Outline:Introduction

Definitions of Petroleum Pronince, Basin, Field, Play and Prospect

Field Types

Global Hydrocarbon Distribution

Geographic Distribution- Hc. ProvincesGeologic Distribution – HC. in Space and Time

Global Tectonics and Sedimentary Basin Dynamics

Types of Petroliferous Basins

Selected Giant Field Discussion

Knowledge of their tectonic setting, geologic history and conditions for hydrocarbon formation will contribute greatly to understanding the origin and future supply of the world's hydrocarbons.

Definition

A "giant" oil field is defined as one containing proved reserves exceeding 500 million bb1

A giant gas field contains proved reserves of greater than 3 Tcf.

"Reserves" refer to the ultimate recoverable amount and include the amount produced to date.

Some fields are giants only when viewed on a boe basis.

                                                            

Onshore basins are shown in green; offshore basins are lavender. The brown contour represents 1000-m [3300-ft] water depth.

World map of sedimentary basins

Global distribution of 592 giant oil fields plotted on topographic-bathymetric world map. Yellow boxes indicate concentrations of giant oil fields shown in detailed figures. A) Alaska; B) Rocky Mountain foreland; C) Southern California; D) Permian and Anadarko basins; E) Gulf of Mexico; F) Northern South America; G) Brazil; H) North Sea; I) North Africa; J) West Africa; K) Arabian Peninsula / Persian Gulf; L) Black Sea; m) Caspian Sea; N) Ural Mountains; O) West Siberia; P) Siberia; Q) China; R) Sunda; S) Australia; T) Bass Strait / Australia / Tasmania.

Petroleum realms of the world.

RANKING OF THE WORLD'S OIL AND GAS PROVINCES BY KNOWN PETROLEUM VOLUMES

   Region 1    Region 2    Region 3    Region 4

   Region 5    Region 6    Region 7    Region 8

Histogram showing known petroleum volumes of the world by region. The number of provinces in each region that contain known oil and gas are shown. The United States known petroleum volume is included in Region 5. [BBOE is billion barrels of oil equivalent. For this calculation, 6,000 cubic feet of gas equals 1 barrel of oil equivalent.]

Distribution of World Oil and Gas (in %)

Offshore hydrocarbon reserves are substantial and potential reserves are large, with possibly 40 percent of the world's undiscovered petroleum resources and production has been developed on the margins of every continent except Antarctica

Production of 'non-conventional hydrocarbons' in 2000

Classification Location Amount [mb/d]

'Heavy oils' Canada 1.0

'Heavy oils' Venezuela 0.5

'Deepwater oils' Gulf of Mexico 0.3

'Deepwater oils' Brazil 0.8

'Polar oils' Alaska 1.0

'Polar oils' Others 0.1

'Miscellaneous' 0.6

Total 'non-conventional hydrocarbons'

4.3

World Oil Production (2000-2020) as per the reference case of OPEC's 'World Energy Model' [10]. (all figures in million b/d)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

OPEC 30.0 34.0 38.6 45.9 53.4

Non-OPEC 45.9 49.3 52.4 52.5 52.4

Total 75.9 83.3 91.0 98.4 105.8

The present global oil situation can be summarised within five major and inescapable trends:

•The world's super giant and giant oil fields are dying off

•There are no more major frontier regions left to explore besides the earth's poles

•Production of non-conventional crude oil has been initiated at great costs --- in Venezuela's Orinoco belt, Canada's Athabasca tar sands and ultra-deep waters

•Even OPEC's oil production has its limits

•No major primary energy rival can possibly take over from oil and gas in the medium term.

Country Joined OPEC Location Algeria 1969 Africa Indonesia 1962 Asia IR Iran 1960* Middle East Iraq 1960* Middle East Kuwait 1960* Middle East SP Libyan AJ 1962 Africa Nigeria 1971 Africa Qatar 1961 Middle East Saudi Arabia 1960* Middle East United Arab Emirates 1967 Middle East Venezuela 1960* South America * Founder Members

OPEC Member Countries:

                                  

      

> 10020 to 100

10 to 20

1 to 100.1 to

10.1

Recoverable Crude Oil Futures (in billions of barrels)

HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTION IN

SPACE AND TIME

DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN. Bois et al. (1982)

DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN SILURIAN-EARLY CARBONIFEROUS

Bois et al. (1982)

DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN LOWER CARBONIFEROUS-PERMIAN Bois et al. (1982)

DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN TRIASSIC-JURASSIC.

Bois et al. (1982)

DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN CRETACEOUS. Bois et al. (1982)

DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN EARLY TERTIARY Bois et al. (1982)

DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN LATE TERTIARY Bois et al. (1982)

THE MAJOR HYDROCARBON RESERVES RESIDE IN MESOZOIC AND TERTIARY ROCKS:

Mesozoic – 54% of Oil and 44% of Gas

Tertiary – 32% of Oil and 27% of Gas

Rest in Paleozoic in stable cratonic and intracratonic areas which afford the best chance for preservation

VOLUME OF SOURCE AND RESERVE VERSUS LATITUDE FOR ALL AGES (Irving, 1962)

POSITION OF INDIAN PLATE MOTION AS PER PALEOMAGNETIC DATA(Klootwijk,1974)

8,9,10. Throuh Tertiary ; 11,12. Throuh Miocene ; 13.Present

POSITION OF INDIAN PLATE MOTION AS PER PALEOMAGNETIC DATA(Klootwijk,1974)

1. E. Permian ; 2,3,4. L Permian to E Triassic ; 5 . E. Cretaceous6, 7. Mid- Late Cretaceous

A. Distribution of land masses, seaways and major Ocean Currents during Late CretaceousB. Restricted distribution of Rudist Bivalves (R) Sphenodiscid Ammonoids (S) to the Equitorial seaway (Gordon, 1973)

A FEW REVEALING FACTS Although there are large variations in reserve estimates, giant fields contain at least 65% of the world's proven reserves clustered in 27 regions of the Earth's land surface.

Of all giant reserves, three-quarters are found in the Middle East, Latin America and Asia-Pacific; OPEC countries account for just over half; while OECD countries comprise only 15% of combined giant field reserves. Overall, the discovery rate of giant oil fields has decreased globally since the late 1960s, indicating that the Hubbert cycle of oil resource is in a mature phase. However, discovery of giant gas fields has continued to increase during the 1970-2000 period.

Of the 37 oil giants and 40 gas giants discovered in the 1990-2000 period, 15 were in deep water.

Greater numbers of giant fields are being discovered as a result of their stratigraphic emplacement, as opposed to a strictly structural-trap environment.

The major hydrocarbon reserves reside in Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks