Read page 305 in MillerRead page 305 in Miller

Three Major River Basins in Three Major River Basins in the the Middle EastMiddle East

Water ResourcesWater ResourcesChapter 14

Remember the Hydrologic or Remember the Hydrologic or water cycle.water cycle.Where does new water come Where does new water come from?from?

Freshwater Is an Freshwater Is an Irreplaceable Resource That Irreplaceable Resource That We Are Managing Poorly (1)We Are Managing Poorly (1)Why is water so important?

Earth as a watery world: 71%

Freshwater availability: 0.024%

Poorly managed resource

Hydrologic cycle

Water pollution

Girl Carrying Well Water over Girl Carrying Well Water over Dried Out Earth during a Dried Out Earth during a Severe Drought in IndiaSevere Drought in India

We Get Freshwater from We Get Freshwater from Groundwater and Surface Groundwater and Surface Water (2)Water (2)Surface Water

◦Watershed or (drainage) basin THE LAND FROM WHICH SURFACE WATER DRAIN INTO A RIVER,LAKE OR WETLAND

Major NC river drainage Major NC river drainage basinsbasins

Fig. 13-3, p. 316

Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area

Precipitation Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation

Confined Recharge Area Runoff

Flowing artesian well

Well requiring a pump Stream

InfiltrationWater table Lake

InfiltrationUnconfined aquiferLess permeable

material such as clay

Confined aquiferConfining impermeable rock layer

We Use a Large and Growing We Use a Large and Growing Portion of the World’s Portion of the World’s Reliable RunoffReliable RunoffThe largest use of surface water

runoff is for?????1/3 runoff usable

◦Domestic: 10%◦Agriculture: 70%◦Industrial use: 20%

Fred Pearce, author of When the Rivers Run Dry

GROUND WATERGROUND WATERAWARD WINNING PICTURE WITH INFILTRATION

◦PERCOLATION◦WATER TABLE◦AQUIFER

◦RECHARGE

Fig. 13-4a, p. 317

Fig. 13-4b, p. 317

Shortage

Acute shortage

Adequate supply

Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million

Fig. 13-5, p. 318

Substantial conflict potential

Highly likely conflict potential

Unmet rural water needs

Moderate conflict potential

Washington

Oregon

MontanaNorth Dakota

Idaho South DakotaWyoming

Nevada NebraskaUtah

ColoradoKansas

CaliforniaOklahoma

New Mexico

Texas

Arizona

Natural Capital Degradation: Natural Capital Degradation: Stress on the World’s Major Stress on the World’s Major River BasinsRiver Basins

Long-Term Severe Drought Is Long-Term Severe Drought Is IncreasingIncreasingCauses

◦Extended period of below-normal rainfall◦Diminished groundwater

Harmful environmental effects◦Dries out soils◦Reduces stream flows◦Decreases tree growth and biomass◦Lowers net primary productivity and

crop yields◦Shift in biomes

Disadvantages of growing Disadvantages of growing corn to make ethanol.corn to make ethanol.

Decreasing water supplies caused by--------------

Aquifer depletion caused by -----------

Increase in pollution of streams and aquifers caused by -----------

The price of corn for human and animal consumption is likely to ____________

Thus the price of a ribeye is likely to________________

Causative organisms of Causative organisms of dysenterydysenteryNormal route of infection is Normal route of infection is fecal---oralfecal---oral

The Clean Water ActThe Clean Water Act serves to:serves to: regulate the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waterways attain water quality levels that make these waterways safe to fish

and/or swim in restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity

of the nation’s water set water quality standards to limit pollutants require states and tribes to complete an assessment of all state

rivers impacted, or potentially impacted, by non-point pollution (Section 319) reduce polluted runoff from urban areas and animal feeding

operations (Section 319) provide enforcement mechanisms (e.g. civil actions/criminal

penalties) to ensure compi lance develop management plans to address problems establish ongoing monitoring of local waterways require discharge permits for effluent emissions provide financial assistance to fund

improvements/education/training prevent habitat destruction

Safe Drinking Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA enforces)(EPA enforces)pH 6.5-8.5Lead CopperColiform bacteriaTurbidity

Boil, add chlorine or iodine

Test for E. ColiTest for E. ColiIt is hard to test for all of the above organisms, why test for E coli?

Escherichia coli

What we test for in water.What we test for in water.Phosphates (runoff source could

be detergents or fertilizers, animal manure)

Nitrates (runoff from fertilizers, manure)

Turbidity (the cloudiness of water OR the clarity of water)

Coliform bacteriaTemperature ??

Indicator species for in Indicator species for in aquatic ecosystemsaquatic ecosystemsWhat is an indicator species?

Species that serve as early warning of damage to a community or ecosystem.

Indicator speciesIndicator speciesPollution

sensativeCaddisfly larvaeHelgrammiteMayfly nymphsTroutGilled snails

Pollution tolerantLeechesBlackfly larvaeCatfishCarpMidge larvae

Water Tables Fall When Water Tables Fall When Groundwater Is Withdrawn Groundwater Is Withdrawn Faster Than It Is ReplenishedFaster Than It Is ReplenishedIndia, China, and the United States

◦ Three largest grain producers◦ Overpumping aquifers for irrigation of

cropsRecharge rate:

India and China◦ Small farmers drilling tubewells WHAT IS

A TUBEWELL◦ Effect on water table

Saudi Arabia◦ Aquifer depletion and irrigation

Fig. 13-7, p. 321

TRADE-OFFS

Withdrawing Groundwater

Advantages DisadvantagesUseful for drinking and irrigation

Aquifer depletion from overpumping

Available year-roundSinking of land (subsidence) from overpumping

Exists almost everywhere

Aquifers polluted for decades or centuries

Renewable if not overpumped or contaminated

Saltwater intrusion into drinking water supplies near coastal areas

No evaporation losses

Reduced water flows into surface waters

Cheaper to extract than most surface waters

Increased cost and contamination from deeper wells

Land subsidence in farm field

Show ALL of your work and Show ALL of your work and steps of calculations, even if steps of calculations, even if they are so simple you think they they are so simple you think they are implied.are implied.

NO WORK – NO WORK – NO CREDIT !NO CREDIT !

Practice . Be sure to know how to Practice . Be sure to know how to convert numbers to percentages and convert numbers to percentages and percent change.percent change.

1. Example: If 200 households in a town of 10000 use well water, what percent does this represent?

2. Example: The water rates for outside the town limits in Forest City is a minimum charge of $27.15 per month. After that it is $6.25 per 1000 gallons. What would be the total water bill for a house that used 5500 gallons during the month of July?

• 1. Name three factors we have studied this year that can cause subsidence.

• 2. This river empties into the Lake Mead and Lake Powell reservoirs.

• 3 Process whereby aquifers are replenished naturally by precipitation that percolates through soil and rock.

• 4. The land from which surface water drains into a river, lake or stream.

• 5. (2 points) Name of huge midwest aquifer AND the name spelled correctly is equal to two points

Water Conservation Review

• 6 Use __ ___ ___ ___ irrigation.

• 7 Take ___ ___ ____ ___ ____ showers

• 8 ___ ___ ___ water leaks

• 9 Water ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Toilets

• 10 Restricted __ ___ ___ ___ shower heads

11__ __ __ __ __ loading __ __ __ __ __ __

12. DO Saturation at varying temperatures of water.

13-14

• Distillation to remove salt from sea water is practiced on a large scale basis in the mid east. CITE TWO DISADVANTAGES OF REMOVING SALT FROM SEA WATER.

Fig. 13-10, p. 323

WYOMINGSOUTH DAKOTA

NEBRASKA

COLORADOKANSAS

OKLAHOMANEW MEXICO

Miles

0

100TEXAS

Saturated thickness of Ogallala Aquifer

Less than 61 meters (200 ft.)61–183 meters (200–600 ft.)More than 183 meters (600 ft.) (as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft. in places)

0

160Kilometers

Case Study: Aquifer Case Study: Aquifer Depletion in the United Depletion in the United StatesStatesOgallala aquifer: largest known

aquifer◦Irrigates the Great Plains◦Water table lowered more than 30m◦Cost of high pumping has eliminated

some of the farmers

Natural Capital Degradation: Natural Capital Degradation: Areas of Greatest Aquifer Areas of Greatest Aquifer Depletion in the U.S.Depletion in the U.S.

Groundwater Overpumping Groundwater Overpumping Has Other Harmful Effects Has Other Harmful Effects (2)(2)Salt water intrusionGroundwater overdrafts near

coastal regions◦Contamination of the groundwater

with saltwater Undrinkable and unusable for irrigation

This are is called the ____ This are is called the ____ ____?____?

Some Areas Get Too Much Some Areas Get Too Much Water from Flooding Water from Flooding There are positive aspects for living in or near a flood plain.◦Highly productive wetlands/ fish and

other game◦Provide natural flood and erosion control◦Maintain high water quality◦Recharge groundwater◦Fertile soils◦Nearby rivers for use and recreation◦Flatlands for urbanization and farming

St Louis (Mississippi River)St Louis (Mississippi River)

Water DiversionsWater DiversionsRivulets Rill erosionGully erosion

Song of the SouthSong of the South

““The South is gonna The South is gonna change”change”Scene from movie

TVA Reseviors TVA Reseviors fossil plants fossil plants nuclear plantsnuclear plants

*First and last names*Birth and death dates*TVA project name*State and county*Original cemetery and grave number*Year the grave was relocated*New cemetery name, number, and grave number.

Toccoa Falls Ga. Dam Failure Toccoa Falls Ga. Dam Failure 197719771:30 am1:30 am

37 people died. View is 37 people died. View is looking upstream through looking upstream through dam breachdam breach

Hoover dam and lake Hoover dam and lake meadmead

Large Dams and Reservoirs Large Dams and Reservoirs Have Advantages and Have Advantages and Disadvantages (1)Disadvantages (1)Main goals of a dam and

reservoir system supplies drinking water.

Downstream flooding is reduced Generate cheap electricity Supply irrigation water to dry areas Recreation (reservoirs)

Large Dams and Reservoirs Large Dams and Reservoirs Have Disadvantages Have Disadvantages Disadvantages

◦Displaces people (TVA)◦Flooded regions destroys forests and

croplands◦Migration and spawning of fish is

disrupted◦Structural failure of Dam◦Sediment builds up behind the dam

and is not allowed to enrich the river below the dam

The Ataturk Dam Project in The Ataturk Dam Project in Eastern TurkeyEastern Turkey

The Colorado River BasinThe Colorado River Basin

The California Water Project The California Water Project and the Central Arizona and the Central Arizona ProjectProject

Fig. 13-17, p. 330

CALIFORNIAShasta Lake NEVADA

Sacramento River

UTAH

North Bay Aqueduct

Feather River

Lake Tahoe

San FranciscoSacramento

South Bay Aqueduct

Hoover Dam and Reservoir (Lake Mead)

Los Angeles Aqueduct

Colorado River

California AqueductColorado River

Aqueduct Central Arizona Project

ARIZONA

Fresno

Santa Barbara

Los Angeles

San DiegoSalton Sea

Phoenix

Tucson

MEXICO

San Luis Dam and Reservoir

San Joaquin V

alley

Oroville Dam and Reservoir

Case Study: The Aral Sea Case Study: The Aral Sea Disaster (1)Disaster (1)Large-scale water transfers in dry

central Asia

Salinity

Wetland destruction and wildlife

Fish extinctions and fishing

Distillation basic designDistillation basic design

Removing Salt from Removing Salt from Seawater Seems Promising Seawater Seems Promising but Is Costly (1)but Is Costly (1)Desalination

◦Distillation◦Reverse osmosis, microfiltration

15,000 plants in 125 countries◦Saudi Arabia: highest number

Removing Salt from Removing Salt from Seawater Seems Promising Seawater Seems Promising but Is Costly (2)but Is Costly (2)Problems

