^

(l) 1 washbasin with cold water supply per 50 Individuals, except for the spare signals shift for which the scale ^^l^b^l^washbasin v.itl cold.Viter'rap

{2) 1 water closet per 20 individuals.

¢5) 1 trough type urinal per 100 individuals.

(4) In addition lavatories, consisting of one washbasin • one water closet, may be provided for VIP (see para on the scale-of 1 lavatory for every 5 VIP.

o. Sewage Disposal

Awaterborne sewage system should be installed. Septic tanks may be provided if outside sewer connections are not feasible.

d. Heating and Ventilation

(l) Ventilation. Ventilation intakes should be fitted with filters to exclude chemical and bacteriological agents and radioactive particles ard gases. The air vents should be fitted TJith valves which automatically close with the overpressure produced by the explosion and can be opened when desirable. In no case should an overpressure of more than O.J kilogrammes per square centimetre be allowed to enter the ventilation system. Tlie ventilation system should be designed to function under working conditions for short periods, independently of outside air supply i, e. by the regeneration of used air inside the installa-tion. This will entail a separate system of air supply and exhaust for the power station, so that It can function on contaminated air without danger to personnel. The system of air regeneration should permit for 7 days the "survival without working" of personnel in the entombed headquarters.

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NATC1 SSCOT (2) Air Changes

- Office spaces and roor,-- detailed in paragraphs 10 c. through 10 g . : ,,00 litrea per minute per person.

- Sanitary installations: 10 changes per hour, - Other areas: As justified "by the special conditio^., number of men working therein and by the heat o" gases produced by the equipment installed, Otie above figures should not apply when the ventilating system is functioning for long periods through filters or independently of outside air» In this case, the rato or change should be kept to the minimumi

(?) Temperature (i) Personnel

— Minimum acceptable temperature \W'- ' provision cf artificial heat) : 16°C (61^)-, minus 3° of centigrade temperature for short periods in exceptional cases.

— Maximum acceptable temperature: 25°C (TJ0F) plus 3° of centigrade temperature for shor-: periods in exceptional oses; this will oc. :..r-at a dry bulb temperature of 27°C (Sl0F) '>'-]••• v. the relative humidity reaches the msxiicuni acceptable (60$) ,(para d (4) below).

(ü) Equipment and Stores — No artificial heating or oooling will .be provided for temperature reasons, except wtv; justified by danger of damage due to the nature of the equipment or stores.

(4) Humidity -

(l) Personne j. — Relative humility v;j_il be kept between the limits of 40;; to 6Œ»,

(il) Squipment and Stores In no case should any pcssibility of condensation on signals equipment be permitted, except in cases where v.*ater-proof equipment Is used. For other equipment and stores maxi- :n relative humidity acceptable will depend on their nature, and justifications should be given in each particular case.

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MTCvfSCKKT (5) Tte above criteria are for guidance only and final

requirements of each installation should he decided in the light of local conditions. Whenever the conditions, set as limits above, cannot be met for substantial periods of time, air treatment with dryers, coolers, heaters or blowers will be provided on an austero basis. When heating and cooling is required, design will bo based on providing an average heating temperature of IS0G (64°F) or sufficient cooling to bring down the temperature to tta<a acceptable maximum for all spaces permanently occupied by personnel for more than 6 hours a day. Temperature to be provided in other spaces requiring heating or cooling should bo justified in each particular ease.

Electrical system

(l) Electricity will not be used for separate heating of

(2) Tho lighting intensities to bo provided will bo as follows:

Water points nnd toilets 50 " " " " Cooking facilities and messesJO " 11 table "

(3) In war the normal source of electricity supply will bc a power station which will be sited within the protected area. The intake and exhaust system ohoaid•be protected against overpressure. To enable the headquarters to function for extended periods, independent of outside supply, sufficient reserve generator capacity should bo installed to supply all essential loads and to maintain this supply for long periods, nllowing for servicing and maintenance. All the generators will be identical and there will not be less than throe including the reserve. However, to allow for more economical operation of the headquarters in peacetime, and in war until such time as the civilian power not is materially disturbed, connection will also bo made Tfherever possible to the civilian power system with instilled transformers as necessary, lhose transformers should be placed within the protocted area.

(4) In addition to tho main power supply described in sub-para (3) above, minimum essential communication facilities and associated equipment will be provided with a separata emergency powor unit which comes into full operation within 0.5 seconds of a power failure. The load of this supply will be kept to the minimum compatible with opera-tional efficiency.

rooms *

Offices Corridors

200 lux at desk level ' 10 " " floor "

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NATC ' shXJÄ (5) Battery rooms mill be provided with air-tight doors plus

chemical absorbent for use in emergency.

12, General Construction Data a. Structure;

(l) Tunnels in Xoopa Rock or Earth Tha structure should be designed in accordance with standard engineering practice for the nation and in the area concerned, with the addition, however, of special provisions Ibr shock resistance based on the effects on an earthquake oft O.3 g for 100 meters of cover 0,2 g for 150 Deters of cover 0.1 g for 200 meters of cover or more,

(2) Tunnels in solid rock The structure should be designed in accordance with standard engineering practice for the nation and in the

1 ares concerned,with the addition,however,of such anti-spalling features to the lining as would be indicated for the type of rock encountered under the influence of earthquake acceleration magnitudes quoted above.

b. The layout of the headquarters should be such that it is capable of a IJfi expansion in floor area and/or personnel. This does not mean this excavation can bo done in advance. In the case of utilities, the installed capacity of water riJid sewer pipes, heating and ventilating plant, electric conduits and siDilar facilities should bo sufficient to accommodate the possible 15% expansion of the headquarters.

c. Normally linings, floors, walls and ceilings will be left in unfinished state. Wall treatment may be allowed where special moisture conditions exist. Floors of cooking areas, special rooms, toilets, transformer station, aid stations and other areas whore considered necessary for health and safety, nay be hardsurfaccd but with no additional covoring. Rooms where signals equipments are operated, maintained or stored will be rendered dustproof.

d. Sound absorption materials will be used for walls or partitions servingi

(1) a telephone switchboard of three or more positions (2) a number of teleprinters and/or crypto mchines. Such

absorption is not intended to suppress the noise completely but to reduce it to a level which can be permanently imposod on the personnol serving the equipment without inpairing their operational efficiency.

13» Fumituro. • Ihc nininuu amount of furniture nay be provided. This will be of

a most elementary typo.

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NATC * SSCRKT 14. General ConaIderations- for Signals Installations

a. Hiese criteria pertain to the communications of "both the fixed and/or nobile elements of an ACE Vfar Headquarters, as applicable.

b. Connunications circuits and facilities will be employed to a naxiriun on a connon user basis to serve all components (Amy, Navy, and Air) of a command at any given War Headquarters installation.

c. Where practicable, the various echelons will enploy communications facilities already programed or constructed.

15. Connmnicatlons Circuits »

a. Comriunications circuits for an ACE Yfar Headquarters will bo provided to:

(1) Subordinate and adjacent connandd

(2) Elenents of its own headquarters

(3) Other units cr agencies as justified by local requirements. b. The nunber of circuits provided will be based upon the

type, sizo, nission - nd location of tho headquarters concerned.

16. Access Facilities

a. Fixed Protected War Headquarters will be providod with at least two communications access facilities {cable or radio-relay). Wherever practicable, one of these facilities will be radio-relay.

b. Dispersed unprotected elements of a War Headquarters will be provided with communication s access facilities in accordance with security considerations, geographic conditions and the available local facilities. No more than two NATO funded access connections will be provided.

17• H.?. Rqiac Installations Wherever practicable, H.F. radio facilities, where enployed,

TJill be sited at a distance not less than I6 kilometres fron the YTar Headquarters they serve. This criteria is applicablo to both receiving and transnittlng stations in order tc preclude their destruction in any possible attack on the he adquarter s.

18. TeIephono Switchboards

All communications spoach circuits (wire and radio-relay) will be tominated on tho unin distribution fravio of the communications center. The size of the telephone switchboard will be determined on the basis of 1.5 local subscribers per officer authorized for the main shift of the protected headquarters plus a 25 $ factor for expansion. Switchboard trunk facilities will be based upon the number of wartime trunk circuits authorized, plua a 25^ factor for expansion. Trunk terninationa will bo based upon 8per,:/3ingle operating position.

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NAT( -,-SCTFT

19, TaIegraph Patching

All teletype circuits will be terminated on a patching facility in order to provide flexibility for the employment cf authorized wartime teletype circuits.

20, Equipment for Toleconference Roon

Crnstrraction details and space requirements are outlined in sub-para 10 g, above, The following detnils of the connunications facilities are required:

a. The facilities to be nailo available will be such as to provide full duplox operation. Provision, theroforo, nust be nadc for two receiver-projector and viewing screen conibinations and associated cryptographic and tôle-graphie units.

b. Teleprinters and recoiver-projeetors will be of a design easily convertible fer operation at either 45 or 50 bauds.

c. Associated "cryptographic and telegraphic equipment will bc installed as follows!

