Post World War INationalism

AP World History

Post World War INationalism

Japan China

Germany India Italy

Soviet Union

PeopleDiplomacy

Economy

Leader(s)

Military

Important

Events

Italy

Leader(s) – Benito Mussolini Working class family

background Early socialist, but switched Formed Fasci di

Combattimento party (Fascists) Defended private property and

class structure & prevented a communist revolution

Promised work & benefits Blackshirts – Mussolini’s

followers Appointed prime minister & Ended democratic rule & bans

non-Fascist parties establishes a corporate state

Wanted to recapture the greatness & glory of the Roman Empire

Called himself El Duce

Important Events

1920 – strikes in Lombardy and Piedmont (Mussolini supported)

1922 – Fascists march on Rome & Mussolini appointed Prime Minister

1924 – Fascists win a majority of seats in parliament

1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis is signed

People

Post WW I – dissatisfied with Treaty of Versailles

Veterans, workers, and peasants unhappy

1920 - Peasants seize land

Middle and upper classes feared a communist revolution

Many Italians opposed fascism, but most supported Mussolini

Diplomacy

Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935

Mussolini wants to enhance Italy’s image as a world power

League of Nations imposes sanctions, but they do not work

1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis

Economy

Economic downturn after WW I

Strikes, inflation, shortages of coal

Mussolini solved unemployment problem

Military

WW I veterans could not find work

Built up Italy’s armed forces

Army invaded Ethiopia in 1935

Germany

Leader(s) – Adolf Hitler

Austrian born World War I veteran Member of the National Socialist

Workers’ Party Led the Brownshirts 1923 - Staged the “Beer Hall

Putsch” – failed Wrote Mein Kampf Blamed Jews & Communists for

losing war Appealed to German’s sense of

history Becomes Chancellor in 1933 Attacks Jews Takes title of der Führer Restores Germany’s military might Ignored Versailles Treaty Organizes Nazi youth movement

Important Events 1919 – Germans elect an

assembly which establishes a democratic republic called the Weimar Republic

1923 – Ruhr Valley occupied by French troops & Beer Hall Putsch

1929 – Great Depression in Germany

1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor & Reichstag fire

1934 – Purge of the Brownshirts 1935 – Nuremburg Laws enacted 1936 – Hitler and Mussolini sign

the Berlin-Rome Axis 1938 – Kristallnacht 1938 - Austria is annexed – “One

blood demands one Reich” 1938 – Hitler demands and

receives the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (appeasement) at the Munich Conference

People

Blamed Weimar leaders for signing the Versailles Treaty

Widespread opposition to Weimar Leaders

Brownshirts – private army of veterans and street thugs

Hitler appealed to workers and industrialists

Political parties banned by Nazis Labor unions taken over by Nazis Churches controlled and clergy

silenced Jews – stripped of citizenship and

right to hold office; barred from schools and destroyed business

Diplomacy

France - occupies the industrial Ruhr Valley

U.S. – provides loans to Germany – helps free Germany of debt

Adolf Hitler supports General Francisco Franco of the Spanish Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) he wanted Spanish iron ore and magnesium; prevent spread of communism; test new weapons and military tactics (blitzkrieg)

Economy

Allies set reparations at $35 billion

1922 – Germany says it can not pay (industrial Ruhr Valley is occupied)

Inflation soared

Savings of Germans wiped out

Mid-1920s – France reaches compromise with Germany

U.S provides loans – Germany has 5-year period of prosperity

Great Depression (begins in 1929) – unemployment, etc.

Military

Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the Germany army

Hitler sought to restore Germany’s military might

German factories begin turning out guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks, etc.

Government stresses importance of a strong military

Japan

Leader(s)

Emperor Hirohito –constitutional monarch

Influential military leaders – opposed to democratic reforms

Important Events

1915 – Japan forces China to sign the Twenty-One Demands (eventually abandoned)

1922- disarmament conference/ Japan becomes 3rd

most powerful navy

1923 – earthquake in Tokyo-Yokohama area

1924 – U.S. bans Japanese immigration

1925 – universal male suffrage

1931 – invades Manchuria

1937 – war with China begins

1941 – attack on Pearl Harbor

Diplomacy

Twenty-One Demands makes China Japanese protectorate

Disarmament conference in Washington benefits Japan

Japanese army invades Manchuria

War with China (after Marco Polo Bridge clash)

Attack on Pearl Harbor, Singapore, and Dutch East Indies in 1941

People

1872-1925 - population explosion from 35 million to 60 million

1930s – militarism influences all aspects of Japanese life

Many democratically minded Japanese hoped Emperor would stop militarism

Working and middle class grows

Military dress was appealing

Universal male suffrage

Economy

Most of the Japanese economy was in hands of ziabatsu

Challenges of population density

World wide depression devastated silk factories and other industries

Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake affects economy

Land was scarce Very few resources

(especially iron ore, coal, and oil)

Military

Army leaders decide to invade NE China (after Mukden Incident)

Government could not control army

1932 – assassinates a prime minister of Japan

India

Leader(s)

Jawaharlal Nehru - led the Hindus

Mohammed Ali Jinnah -led the Muslims

Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi - middle class background; pacifist who believed in civil disobedience

Indian National Congress & Muslim League –nationalist organizations that lead India to independence

Important Events

1914 – Gandhi leaves South Africa for India

1919 – Britain imposes harsh laws on India to stifle opposition

1919 - Amritsar massacre

1922 - British arrest Gandhi

1930 - 200 mile march to the sea by Gandhi to protest the salt tax

1935 - British parliament passes the Government of India Act – limited self rule for India

Diplomacy

India had no control over diplomacy until they achieved independence in 1948

People

Were urged to reject Western civilization (used brute force, worship of money, & prejudice) by Gandhi

Called Gandhi Mahatma or “great soul”

Boycotted British goods Shocked by brutal massacre at

Amritsar Hindu-Muslim tension and

conflict intensifies as India moves toward independence

Nationalists supported Britain in WW I, but eventually want complete independence for India

Some Indian’s want to remain in the British empire, but desire home-rule

Economy

Wheat from India fed Allied soldiers in WW I

Indian cotton clothed Allied troops

1935 – agricultural put under provincial government’s control

Military

Indian soldiers fought for the British in World War I (Middle East & Africa)

China

Leader(s)

Sun Yat-sen – declares China a republic in 1912

Yuan Shigai – ousts Sun Yat-sen in 1914 and establishes a dictatorship

Chiag Kai-shek – officer in the Kuomintang Army that defeats the warlords in 1928 and establishes a government in Nanjing

Mao Zedong – leader who leads the 100,000 communist troops on the Long March

Important Events

1912 – Chinese republic declared

1914 – Sun Yat-sen ousted

1923 – Chiang kai-shek grows in power

1925 – Sun Yat-sen dies 1927 – communists fail to

take over Kuomintang; Chiang purges them

1931 – Japan invades Manchuria

1934-35 – Long March (100,000 communists troops to 8,000)

Diplomacy

Versailles Treaty granted Shandong Peninsula to Japan –was humiliating and surprising to China

Japan invades in 1931 and controls most of eastern China by 1939

People

Shocked by Versailles Treaty

Peasants supported communists because they overthrew local landlords and redistributed their land to peasants

Economy

Agriculturally based economy with millions of peasants

Military

Warlords (military leaders) divided China amongst themselves in 1916 – civil war followed

Kuomintang Army battled Red Army in 1930s for control of China

Long March – retreat of communists

Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist’s forces and the Communist forces suspended their conflict with each other in order to concentrate on fighting the Japanese

Soviet Union

Leader(s)

Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) –Bolshevik leader; suffered a stroke in 1922

Leon Trotsky – most important person in the communist party after Lenin; built the Red Army into an effective fighting force; believed in a world wide revolution; exiled to Siberia (and then expelled) by Stalin; assassinated in Mexico City

Joseph Stalin – skilled administrator; rose to general secretary of the Communist party; outmaneuvered Trotsky after Lenin’s death; believed in Soviet Union first in terms of revolution; had Trotsky murdered

Important Events

1919 – Comintern established 1921 – Lenin announces New

Economic Policy (NEP) 1922 – Official name changes

to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), new constitution written, and Lenin suffers two strokes

1924 – Lenin dies 1928 – Stalin declares end to

NEP, announces Five Year Plans and collectivization

1930s – series of purges by Stalin

Stalin seizes Ukraine’s grain results in death of millions

1934 – Socialist realism art instituted

1943 – Comintern dissolved

Diplomacy

Comintern established to encourage Communist parties in other countries to overthrow their governments by legal or illegal means

People 27 million died in WW I,

revolution, and civil war Leadership of the communist

party controlled the workers (was supposed to be the other way around)

Private businesses, small manufacturers and farmers allowed to operate under NEP

Peasant majority (farmers) were fiercely anticommunist – had prospered under NEP

Kulaks (prosperous peasants) –opposed collectivization

Millions of communist party members were expelled and sent to labor camps (purges)

Non-Russian nationalities suffered; Russians dominated Soviet Union

Thousands of peasants were killed when opposing collectivization; millions in the Ukraine starved

Economy

NEP – major industries under government control; small businesses allowed to operate

Five Year Plans – success in spurring industrial growth

Collectivization produced terrible results –opposition and starvation; Soviet union unable to feed its population

Military

Military leadership suffered as a result of purges – would take them years to recover