Nationalism Around the

World

Nationalism in the Middle

East

Decline & Fall of the Ottoman Empire• Been growing

steadily weaker since 1800.

• Lost territory in Europe & N. Africa.

• Suspended constitution 1876– Switched to

authoritarian rule until 1908

Impact of WWI• Ottoman government

allied with Germany• British sought to

undermine Ottoman rule

• Declared Arabia independent from Ottoman Rule

• Ottoman Empire made peace with allies 1918

• O.E. collapsed end of WWI

Armenian Genocide• Ottoman government accused

Armenians of supporting the Russians & began brutal campaign to kill or exile all Armenians – 1915

• Estimated 1-1.5 million killed– Massacres, starvation

• Genocide – deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or social group

• Ethnic cleansing

Emergence of a Turkish Republic• Only Turkey under Ottoman control

• Greece invades Turkey

• Alarmed the Turks &

they created the

Republic of Turkey

• Ottoman Empire

truly at an end

Cyprus (still half Turk/half Greek)

Modernization of Turkey• Democratic system

put into place• Arab elements

eliminated • Westernized

Education, factories, modernization, farming

• Anything Muslim was eliminated

Beginnings of Modern Iran• Persians relied on Russia & G.B. for help• Growing foreign presence in Persia• Oil was discovered in 1908• Became Iran 1935• Foreign powers continued to harass Iran due to Oil!

Persian Empire at its height

Growing sense of Arab Nationalism

throughout the Middle East

• United by language, Islamic culture, religious heritage

• Mandates created by Euro powers

• Ibn Saud united Arabs in Northern Arabian peninsula

• Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932• At first poor- then oil!!!• U.S. prospectors find oil & flooded it

with western industries

Ibn Saud

Problems with Palestine• Home to Jews in

antiquity exiled• Jewish presence

remained, Muslim Arabs 80%

• Conflict because both groups saw area as religious homeland

Problems in Palestine cont…• 1890’s- Zionist movement- want to

return Palestine to Jewish State• Arabs- their ancestors have been

there also• Anti- Semitism throughout Europe

made many Jews migrate to Palestine

• Balfour Declaration (British Government)– Support national home for Jews– Should not undermine rights of non-

Jews thereFounder of the Zionist movement

Problems with Palestine cont…

• Nazis increase- Jews flee to Palestine

• Jewish/ Muslim tensions flared

• 1939- Britain declared only 75,000 Jews could immigrate

• Intensified tension & violence

Brown areas= Palestinian

Orange=Israeli