(1) Transmitting

(i) 1 cryptographic equipment ETCRRM (ii) 1 tape perforator (iii) 1 transmitter-distributer (iv) 1 teleprinter, page printer (v) 1 tape printing repërforator.

(2) Receiving (i) 1 cryptographic cquipnent ETCRRM (ii) 1 teleprinter, page printer,

d. Wo spares will be provided for the two authorized receiver-projector and viewing screen combinations. It is considered that adequate back-up is inherent in the capability of this equipment to ho switched to half-duplex operation, to permit viewing of both "send" and "reçoive" messages on any one conbinaticn, if necessary. Switching or patching provisions to rapidly accomplish this changeover'will be provided.

e. One hundred percent back-up for the cryptographic and telegraphic equipment described in sub para c. above will be required. This back-up is intonded to operate in stanu-by condition during teleconferences. To effect this capability a rapid no-no of switching or patching from the operational to the stand-by cryptographic ancï telegraphic equipnent will bc required.

f. The approximate power requirements for the installation described above is 10 kilowatts. Sufficient'power reserve should be contained in stand-by power facilities of the associated communications center to assure adequate emergency power for the toleconforence facilities as well as for the communications center.

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NÄTC > SSOWT 21. Pneumatic Tubes

PneuiiB tic tubes to serve the headquarters communications center and key operational elements may be planned on a minimum basis. Each such project will be considered, individually, in the light of local requirements.

22. Electric Clocks Electric clocks will he authorized for use within the

various elements of a headquarters communications center for those elements requiring accurate time continuously. Additionally, other operational elements may be authorised electric clocks where adoquatly justified on an individual basis,

2j. Receiver and Transmitter Sites Physical protection nay be provided for the receiver and

transmitter sites of a headquarters. Each case will be considered on an individual basis in the light of local conditions.

GUIDANCE CW FLAMING PCR HKILPQUARTARS RELYING CTT DISPSRSIOM ONLY.

24. Number of sites A minimum of 3 sites should be provided where dispersion

alone is relied upon. Sites should be separated by at least 16 kms, and no site should be closer than 16 Iaas to the boundaries of any potential atonic target (See para 35)* Hinimunfacilities for the Commander and his key operational assistants should be provided at three separate locations,

25, type of Sites Ibe use of existing buildings, bunkers, etc. as sites in a

dispersed headquarters plar. is highly desirable as a means of achieving eco'nony and flexibility. Such use should bo adopted to the extent that approval of national authorities can be soured. Where this is not feasible construction on a strict austerity basis nay be planned,

26. FaciIit las Generally facilities will bc provided on the sane basis

as for a protected headquarters gnd minimum essentials only will be the basis for planning, whon new construction is required.

27, Utilities The standards ~o be applied will be generally on the sane

basis as for protected headquarters (para 10). It nay be presumed that existing facilities made available by host countries will be of widely varying typos. Exaot standards for utilities tberoforo cannot be established and can only be decided on a caso basis. In all cases the guiding principle will be provision of ninimun essentials only. Interior improvement of existing buildings will be undertaken only in cases where the host country nakos the building available for indefinite NATO use. Ventilating precautions prescribed in para II d. are not generally applicable, although such precautions may be taken for war roous, operations contors and for other rooms when justified by the nature of equipment and stores.

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NAKvS^Kr 23. Gcnoral Construction Data

a. Major alterations to c-xisting buildings will be avoided. Evon whore a building is cade available for exclusive NlTO use as an elenent of a dispersed War Headquarters, and no peacetime U3e is contonplatod, major investments should be avoided sinco changed requirements night require, in a few years, the abandonnent of the site.

b. No allowance will be nade for the expansion of fa cilities for a dispersed War Headquarters.

c. iiajor rehabilitation of existing buildings will not be undertaken. Buildings which arc not structurally sound and in reasonably gocd repair will not bo used as elements of a dispersed headquarters,

d. Précautions against the initiation cf fires by thernal radiation and against the fall-out hazard are especially important in dispersed headquarters.

5UIDANCE OH PLAMKIHG- FOR HEADQUARTERS RELYING QH MOEIIITY CNIY

29. Size This section is intended to covor cases in which it is

decided to have a nobile War Headquarters instead of using a protected headquarters or a dispersed headquarters. It will be exceptional to rely upon mobility only. The need for a -.lotsile headquarters will be dictated by the conclusion that no other neans offer f dequatü security, or by the operational role of the headquarters concerned. The feasibility of using an all-nobile headquarters will depend on its size, thore bèing a practical and econonic limit to tho signals communications which can function en a nobile basis. Tlvis size is estimated to be a n^Kinun of 150 staff personnel in the main shift,

JO, Sites Planning for the headquarters should include advance selection

of a considerable number of sites, and sufficient surveys of such sites to ensure thatcommuniciîîtiomwill function properly. Prcselcctcd sites should he at least 16 kilometres fron the boundaries cf a potential atonic target.

31. F^oilitios Iio specific list of facilities for nobile hoadquartors can

be provided, planning will be for nininun essential facilities only, based on the following guidance:

a. VIP office space and essential part of War Rooms and J.C.O.C. only are considered eligible for space in trailers or varass. Office space for others should be provided in tonts or cthor transportable shelters. All office space should bo calculated en the basis of 1 van or trailer per VIP and 3.5 square metres for others. Tans or trailers for War Roons and J.C.O.C. nust* bo justified.

b, Facilities should bu planned to pernit moves with the frequency which the analysis of the Ccmrianler indicates is required, Itwill gene-rally not be feasible to equip a aajor headquarters so that it can function normally on the neve, but United facilities to keep the command in contact with the situation should be provided. It nay be necessary to duplicate certain key facilities to acconplish this, permitting one echelon to novo while the other operates.

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JNAAU raSCKEI c. Ketabers of the staff of a mobile headquarters should

not expect sleeping accommodation of a standard appreciably above that of troops in the field in the theater of operations concerned. Sleeping accomoda-tion, exccpt for VIP, will normally be in tontage wherever the climate permits. Field kitchens will be used with tented messing accommodation. Portable latrines should be carried and a small portable bath unit nay be provided,

d. Mobile generators, including spares, will provide lighting and power. Water purification equipment nay be required.

GUIDANCE CN PLAHKPTg FCR HSADQQiiRIEftS EMPLOYING A COMBINATION QF METHODS FOR REDUCING- VUINEFIABILITY.

32. Application of Criteria Where a plan is devisod which usea two or more of the

three principal methods of reducing vulnerability, (i.e. protection, dispersion and mobility), departures from the standards set forth above are warranted. For example dispersed clenents of a headquarters which are to bo placed under-ground may be sited closer together than prescribed above, if necessary. In this ease, however, the siting of underground facilities should utilize existing excavations, bunkers or caves to the extent practicable.

33* Partially Mobile Headquarters - In somo-caees it may bo found desirable to provide mobile

facilities for the Commander and a small operations group, while the remainder of the headquarters is accommodated in dispersed or protected sites. £his solution"offers the particular advantage of permitting the nucleus of the headquarters to move with sufficient frequency to make an atomic attack by the enemy unlikely, while at the sane time avoiding tho unwioldiness of the very large cenvoys required to make a major- headquarters completely transportable.

34. Flexibility. Cfton a combination of plans will be found to offer a

very attractive degree of flexibility. It should be borne in nind that dispersion of at least part of tho headquarters into existing buildings or excavations will usually permit accommodation to be h d at a lower cost, and in a shorter tine, than is the caso with a plan relying entirely on protection. If new information becomes available, or organizational changes occur, such facilitios can be abandoned with relatively snail loss of investment, since it will normally be feasible to salvage and re-use nearly all oquipnent excopt signals cables. WilIiugness cf host countries to mke existing buildings or excavations available should he explored if any possibility of employing dispersion for part of the headquarters appears.

35* Potential Atomic Target Ao mentioned in those criteria, the tern "potential atonic

target" will be taken to include tho following;

a. Population centers over 50,000 people, including capital cities and major industrial centers.

b. Kajor railroad marshalling yards or railroad junctions.

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^cm c. Hosdquarters (ïTar or Peace) of major national commands

(located either in or away from large population centers).

d. ill airfields, whether HATO or national, with runways and facilities approximating those of NATO airfields standards.

e. Major land or water transport bottlenecks (bridges, tunnels, key-mountain passages, locks, etc).

f. Iiajor petroleum storage areas, refineries and synthetic fuel production ccntors.

g. Atomic installations, both military and civil.

h. Hydro-electric stations and dams.

i. Major military logistics facilities.

j. Major strategic industrial facilities.

k. LIajor commercial ports and naval base installations.

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