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GTU 201
KESIHATAN DAN MASYARAKAT
DR. ROHANI ISMAIL
PUSAT PENGAJIAN SAINS KESIHATAN
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Pendahuluan/ Pengenalan Memperkenalkan topik secara ringkas dengan
menerangkan perkara yang ingin diperkatakandalam topik.
Memberi definisi konsep-konsep yang berkaitan denganberkaitan dengan topik.
Menyatakan kepentingan membincangkan topiktersebut.
Susun atur pembentangan esei mengikut urutan
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Isi yang akan dibincangkan Sekurang-kurangnya lima isi (5 points) .
Isi perlu dikupas dengan terperinci beserta contoh.
Perbincangan juga berkaitan kebaikan dankeburukan sesuatu topik/isu yang dibincangkan.
Data yang terkini.
Panjang karangan lebih daripada 3000 perkataan.
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Kesimpulan/ penutup Rumuskan perkara yang dibincangkan dalam bahagian
isi. Kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat tentang topik/isu.
Rujukan Sekurang-kurangnya 5 rujukan (3 jurnal yang berbeza)
Dicadangkan menggunakan HARVARD STYLE
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Harvard style The Harvard style is a generic author-date style for citing
and referencing information in assignments andpublications. There are many styles which follow the
author-date convention, including the AmericanPsychological Association (APA) and the Chicago Manualof Style. This guide is based on an Australian style manual(AGPS style) now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002.
Note: Before you create your list of references, checkwith your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic stylepreferred by the School. There may be differences inthe style recommended by the School.
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Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging
the sources of information and ideas that you haveused in your document.
What is referencing?
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Why reference?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify
quotations and to enable readers to follow up whatyou have written and locate the cited authors work.
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Steps in referencing
Keep a record of the full bibliographic details and
relevant page numbers of all the sources from whichinformation is taken.
Insert brief citations at the appropriate places in thetext of your document.
Compile a reference list at the end of the documentthat includes full details of all references cited.
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In-text citations In an author-date style, in-text citations usually
require the name of the author(s) and year of thepublication.
Example :-
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Postcessation variables that promote success include less
severe withdrawal symptoms and cravings, greater social
support (Nides 1995), cognitive-behavioral skill use
(Heinold & Hitchcock 1989), not smoking even one
cigarette after the quit date (Borland, 1990; Brandon,
Tiffany & Baker 1990), and experiencing less stress
(Cohen et al. 1990).
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A page number is included if you have a direct quote,
paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the readerto a specific page. Page numbers may also be includedif the you are referring to a long work and the pagenumbers might be useful to the reader.
Example:- "Smith spoke to several members of the association,
including David Jones, Gertrude Fingle, BarryBackwater, Paul Dingleberry, Melinda Wossname, and
Jane Doe, in order to promote his widgetiscope idea."(Bogus 1980, p47)
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How to create a reference
list/bibliography A reference list contains only the books, articles, and web
pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. Abibliography includes all sources consulted for backgroundor further reading.
A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If anitem has no author, it is cited by title, and included in thealphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.
If you have more than one item with the same author, listthe items chronologically, starting with the earliestpublication.
Each reference appears on a new line. There is no indentation of the references. There is no numbering of the references.
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Reference list entry for a book
Reference list entry for a journal