◦High cost and energy footprint◦Keeps down algal growth and kills

many marine organisms◦Large quantity of brine (salty) wastes

Future economics

Read case study on The Aral Read case study on The Aral Sea p. 321-22Sea p. 321-22

Fig. 13-18a, p. 331

Stepped Art

1976 2006

Ship Stranded in Desert Ship Stranded in Desert Formed by Shrinkage of the Formed by Shrinkage of the Aral SeaAral Sea

Anthrax IslandAnthrax Island

Outhouse or privyOuthouse or privy

Thomas Crapper man hole Thomas Crapper man hole covercover

In theory: If you charge In theory: If you charge more or tax higher, more or tax higher, consumption will decrease. consumption will decrease. Page 327 raise water prices.Page 327 raise water prices.

Flood irrigationFlood irrigationFlood irrigation 60%-80% effieient

Drip irrigation in practice Drip irrigation in practice 90-95% efficient.90-95% efficient.

Center pivot low pressure Center pivot low pressure sprinkler. You need flat or sprinkler. You need flat or gently rolling terrain for this gently rolling terrain for this typetype

We Can Cut Water Waste in We Can Cut Water Waste in IrrigationIrrigationFlood irrigation

◦Wasteful

Center pivot, low pressure sprinkler

Low-energy, precision application sprinklers

Drip or trickle irrigation, microirrigation◦Costly; less water waste◦ Irrigate at night to reduce evaporation of

water

WATER CONSERVATIONWATER CONSERVATIONList five (5) ways to reduce water loss

due to faulty irrigation techniques.List eight (8) ways to reduce water

waste in homes Floodplains are low areas that are

prone to flooding. List (5) ways to prevent/control flood damage.

Calculate how many liters AND gallons are wasted in one month(30days) by a toilet that leaks 2 drops per second. (1 liter of water = 3500 drops and 1 liter = 0.265 gal.

On a cold morning, the utilitization of electric heat is most likely to be higher. What fuel is, most likely, forms the basis of the process that generates that electricity?

You have an old junk car that leaks 50 drops of oil per day. Assuming the car keeps running, calculate the annual oil loss, (assume no leap year) calculate Liters and Gallons

20 drops =1ml3.78 L = 1 galSHOW SET UP

Why were we instructed to take a temperature reading as a part of the DO (dissolved oxygen) lab protocol?

Major Irrigation SystemsMajor Irrigation Systems

Fig. 13-20, p. 335

Center pivot (efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA

sprinkler)Drip irrigation

(efficiency 90–95%)

Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers.

Gravity flow (efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves)

Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots.

Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river.

Fig. 13-20, p. 335

Stepped Art

Gravity flow (efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves)

Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river.

Drip irrigation (efficiency 90–95%)

Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots.

Center pivot (efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA

sprinkler)

Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers.

Solutions: Reducing Irrigation Solutions: Reducing Irrigation

Water WasteWater Waste

Developing Countries Use Developing Countries Use Low-Tech Methods for Low-Tech Methods for IrrigationIrrigationHuman-powered treadle pumps

Harvest and store rainwater

Create a canopy over crops: reduces evaporation

Fog-catcher nets

We Can Cut Water Waste in We Can Cut Water Waste in Industry Industry and Homesand HomesRecycle water in industry

Fix leaks in the plumbing systems

Use water-thrifty landscaping: xeriscaping

Use gray water

Pay-as-you-go water use

Solutions: Reducing Water Solutions: Reducing Water WasteWaste

We Can Use Less Water to We Can Use Less Water to Remove WastesRemove WastesCan we mimic how nature deals

with waste?

Waterless composting toilets

Solutions: Sustainable Solutions: Sustainable Water UseWater Use

Fig. 13-23, p. 337

SOLUTIONS

Sustainable Water Use

Waste less water and subsidize water conservation

Preserve water quality

Protect forests, wetlands, mountain glaciers, watersheds, and other natural systems that store and release water

Get agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources

Raise water prices

Do not deplete aquifers

Slow population growth

What Can You Do? Water Use What Can You Do? Water Use and Wasteand Waste

Natural Capital Degradation: Natural Capital Degradation: Hillside Before and After Hillside Before and After DeforestationDeforestation

Fig. 13-25a, p. 339

Oxygen released by vegetation

Diverse ecological habitat

Evapotranspiration

Trees reduce soil erosion from heavy rain and wind

Agricultural land

Tree roots stabilize soil

Vegetation releases water slowly and reduces flooding

Forested Hillside

Fig. 13-25b, p. 339

Tree plantation

Roads destabilize hillsides

Evapotranspiration decreases

Overgrazing accelerates soil erosion by water and wind

Winds remove fragile topsoil

Agricultural land is flooded and silted up

Gullies and landslides

Heavy rain erodes topsoil

Silt from erosion fills rivers and reservoirs Rapid runoff causes flooding

After Deforestation

Fig. 13-25a, p. 339

Oxygen released by vegetation

Diverse ecological habitat Evapotranspiration

Trees reduce soil erosion from heavy rain and wind

Tree roots stabilize soil

Vegetation releases water slowly and reduces flooding

Forested Hillside

Agricultural land

Stepped Art

Tree plantation

Roads destabilize hillsides

Overgrazing accelerates soil erosion by water and wind

Winds remove fragile topsoil

Agricultural land is flooded and silted up

Gullies and landslides

Heavy rain erodes topsoil

Silt from erosion fills rivers and reservoirs

Rapid runoff causes flooding

After Deforestation

Evapotranspiration decreases

Case Study: Living Case Study: Living Dangerously on Floodplains Dangerously on Floodplains in Bangladeshin BangladeshDense population

Located on coastal floodplain

Moderate floods maintain fertile soil

Increased frequency of large floods

Effects of development in the Himalayan foothills

Destruction of coastal wetlands

We Can Reduce Flood We Can Reduce Flood RisksRisksRely more on nature’s systems

◦Wetlands◦Natural vegetation in watersheds

Rely less on engineering devices◦Dams◦Levees

Solutions: Reducing Flood Solutions: Reducing Flood DamageDamage

Fig. 13-26, p. 340

SOLUTIONS

Reducing Flood Damage

Prevention Control

Preserve forests on watersheds

Straighten and deepen streams (channelization)

Preserve and restore wetlands in floodplains

Tax development on floodplains

Build levees or floodwalls along streams

Use floodplains primarily for recharging aquifers, sustainable agriculture and forestry

Build dams

Active Figure: Effects of Active Figure: Effects of deforestationdeforestation

What is point source and non point source pollution?

Indicator species- are organisms that monitor the quality of a water source. Protists and trout are indicators species. Trout need water with a high DO level.

Water pollutionWater pollution Why are lakes suceptable to contamination? Lakes have stratified layers with little vertical mixing.

Toxins such as lead and mercury can concentrate higher in lakes.

   What is the difference between a eutrophic and oligotrophic lake? Eutrophication is the natural mixing of a shallow lake or estuary. Cultural eutrophication is enrichment such as NPK runoff. Oligotrophic lake is associated with a clear newly formed lake

Cultural eutrophication expanded. Nitrates and phosphates from runoff from AGRICULTURAL OR OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITIES land cause excess algae and plant growth-----leading to increased rates of decomposition by aerobic organisms---lowering DO in the water.

SOLUTIONS; Ban the use of phosphates in detergents/ control water runoff from land by building storm drains etc. / waste treatment to remove nitrates and phosphates.

 

   Groundwater pollution. Why is a clean groundwater source important? 95% of people in rural areas use wells for obtaining drinking water.

 

Cite some common pollutants of groundwater aquifers? Gasoline, solvents. Paint thinners lead and arsenic can penetrate the subsoil and contaminate aquifers.

 

Special focus Underground tanks (MTBE) a gas additive used to increase octane and prevent engine knock. It can leak from underground tanks into the water table

 

Special Focus: Arsenic in well water. Read page 503 on arsenic in groundwater